Sensibilidad y especificidad entre la Entrevista Diagnóstica Internacional Compuesta versión 3. 0 (World Mental Health, CIDI) con la Evaluación Clínica Estandarizada versión I (SCID-I) en la Encuesta de Salud Mental de la ciudad de Medellín, 2012 / Sensitivity and specificity between the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3. 0 (World Mental Health, CIDI) and the Standardised Clinical Evaluation version I (SCID-I) in a mental health survey of the city of Medellin, 2012

Introducción: El abordaje de los problemas de salud mental de la población colombiana hace necesario disponer de instrumentos diagnósticos válidos, fáciles de aplicar y comparables (local e internacionalmente). Objetivo: Comparar la sensibilidad y la especificidad diagnóstica entre el CIDI 3.0 y el SCID-! para el trastorno depresivo mayor, el trastorno afectivo bipolar I y II y el trastorno por dependencia de sustancias. Metodología: Estudio transversal que comparó en 100 sujetos las prevalencias de vida de tres trastornos mentales por medio del CIDI 3.0 y el SCID-I. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética Institucional. Se midieron la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el valor predictivo positivo y el valor predictivo negativo (con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95%) de las dos entrevistas diagnósticas. Para el análisis de la información se utilizó el software SPSS® versión 21.0. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 43,5 [intervalo intercuartílico, 30] anos. La sensibilidad (Se) y la especificidad (Es) más altas se observaron en el diagnóstico de trastorno por dependencia de drogas -Se, 80% (IC95%, 34,94%-100%); Es, 98,46% (IC95%, 94,7%-100%)-. Conclusiones: El SCID-I y el CIDI 3.0 mostraron diferentes niveles de sensibilidad y especificidad para los tres trastornos estudiados así: altas para el trastorno por dependencia de sustancias, moderadas para el trastorno afectivo bipolar I y II y bajas para el trastorno depresivo mayor.

Introduction: In order to address the mental health problems of the Colombian population it is necessary to have diagnostic tools (local and international) that are valid, easy to apply, and comparable. Objective: To compare the sensitivity and specificity between the CIDI 3.0 and the SCID-I for major depressive disorder, bipolar I and II disorder, and substance dependence disorder. Methodology: Cross-sectional study comparing the life prevalence of three mental disorders in 100 subjects using the CIDI 3.0 and the SCID-I. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. The two diagnostic interviews were performed that measured by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value with confidence intervals of 95%. The SPSS version 21.0 software was used for data analysis. Results: The median age was 43.5 years, with an interquartile interval of 30 years. The highest sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) was observed for drug dependence diagnosis - with 80%, (95%CI, 34.94-100), and 98.46 (95%CI, 94.7-100), respectively. Conclusions: SCID-I and CIDI 3.0 showed different levels of sensitivity and specificity for the three disorders studied with: high for substance dependence disorder, moderate for bipolar disorder I and II, and low for major depressive disorder.

Steep Decrease of Gender Difference in DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison of Two Nation-wide Surveys Conducted 10 Years Apart in Korea

While decreasing trend in gender differences in alcohol use disorders was reported in Western countries, the change in Asian countries is unknown. This study aims to explore the shifts in gender difference in alcohol abuse (AA) and dependence (AD) in Korea. We compared the data from two nation-wide community surveys to evaluate gender differences in lifetime AA and AD by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Face-to-face interviews using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were applied to all subjects in 2001 (n=6,220) and 2011 (n=6,022). Male-to-female ratio of odds was decreased from 6.41 (95% CI, 4.81-8.54) to 4.37 (95% CI, 3.35-5.71) for AA and from 3.75 (95% CI, 2.96-4.75) to 2.40 (95% CI, 1.80-3.19) for AD. Among those aged 18-29, gender gap even became statistically insignificant for AA (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 0.97-2.63) and AD (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.80-2.41) in 2011. Men generally showed decreased odds for AD (0.55; 95% CI, 0.45-0.67) and women aged 30-39 showed increased odds for AA (2.13; 95% CI 1.18-3.84) in 2011 compared to 2001. Decreased AD in men and increased AA in women seem to contribute to the decrease of gender gap. Increased risk for AA in young women suggests needs for interventions.

Prevalence and Correlates of DSM-IV Mental Disorders in South Korean Adults: The Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study 2011

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in Korean adults. METHODS: Door to door household surveys were conducted with community residents aged 18-74 years from July 19, 2011, to November 16, 2011 (n=6,022, response rate 78.7%). The sample was drawn from 12 catchment areas using a multistage cluster method. Each subject was assessed using the Korean version of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). RESULTS: Lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates were as follows: alcohol use disorders, 13.4% and 4.4%, respectively; nicotine use disorders, 7.2% and 4.0%, respectively; anxiety disorders, 8.7% and 6.8%, respectively; and mood disorders, 7.5% and 3.6%, respectively. The prevalence rates of all types of DSM-IV mental disorders were 27.6% and 16.0%, respectively. Being female; young; divorced, separated, or widowed; and in a low-income group were associated with mood and anxiety disorders after adjustment for various demographic variables, whereas being male and young were associated with alcohol use disorders. Higher income was not correlated with alcohol use disorder as it had been in the 2001 survey. CONCLUSION: The rate of depressive disorders has increased since 2001 (the first national survey), whereas that of anxiety disorders has been relatively stable. The prevalence of nicotine and alcohol use disorders has decreased, and the male-to-female ratio of those with this diagnosis has also decreased.

Prevalence and Correlates of Major Mental Disorders among Korean Adults : A 2006 National Epidemiologic Survey / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES : The aims of this study are to estimate the prevalence of the DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in the Korean population using the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI), and to compare those with previous studies. METHODS : The Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area study Replication (KECA-R) was conducted between August 2006 and April 2007. The sampling of the subjects was carried out across 12 catchment areas. A multistage, cluster sampling design was adopted. The target population included all eligible residents aged 18 to 64 years. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI) based on the DSM-IV (N=6,510, response rate=81.7%). RESULTS : A total of 6,510 participants completed the interview. The lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates for all types of DSM-IV disorders were 30.0% and 17.3%, respectively. Those of specific disorders were as follows : 1) alcohol use disorder, 16.2% and 5.6% ; 2) nictotine use disorder, 9.0% and 6.0%;3) specific phobia, 3.8% and 3.4%;4) major depressive disorder, 5.6% and 2.5% ; and 5) generalized anxiety disorder, 1.6% and 0.8%. Data relating to nicotine and alcohol use disorder revealed a very high male/female ratio. Mood disorder and anxiety disorder were more prevalent among females than males. CONCLUSION : The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was high. In comparison with other studies, remarkable differences in the distribution of psychiatric disorders across the country and times were observed.

Trastornos mentales más frecuentes: prevalencia y algunos factores sociodemográficos asociados / The Most Frequently Diagnosed Mental Disorders: Prevalence and Associated Socio-demographical Factors

Introducción: Los trastornos mentales constituyen un gran reto y una prioridad para la salud pública moderna, debido a su importante morbilidad en la atención primaria y a su considerable discapacidad. Objetivo: Revisar cuáles prevalencias de cualquier trastorno mental se han descrito a lo largo de la vida. Resultados: Al parecer, el bajo nivel educativo, una reciente caída del ingreso económico y una vivienda pobre son las únicas variables socioeconómicas que están asociadas significativamente a un incremento en la prevalencia de trastornos mentales, después del ajuste por otras variables confusoras. Conclusiones: Los trastornos mentales están entre las diez primeras causas de discapacidad en el mundo y a pesar de ello existe una tasa muy baja de personas con trastorno mental que recibe tratamiento adecuado, lo cual puede deberse a barreras como el estigma. Se requieren acciones comunitarias y gubernamentales para un mejor abordaje de los trastornos mentales.

Introduction: Mental disorders are a major challenge and a priority in modern public health because of its important morbidity in primary care and significant disability. Objetive: To analyze any mental disorder whose life-time prevalence has been described. Results: It appears that low educational level, a recent drop in income, and poor housing are the socio-economic variables that were significantly associated with an increase in the prevalence of mental disorders, after adjusting for other confounding variables. Conclusions: Mental disorders are one of the ten major causes of disability worldwide, however, the rate of persons with mental disorder receiving adequate treatment is very low. It may be due to barriers such as stigma. Community and government actions are needed to approach mental disorders.

Validación de una escala clinimétrica para el diagnóstico de depresión en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, en unidades de atención primaria / Validation of a clinimetric scale for the diagnosis of depression in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, in primary healt care

Background. The prevalence of depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is of up to 49.3% in primary care clinics. Nevertheless, medical doctors only recognize only 30% of these cases. Depression is associated with poor glycemic control, increase of diabetes complications, deterioration in patient's quality of life, and increase in demand and resources to provide care. The objective was to design and validate a clinimetric scale for the diagnosis of depression (CSDD in patients with DM2, in primary care units. Patients and methods. The study was conducted on 528 DM2 patients in Family Medicine Unit No. 10 of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Social Security Institute), during 2003. A diagnostic test design was employed, with the golden standard consisting of the composite international diagnostic interview. Samples were constructed around consecutive cases. Depression and its degrees were the dependent variables. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated, along with the Kappa index, sensibility, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) and ROC curves. Results. The CSDD presented a concordance between observers of 0.7739. The best cut-off point in the ROC curves for diagnosis of depression was 6, which obtained a sensibility of 95.3%, a specificity of 96.8%, a PPV of 92.2%, and a NPV of 98.1%. Conclusions. The CSDD is a consistent and valid instrument and easy to use for the diagnosis of depression in patients with DM2 in primary care clinic.

Antecedentes. La prevalencia de depresión en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es hasta de 49.3% en unidades de atención primaria. El médico reconoce únicamente 30% de los casos, lo que lleva al paciente a un pobre control glucémico, aumento en las complicaciones propias de la diabetes, deterioro de la calidad de vida, mayor número de consultas e importante consumo de recursos institucionales. El objetivo del estudio fue diseñar y validar una escala clinimétrica para el diagnóstico de depresión (ECDD) en pacientes con DM2, en unidades de atención primaria. Pacientes y métodos. El estudio se llevó a cabo en 528 pacientes con DM2, en la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 10, del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, durante 2003. Se utilizó un diseño de prueba diagnóstica, el estándar de oro fue la Cédula Diagnóstica Internacional Compuesta. El muestreo fue por casos consecutivos. La variable dependiente fue depresión y sus grados. Se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativas, índice Kappa, sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN) y curvas ROC. Resultados. La ECDD presentó una concordancia interobservador de 0.7739. El mejor punto de corte en las curvas ROC para diagnosticar depresión fue 6, con el cual se obtuvo una sensibilidad de 95.3%, especificidad 96.8%, VPP 92.2% y VPN 98.1%. Conclusiones. La ECDD aplicada en pacientes con DM2 es un instrumento consistente, válido y de fácil aplicación para diagnosticar depresión durante el acto de la consulta en atención primaria.

Funcionamiento psicosocial de pacientes esquizofrénicos de acuerdo con su consumo de alcohol

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Summary Background: Between 1% and 1.5% of the world population is affected by schizophrenia. In Mexico, it has been estimated that between 619,550 and 1,239,101 (1-2%) individuals suffered from schizophrenia in 2000. The condition is more common among male teenagers and young adults. The main features of schizophrenia are the positive and negative symptoms closely associated with a psychosocial functioning impairment. In addition, between 25% and 80% of the psychiatric population uses addictive substances, with alcohol, at 50%, being one of the most highly used. These substances use is closely associated with a poor psychosocial functioning; when alcohol use is accompanied by schizophrenia, psychosocial functioning is even more disrupted. In the last few years, it has been shown that an early reinsertion of schizophrenic individuals into their social and familial environment causes a lesser degree of impairment in their psychosocial functioning. This functioning is evaluated through the acquisition of new skills to move about in familial, social and work environments. The latter is called psychosocial treatment. In this sense, psychosocial functioning is described as each individual's ability to adapt, function, move about and interact in a social and personal environment. This functioning evaluates the social, occupational, economic, sexual and familial areas. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the association between schizophrenic patients' psychosocial functioning according to their alcohol use and the severity of schizophrenia. Methodology: Eighty schizophrenic, psychiatrically stable, subjects were selected during a 14-month period of time. All of them were submitted only once to the Psychosocial Functioning Scale (PFS), the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). These scales were used in order to confirm the schizophrenia diagnostic and its severity, to measure the psychosocial functioning of this population, to identify early on problems related to alcohol use and to perform an alcohol use/dependency diagnostic on those individuals who met such diagnostic criteria. A Chi squared, Mann-Whitney's U, the t test, Kruskal-Wallis and the one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis purposes. Results: Seventy-one percent of the subjects were males and 29% females; 87% were single and 70% were unemployed or had an informal job. Thirty-one years was the average age among males and 34 among females. Subjects started suffering schizophrenia when they were between 12 and 30 years (average: 23 years; SD: 6.36), and 94% of them started using alcohol while they were at this very same age range (average: 20 years; SD: 4. 98). Seventy-six percent of the subjects presented a schizophrenia evolution of less than ten years. Comparing alcohol use with psychosocial functioning according to the AUDIT, the social and familial were the more affected areas, both of which showed statistically significant differences. As to the period of evolution of schizophrenia and psychosocial functioning, the 16-20 year group was the one which showed less satisfaction. Schizophrenia severity did not show any statistical significance when compared to the type of alcohol use. Conclusion: Results from this research are similar to those from other Mexican and international studies which have found out that schizophrenia onset is more common during teenage, that more men than women are affected by the condition and that most subjects suffer it first when they are between 16 and 25 years. On the other hand, it has been found out that alcohol use is starting at increasingly early ages, with men being the main users. Such an association has lead many researchers to think that schizophrenia onset is highly associated with alcohol use, be it because the negative symptoms of schizophrenia promote the initial use of alcohol or because alcohol use triggers the early onset of schizophrenia. In this study it was not possible to prove such an hypothesis given the reduced number of subjects in the sample. This was not either the main objective of the study and given the fact that some other type of methodology is required to identify such an association. However, it is clear that there is a high non-diagnosed comorbidity between schizophrenia and alcohol use which, as a result, is not treated and translates, ultimately, into a bigger impairment of the psychosocial functioning. Among the scales employed, AUDIT is an excellent screening instrument to detect subjects at risk of becoming alcoholics and to identify incipient alcohol use patterns and the problems associated with it. Thus, it is suggested that it could be used both in first and third level hospitals. Finally, although no statistically significant results were found out in any of the variables, there is enough evidence where the association between schizophrenia and alcohol leads to an accumulated effect influencing the psychosocial functioning impairment. In the light of this, it is suggested that clinicians inquire about alcohol use in patients showing some mental pathology to research more in depth the schizophrenia-alcohol comorbidity phenomenon and its association with psychosocial functioning so as to design adequate prevention, treatment and rehabilitation programs for the schizophrenic population.

Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area(KECA) Study for Psychiatric Disorderscc: Prevalence of Specific Psychiatric Disorders / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of the DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in Korean population using the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI). METHODS: Subjects were selected by taking multi-stage, cluster samples of 7,867 adult household residents, 18 to 64 years of age, in ten catchment areas. Total 78 trained interviewers administered the K-CIDI to the selected respondents, from June 1 to November 30, 2001. RESULTS: Total 6,275 respondents completed the interview. Some 33.5% of respondents reported at least one lifetime disorder, 20.6% reported at least one-year disorder, and 16.7% reported at least one-month disorder. The most common lifetime disorders were alcohol abuse/dependence (17.24%), nicotine dependence/withdrawal (11.19%), specific phobia (5.16%), and major depressive disorder (4.25%). The lifetime prevalence of substance abuse/dependence (0.25%) and schizophrenia (0.16%) was very low. Nicotine and alcohol use disorder showed very high male/female ratio. Mood disorder and anxiety disorder were more prevalent among female than male. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was high. In comparison with other studies, remarkable differences in distributions of psychiatric disorders across the areas and times were observed.

Prevalence Rates of Major Mental Disorders in Mental Health Related Facilities : Nationwide 20 Institutions Study / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: One of the objectives of this study is to estimate the prevalence rates of psychiatric diagnoses in the combined populations of psychiatric hospitals, psychiatric nursing facilities and homeless asylums using the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI), which is a comprehensive and fully standardized interview schedule to assess psychiatric disorders for diagnosis. The Other objective is to compare with previously studied prevalence rates of psychiatric diagnoses using the results of this study. METHODS : The study subjects, aged from 18 to 64 years, were randomly selected from 64,582 institutionalized population of psychiatric hospitals, psychiatric nursing facilities and homeless asylums as of 30, June, 2001. Twelve trained interviewers administered the K-CIDI to the selected respondents. A total of 1,875 respondents (male 1,194, female 681) completed the interview. RESULTS : The lifetime and one year prevalences of any diagnosis excluding nicotine dependence. withdrawal, anxiety disorder, eating disorder, somatoform disorder were 88.2% (male 88.1%, female 88.3%), and 65.8% (male 62.7%, female 73.7%), respectively. The lifetime and one year prevalences of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders were 78.5% (male 75.3%, female 83.7%), and 56.8% (male 51.9%, female 64.8%), respectively. The lifetime and one year prevalences of alcohol use disorder (dependence/abuse) were 26.7% (male 37.9%, female 8.3%), and 8.7% (male 12.8%, female 2.1%), respectively. The lifetime and one year prevalences of mood disorder were 18.1% (male 13.5%, female 25.8%), and 10.4% (male 7.2%, female 16.9%), respectively. The lifetime and one year prevalences of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders were comparable with the 2001 community survey by 1.19% to 1.32%, and 0.51% to 0.61%, respectively. The lifetime and one year prevalences of schizophrenia were also comparable by 0.16% to 0.28%, and 0.16% to 0.25%, respectively. There were no significant changes of prevalence rates when correction were applied to other psychiatric diagnosis. CONCLUSION : The results of this study could be used for evaluating the distribution of psychiatric diagnoses in mental health related facilities and for planning mental health policies.

Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in a Community Population / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to access the distributions of psychiatric disorders in a community population using the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview(K-CIDI). METHODS: CIDI is a comprehensive, fully standardized interview suitable for epidemiologic study. Subjects were selected by taking two-stage, cluster samples of 1,763 adult household residents, 18 to 64 years of age, in Namyangjusi, Kyunggido. Ten trained interviewers administered the K-CIDI to the selected respondents, from July 1 to August 30, 1999. RESULTS: Total 1,060 respondents completed the interview. Lifetime prevalences and male/female ratio of lifetime prevalences of alcohol use disorders(abuse/dependence), nicotine dependence, specific phobia, major depressive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder were 15.6%(6.8%/8.9%) and 5.8 (12.3/3.7), 5.7% and 5.5, 3.9% and 0.3, 3.3% and 0.4, and 1.5% and 0.6, respectively. One-year prevalences and male/female ratio of one-year prevalences of alcohol use disorders, nicotine dependence, specific phobia, major depressive disorder were 7.5% and 6.8, 3.8% and 5.3, 3.4% and 0.4, and 2.0% and 0.3, respectively. CONCLUSION: Compared with previous Korean results, the prevalence of alcohol use disorder was decreased and the prevalence of major depressive disorder showed little change. The prevalence of alcohol use disorder was comparable with the results of other countries, whereas mood disorders and anxiety disorders were less frequent than in other countries. Remarkable differences of distributions of psychiatric disorders across the areas and times were observed. Systematic cross-cultural comparison study is needed to overcome the methodological problems and to explore the cause of differences of distributions of psychiatric disorders.