Characteristics of the chloroplast genome of Camellia insularis / 生物工程学报

In this study, the chloroplast genome of Camellia insularis Orel & Curry was sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the chloroplast genome of C. insularis was 156 882 bp in length with a typical tetrad structure, encoding 132 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Codon preference analysis revealed that the highest number of codons coded for leucine, with a high A/U preference in the third codon position. Additionally, 67 simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci were identified, with a preference for A and T bases. The inverted repeat (IR) boundary regions of the chloroplast genome of C. insularis were relatively conserved, except for a few variable regions. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. insularis was most closely related to C. fascicularis. Yellow camellia is a valuable material for genetic engineering breeding. This study provides fundamental genetic information on chloroplast engineering and offers valuable resources for conducting in-depth research on the evolution, species identification, and genomic breeding of yellow Camellia.

The Effects of White Tea (Camellia Sinensis) and Infliximab Against Cisplatin- Induced Testicular Damage via Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis / Efectos del Té Blanco (Camellia Sinensis) e Infliximab Contra el Daño Testicular Inducido por Cisplatino a Través del Estrés Oxidativo y la Apoptosis

SUMMARY: Cisplatin (Cis) is an important chemotherapeutic agent used in cancer treatment. Males exposed to Cis were reported to exhibit testicular toxicity. Cis-induced testicular toxicity is mediated by oxidative stress, inflammation, testosterone inhibition and apoptosis. Accordingly, this study was conducted to evaluate the potential protective roles of infliximab (IFX), which is an anti- TNF-a agent, and of white tea (Camellia sinensis), which is known to possess antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects, against Cis-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Rats were randomly assigned into five groups as follows: control group, Cisplatin (7 mg/kg) treatment group, Cisplatin (7 mg/kg) + infliximab (7 mg/kg) treatment group, cisplatin + white tea (WT) treatment group, and Cisplatin+ WT+IFX combined treatment group. In the present study, Cis exposure reduced the sperm count. It also increased testicular oxidative stress as well as the levels of inflammatory and apoptotic markers. Histopathological assays supported the biochemical findings. Treatment with IFX and/or WT restored testicular histology, preserved spermatogenesis, suppressed oxidative stress and apoptosis, and significantly ameliorated Cis-induced damage. It was concluded that white tea and infliximab could potentially serve as therapeutic options for the protection of testicular tissue against the harmful effects of Cis.

El cisplatino (Cis) es un importante agente quimioterapéutico utilizado en el tratamiento del cáncer. Se informó que los hombres expuestos a Cis exhibieron toxicidad testicular. La toxicidad testicular inducida por Cis está mediada por el estrés oxidativo, la inflamación, la inhibición de la testosterona y la apoptosis. En consecuencia, este estudio se realizó para evaluar las posibles funciones protectoras de infliximab (IFX), un agente anti-TNF-α, y del té blanco (Camellia sinensis), conocido por sus propiedades antioxidantes, antiapoptóticas y anti-TNF-α -efectos inflamatorios, contra la toxicidad testicular inducida por Cis en ratas. Cinco grupos de ratas se asignaron al azar de la siguiente manera: grupo control, grupo de tratamiento con cisplatino (7 mg/ kg), grupo de tratamiento con cisplatino (7 mg/kg) + infliximab (7 mg/kg), grupo de tratamiento con cisplatino + té blanco (WT), y grupo de tratamiento combinado Cisplatino+ WT+IFX. En el presente estudio, la exposición a Cis redujo el conteo de espermatozoides. También aumentó el estrés oxidativo testicular, así como los niveles de marcadores inflamatorios y apoptóticos. Los ensayos histopatológicos respaldaron los hallazgos bioquímicos. El tratamiento con IFX y/o WT restauró la histología testicular, preservó la espermatogénesis, suprimió el estrés oxidativo y la apoptosis, y mejoró significativamente el daño inducido por Cis. Se concluyó que el té blanco y el infliximab podrían potencialmente servir como opciones terapéuticas para la protección del tejido testicular contra los efectos nocivos de Cis.

Camellia sinensis, a natural product to support the treatment of medical and stomatological conditions / Camellia sinensis, un producto natural de apoyo al tratamiento de afecciones médicas y estomatológicas - revisión sistemática

Introduction: The tea plant, Camellia sinensis, is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages in the world. The main components of Camellia sinensis include amino acids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, flavins and purine alkaloids (xanthines). For this reason, in the field of medicine, Camellia sinensis has been used as an anticancer, anxiolytic, antidiabetic, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, chemopreventive, cytotoxic and apoptogenic, genoprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, hemato-protective, and in wound healing, among other uses. Objective: To carry out a systematic review of the use of C. sinensis as supportive therapy in the treatment of oral disorders. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines. The search was carried out in the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Academic databases. Articles from studies of Camellia sinensis were reviewed and those from a secondary source, such as literature review articles, were excluded Results: A total of 12 full-text articles were selected for review, in which the properties of Camellia sinensis are detailed. Conclusions: According to the bibliography reviewed, C. sinensis exhibits anticariogenic properties, applications in the treatment of dental erosion, applications in the treatment of gingivitis and bacterial plaque, and applications in the prevention of oral cancer; however, more controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness and safety of use.

Introducción: La planta del té es una de las bebidas no alcohólicas más populares en todo el mundo. Entre los principales componentes de Camellia sinensis tenemos los aminoácidos, ácidos grasos, compuestos fenólicos, flavinas y alcaloides de purina (xantinas). Por ello en medicina, la Camellia sinensis se ha utilizado como anticancerígeno, ansiolítico, antidiabético, antiobesidad, antiinflamatorio, analgésico, antipirético, quimiopreventivo, citotóxico y apoptógeno, genoprotector, hepatoprotector, nefroprotector, hematoprotector, cicatrizantes de heridas, entre otros. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática del uso de C. sinensis como apoyo en el tratamiento de afecciones bucales. Materiales y Métodos: Esta revisión sistemática se llevó a cabo siguiendo los lineamientos PRISMA. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct y Google Academic. Se revisaron los artículos de estudios de Camellia sinensis y se excluyeron aquellos de fuente secundaria, como los de revisión de la literatura. Resultados: Se seleccionaron un total de 12 artículos de texto completo para la revisión. En los que se detalla las propiedades de la Camellia sinensis. Conclusión: De acuerdo a la bibliografía revisada, la C. sinensis exhibió efecto anticariogénico, aplicación en el tratamiento de la erosión dental, aplicación en el tratamiento de gingivitis y placa bacteriana, y aplicación en la prevención del cáncer bucal, sin embargo, se necesitan realizar más ensayos clínicos controlados que confirmen su efectividad y seguridad de uso.

Efecto antibacteriano del extracto etanólico de Camellia sinensis y propóleo, frente a cepas de Streptococcus mutans / Antibacterial effect of the ethanolic extract of Camellia sinensis and propolis, against strains of Streptococcus mutans

Objetivo. Determinar el efecto antibacteriano del extracto etanólico del té verde (Camellia sinensis) y propóleo a una concentración de 10, 20 y 30% a las 24 y 48 horas sobre Streptococcus mutans. Métodos. Estudio experimental, in vitro, comparativo, con muestra no probabilística de 150 discos de papel, distribuidos en 30 placas Petri previamente preparadas con agar sangre e inoculadas con cepas de Streptococcus mutans, se colocaron tres discos embebidos en extracto etanólico al 10, 20 y 30%, un disco en clorhexidina 0,12% (control positivo) y un disco en agua destilada, fueron llevadas a la incubadora y pasadas las 24 horas y 48 horas se midieron los correspondientes halos de inhibición. Los extractos se obtuvieron mediante un proceso de maceración modificado, en aparato de agitación rotatorio. Resultados. El mayor halo inhibitorio del extracto etanólico de Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) frente a Streptococcus mutans fue en la concentración al 30% a las 24 h y 48 h, mientras que el mayor halo inhibitorio del extracto etanólico de propóleo, fue en la concentración al 30% a las 24 h, por lo tanto, los extractos naturales mostraron ser sensibles en la escala de Duraffourd. Conclusiones. Se evidenció que el propóleo al 30% mostró un efecto antibacteriano similar a la clorhexidina, considerada gold estándar, el tiempo en el que existió mayor efecto antibacteriano del extracto etanólico de C. sinensis y propóleo frente a Streptococcus mutans, fue a las 24 horas, el diámetro de los halos inhibitorios disminuyó, conforme aumentó el tiempo de exposición al microorganismo.

Objective. To determine the antibacterial effect of the ethanolic extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and propolis at a concentration of 10, 20 and 30% at 24 and 48 hours on Streptococcus mutans. Methods. Experimental, in vitro, comparative study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 150 paper discs, distributed in 30 Petri dishes previously prepared with blood agar and inoculated with strains of Streptococcus mutans, were placed 3 discs soaked in ethanolic extract at 10, 20 and 30%, 1 disk in 0.12% chlorhexidine (positive control) and 1 disk in distilled water, they were taken to the incubator and after 24 hours and 48 hours the measurements corresponding to the inhibition halos were made. The extracts were gotten by a modified maceration process, in a rotary stirring apparatus. Results. The highest inhibitory halo of the ethanolic extract of C. sinensis against Streptococcus mutans was in the concentration at 30% at 24 h and 48 h, while the highest inhibitory halo of the ethanolic extract of propolis, was in the concentration at 30% at 24 h; therefore, the natural extracts showed to be sensitive on the Duraffourd scale. Conclusions. It was evidenced that 30% propolis showed an antibacterial effect similar to chlorhexidine, considered gold standard, the time in which there was a greater antibacterial effect of the ethanolic extract of Camellia Sinensis and propolis against Streptococcus mutans, was at 24 hours, taking into account that the diameter of the inhibitory halos decreased, as the exposure time to the microorganism increased

Characteristics and Physiological Effects of Hydroponically Cultured Roots of the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis)

Green tea has been reported to result in improvements in a range of health parameters. However, most research has only documented the effects of green tea brewed from leaves or leaf extracts. In addition to the leaves, the roots of tea plants also possess unique properties because of their requirements for growth, which may enable them to have useful physiological effects. We used a hydroponic system to grow the plants and explored the physiological effects of the roots, which biosynthesize one of the rarest functional amino acids, theanine (?-ethylamide-L-glutamic acid). The level of theanine was much higher in the roots than in the leaves, and the roots also differed in other aspects of their chemical composition. We evaluated the effects of tea-root extract on the cognitive function and emotions of aged rats. Our results show that, in the object recognition test, aged rats drinking tea-root extract tended to show improved cognitive function and were more relaxed than the control group, which drank tap water. Furthermore, using a mouse model of human aging, we found that the average life span of mice that consumed the root extract was significantly increased. We suggest that tea roots contain unique components that may improve impaired physiological functions, and we therefore propose tea-root extract as a novel nutraceutical.

Transcriptome analysis reveals the role of withering treatment in flavor formation of oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) / 生物工程学报

Oolong tea is a semi-fermented tea with strong flavor, which is widely favored by consumers because of its floral and fruity aroma as well as fresh and mellow taste. During the processing of oolong tea, withering is the first indispensable process for improving flavor formation. However, the molecular mechanism that affects the flavor formation of oolong tea during withering remains unclear. Transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the difference among the fresh leaves, indoor-withered leaves and solar-withered leaves of oolong tea. A total of 10 793 differentially expressed genes were identified from the three samples. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in flavonoid synthesis, terpenoid synthesis, plant hormone signal transduction and spliceosome pathways. Subsequently, twelve differentially expressed genes and four differential splicing genes were identified from the four enrichment pathways for fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis. The results showed that the expression patterns of the selected genes during withering were consistent with the results in the transcriptome datasets. Further analysis revealed that the transcriptional inhibition of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes, the transcriptional enhancement of terpenoid biosynthesis-related genes, as well as the jasmonic acid signal transduction and the alternative splicing mechanism jointly contributed to the flavor formation of high floral and fruity aroma and low bitterness in solar-withered leaves. The results may facilitate better understanding the molecular mechanisms of solar-withering treatment in flavor formation of oolong tea.

Efficacy of long-pulsed 1 064-nm Nd:YAG laser combined with a topical emulsion containing Camellia reticulata and Radix Notoginseng in the treatment of melasma / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of long-pulsed 1 064-nm Nd:YAG laser combined with a topical emulsion containing Camellia reticulata and Radix Notoginseng in the treatment of melasma. Methods:A total of 80 patients with melasma were enrolled from Department of Dermatology, People′s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region from June 2019 to June 2020, and randomly and equally divided into control group and observation group by using a random number table: 40 patients in the control group were treated with long-pulsed 1 064-nm Nd:YAG laser once every 2 weeks for 6 sessions as a course of treatment; another 40 in the observation group were treated with the same laser therapy as the control group and a topical emulsion containing Camellia reticulata and Radix Notoginseng twice a day for 3 months as a course of treatment. Melasma area and severity index (MASI), clinical efficacy, patient satisfaction rate and safety were compared between the 2 groups before and/or after treatment. Results:After 4- and 8-week treatment, there was no significant difference in the MASI score between the observation group (14.57 ± 3.22 points, 10.00 ± 2.94 points, respectively) and control group (14.74 ± 3.11 points, 11.31 ± 3.00 points, respectively; both P>0.05). After 12-week treatment, the MASI score was significantly lower in the observation group (4.80 ± 2.78 points) than in the control group (7.07 ± 3.22 points, t = -3.38, P<0.01). After 3-month treatment, the response rate was significantly higher in the observation group (36 cases, 90%) than in the control group (31 cases, 77.5%; χ2 = 4.58, P < 0.001) ; however, there was no significant difference in the patient satisfaction rate between the observation group (87.5%) and control group (72.5%, χ2 = 7.26, P = 0.06). In addition, no significant difference in the occurrence of adverse reactions was observed between the observation group (5 cases, 12.5%) and control group (7 cases, 17.5%; P > 0.05) . Conclusion:Compared with the long-pulsed 1 064-nm Nd:YAG laser alone, the topical emulsion containing Camellia reticulata and Radix Notoginseng in combination with the long-pulsed 1 064-nm Nd:YAG laser is more effective for the treatment of melasma, with higher patient satisfaction and less adverse reactions.

Effect of different concentrations of green tea extract solutions on bonding durability of etchand- rinse adhesive system to caries affected dentin

Aim: The in vitro study evaluated the effect of different concentrations of green tea extract solution (GT) on the bonding durability of etch-and-rinse adhesive system to caries dentin affected (CAD). Methods: Dentinal surfaces of human third molars were polished and submitted to a microbiological caries induction protocol for 14 days. After removal of the infected dentin layer, the samples were randomly divided into 4 groups (n= 10), according to the concentration of GT solution applied in CAD, after acid etching: 0.05%; 0.2%; 2% and NT (no treatment ­ control). After application of a etch-and-rinse adhesive system (Adper Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE), composite resin restorations were performed on the dentin. After 24 hours, the resin-dentin blocks were sectioned 1mm2 specimens, which were subjected to the microtensile test immediately or after 6 months of storage in water. Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA for randomized blocks and Tukey test (α= 5%). Results: There was no effect of double interaction (p= 0.934). The application of 0.2% GT promoted a statistically significant increase in dentin bond strength values in comparison to the condition where GT was not used (p=0.012). There was a significant decrease of bond strength after 6 months of storage, regardless of dentin pretreatment (p = 0.007). The G test identified that there was no statistical difference regarding failure mode (p= 0.326). Conclusion: The concentration of 0.2% improved the bond strength of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system to caries affected dentin, however, none of dentin pretreatments could prevent the decrease in bond strength over time

Active fractions of Camellia nitidissima inhibit non-small cell lung cancer via suppressing epidermal growth factor receptor / 中国中药杂志

The present study explored the effects and its underlying mechanisms of four active fractions of Camellia nitidissima(leaf polyphenols, leaf saponins, flower polyphenols, and flower saponins in C. nitidissima) in inhibiting the proliferation and migration of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) by suppressing the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR). MTT assay was used to detect the effect of four active fractions on the proliferation of NCI-H1975 and HCC827 cells. Wound healing assay and Transwell assay were adopted to evaluate the effect of four active fractions on the migration of NSCLC. The effect of four active fractions on the enzyme activity of EGFR was detected. Molecular docking was carried out to explore the direct action capacity and action sites between representative components of the four active fractions and EGPR. Western blot assay was employed to investigate the effect of four active fractions on the protein expression in EGFR downstream signaling pathways. The results of the MTT assay indicated that the cell viability of NCI-H1975 and HCC827 cells was significantly inhibited by four active fractions at 50, 100, 150, and 200 μg·mL~(-1) in a dose-dependent manner. Wound healing assay and Transwell assay revealed that the migration of NCI-H1975 and HCC827 cells was significantly suppressed by four active fractions. In addition, the results of the protein activity assay showed that the enzyme activity of EGFR was significantly inhibited by four active fractions. The molecular docking results confirmed that various components in four active fractions possessed strong binding activity to EGFR enzymes. Western blot assay revealed that four active fractions down-regulated the protein expression of EGFR and its downstream signaling pathways. It is concluded that the four active fractions of C. nitidissima can inhibit NSCLC. The mechanism may be related to EGFR and its downstream signaling pathways. This study provides a new scientific basis for the clinical treatment of NSCLC with active fractions of C. nitidissima, which is of reference significance for further research on the anti-tumor mechanism of C. nitidissima.

Protective effect of green tea catechins on eroded human dentin: an in vitro/in situ study

Abstract The present study sought to evaluate the protective effect of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and commercial green tea (GT) on eroded dentin using in vitro and in situ experimental models. For the in vitro experiment, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were extracted from demineralized human coronary dentin powder (citric acid, pH 2.3) and assessed via a colorimetric assay and electrophoresis in gelatin. The gels were exposed to buffers with: control (no treatment), 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF), 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), GT infusion, and 0.1% EGCG, and their respective activity was analyzed by zymography. For the in situ experiment, 20 healthy volunteers (aged 20-32 years) participated in this single-center, blind, crossover study. The subjects wore upper removable devices containing four human dentin blocks. Erosive challenge (coke-1 min) was performed four times/day/5 days. Blocks were treated for 1 min with: control (No treatment), 0.05% NaF, 0.1% EGCG, and GT. Thereafter, the specimens were subjected to stylus profilometry and SEM. ANOVA was used to evaluate dentin roughness and wear, with a significance level of 5%. In the zymography analysis, 0.12% CHX, GT, and 0.1% EGCG were found to inhibit the action of MMPs; however, in the colorimetric assay, only green tea inhibited the activity of MMPs. There were no significant differences observed in dentin roughness or wear (p > 0.05). Herein, EGCG and GT inhibited the activity of endogenous proteases, resulting in protection against erosion-induced dentin damage; however, they could not prevent tooth tissue loss in situ.

Lipid - Lowering Effect of a Mixture of Allium cepa bulb and Camellia sinensis Leaf Extracts in Rats fed on High fat Diet

The burden of hyperlipidemia is on the rise globally especially in many low-income countries like Uganda. Management of this metabolic disorder mainly involves dietary and behavioral therapies, which are often met with poor results as they require time and discipline from the patients. The chemotherapeutic options available are expensive, have many side effects and are rarely available to the average citizen. Thus, an alternative effective remedy which is readily available and cheap is needed to combat the problem of hyperlipidemia. This study sought to establish the effect of the mixture of Allium cepa extract and Camellia sinensis extract on the serum lipid profile of the male Wistar rats. Allium cepa and Camellia sinensis mixture in a ratio of 3:7 had the highest antioxidant activity. It reduced body weight, total cholesterol, triacylglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and increased HDL, and in addition it had no toxicity to the liver of the animal models used. It has thus been recommended as a potential therapy for hyperlipidemia and its associated complication of liver toxicity. A pharmaco-kinetic study regarding the interaction of antioxidants for combinations of Allium cepa and Camellia sinensis extracts in different ratios should be conducted to understand the cause of synergism and antagonism.

Inhibición de la oxidación in vitro de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), por extractos acuosos de Camellia sinensis e Hibiscus sabdariffa / Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vitro by aqueous extracts of Camellia

Introducción: el uso de bebidas funcionales como las infusiones de Camellia sinensis e Hibiscus sabdariffa, ha crecido en los últimos años a nivel mundial gracias a su contenido en compuestos bioactivos con un alto poder antioxidante, atribuyéndoles diversos efectos entre los que destaca su capacidad hipolipemiente. Objetivo: el estudio tuvo como propósito evaluar la capacidad de dos extractos acuosos de C. sinensis e H. sabdariffa en la inhibición de la oxidación de las LDL obtenidas de plasma. Material y métodos: se emplearon hojas de té verde orgánico y cálices deshidratados para la obtención de los extracto. Se determino el contenido de fenoles totales por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu y el ensayo de la oxidación de las LDL como modelo biológico para la evaluación de la capacidad inhibitoria de los extractos. Resultados: se observó inhibición de la oxidación de las LDL por ambos extractos con diferencia estadística respecto al control (p≤0,05), siendo el extractos de C. sinensis el mayor actividad. Conclusiones: las dos especies aportan un alto contenido de antioxidantes fundamentales para el organismo, por lo que la ingesta regulada y dirigida por expertos podría contribuir sin duda al tratamiento de hiperlipidemia

Introduction: the use of functional beverages such as the infusions of Camellia sinensis and Hibiscus sabdariffa, has grown in recent years worldwide thanks to its content in bioactive compounds with a high antioxidant power, attributing various effects among which its lipid-lowering capacity stands out. Objective: the purpose of the study was to evaluate the capacity of two aqueous extracts of C. sinensis and H. sabdariffa in inhibiting the oxidation of LDL obtained from plasma. Material and methods: organic green tea leaves and dehydrated calyces were used to obtain the extracts. The total phenol content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the LDL oxidation test as a biological model for the evaluation of the inhibitory capacity of the extracts. Results: inhibition of LDL oxidation by both extracts was observed with statistical difference from the control (p≤0.05), with C. sinensis extracts being the highest activity. Conclusions: the two species provide a high content of fundamental antioxidants for the body, so that regulated and expertly directed intake could certainly contribute to the treatment of hyperlipidemia

Remineralizing Effect of Xilitol, Juniperus Communis and Camellia Sinensis Added to a Toothpaste: An In Vitro Study / Efecto remineralizante del Xilitol, Juniperus Communis y Camellia Sinensis adicionados en pastas dentales: Estudio in vitro

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to explore the remineralizing effect of toothpastes based on Xilitol, Camellia Sinensis and Juniperus Communis. An in vitro experimental study was carried out in an 18 human premolars sample, which were treated with one of the 3 evaluated toothpastes and a control fluoride one. The atomic percentages of Ca and P were evaluated by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). In addition, the enamel surface of treated teeth was visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The evaluations were carried out in three stages: pre-treatment, after an artificial demineralization process and after the treatment with the toothpastes. In the statistical analysis, the one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests were used. Xilitol and Juniperus Communis showed the greatest gain of P ions compared to the control group (p<0.01). As for Ca, the group treated with xylitol-based toothpaste showed more ion gain compared with the control group (p<0.01). In the Pearson correlation test between Ca and P, statistically significant correlations were observed in all groups (p<0.01), ranging between r=0.7413 (Xylitol Group) and r=0.9510 (Control Group). We concluded that Xylitol paste showed the highest remineralizing property, both in the EDS analysis and in the SEM images.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este studio fue explorer el efecto remineralizante de las cremas dentales compuestas de Xilitol, Camelia Sinensis y Juniperus Communis. Se llevó a cabo un estudio experimental in vitro en una muestra de 18 premolares humanos, los cuales fueron tratados con una de las tres pastas dentales evaluadas y una fluorada. Los porcentajes atomicos de Ca y P fueron evaluados por Espectroscopia de rayos X de energía dispersive (EDS). Además, la superficie del esmalte de los dientes tratados fue examinada por Microscopia Electronica de Barrido (SEM). Las evaluaciones fueron llevadas a cabo en tres etapas: pre-tratamiento, despues de un proceso artificial de desmineralizacion y después del tratamiento con las pastas dentales. Se usaron ANOVA de una via y correlacion de Pearson para el analisis estadistico. Xilitol y Juniperus Communis mostraron la mayor ganancia de iones P comparados con el grupo control (p<0.01), con rangos entre r=0.7413 (Grupo con Xylitol) and r=0.9510 (Group Control). Se concluyó que la pasta con Xilitol mostró las mayores propiedades remineralizantes, tanto en el analisis EDS y las imágenes SEM.

Quantificação de compostos fenólicos, poder antioxidante e teor de açúcares em produtos comerciais a base de Camellia sinensis L / Quantification of phenolic compounds, antioxidant power sugar content in commercial products based on Camellia sinensis L

Objetivo: Analisar e comparar quantitativamente compostos fenólicos, capacidade antioxidante e açúcares presentes em infusões e extratos solúveis de Camellia sinensis L. Método: O estudo apresenta delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando amostras por conveniência. Foram adquiridas três amostras aleatórias de cada tipo de chá. As análises de compostos fenólicos totais e flavonoides foram determinadas pelo método colorimétrico de Folin-Ciocalteu e cloreto de alumínio, respectivamente, taninos totais por complexação com caseína e os condensados pelo método do butanol-HCl. A capacidade antioxidante, pela metodologia do ferricianeto e sequestro de radicais livres pelo radical 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil, e os açúcares redutores e não redutores, através do reagente ácido 3-5-dinitrossalicílico. Resultado: Os extratos infusos apresentaram quantidades significativamente maiores de compostos fenólicos totais e flavonoides em comparação ao solúvel. Esse comportamento foi o mesmo para os taninos e atividade antioxidante. As infusões obtiveram maior poder redutor e capacidade de redução do radical livre. Os extratos solúveis foram destaque, com maior presença de açúcares. Esses resultados foram confirmados pela literatura e não houve trabalhos realizados com extratos solúveis e metodologias semelhantes ao realizado aqui para comparação. Conclusão: As infusões estudadas no presente trabalho foram mais ricas em compostos bioativos e antioxidantes, favorecendo seus benefícios para a população, tendo os extratos solúveis maior presença de açúcares adicionais. (AU)

Objective: To analyze and quantitatively compare phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and sugars present in infusions and soluble extracts of Camellia sinensis L, Methods: The study presents a completely randomized design, using samples for convenience, Three random samples of each type of tea, The analyzes of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and aluminum chloride, respectively, total tannins by complexation with casein and condensates by the butanol-HCl method, The antioxidant capacity, by ferricyanide methodology and free radical scavenging by the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1- picryl-hydrazil, and reducing and non-reducing sugars, through the reagent 3-5 dinitrosalicylic acid, Result:: The infused extracts showed significantly higher amounts of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids compared to the soluble, This behavior was the same for tannins and antioxidant activity, The infusions obtained greater reducing power and capacity to reduce free radicals, Soluble extracts were highlighted, with a greater presence of sugars, These results were confirmed by the literature and there were no studies carried out with soluble extracts and methodologies similar to that performed here for comparison, Conclusion: The infusions studied in the present study were richer in bioactive and antioxidant compounds, favoring their benefits for the population, with soluble extracts having a greater presence of additional sugars. (AU)

La actividad antibacteriana de Camellia sinensis comparada con propóleo frente al Streptococcus mutans / Antibacterial activity of Camellia sinensis versus propolis against Streptococcus mutans

RESUMEN Introducción: El té verde (Camellia sinensis) y el propóleo presentan flavonoides, que inhiben el crecimiento, metabolismo y la coagregación del Streptococcus mutans, principal agente causal de la caries dental. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro del extracto etanólico del té verde (Camellia sinensis) al 10 por ciento y 20 por ciento comparado con extracto etanólico de propóleo al 10 por ciento y 20 por ciento, frente al crecimiento de cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Métodos: Estudio experimental in vitro, longitudinal, prospectivo y comparativo. El universo estuvo constituido por 90 discos de difusión y la muestra por 15 discos embebidos en té verde (Camellia sinensis) o propóleo a diferentes concentraciones, clorhexidina acuosa al 0,12 por ciento y agua destilada. El tamaño de muestra se calculó por fórmula de comparación de medias, después de realizar un estudio piloto. Se colocaron los discos de difusión embebidos en las sustancias sobre agar Mueller Hinton, sembrado con Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), haciendo medición del ancho de los halos inhibitorios a las 24 y 48 h. Se aplicaron pruebas de comparación no paramétricas de Kruskal Wallis y la prueba rangos de Wilcoxon. Resultados: El máximo ancho de halo inhibitorio logrado por clorhexidina acuosa al 0,12 por ciento, extracto etanólico de té verde (Camellia sinensis) al 20 por ciento y extracto etanólico de propóleo al 20 por ciento fue a las 24 h con valores de 10,64 mm ± 0,924 mm, 6,82 mm ± 0,982 mm y 8,36 mm ± 1,286 mm, respectivamente. El extracto etanólico de té verde (Camellia sinensis) al 20 por ciento, presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto al extracto etanólico de propóleo al 20 por ciento, tanto a las 24 h (p= 0,013), como a las 48 h (p= 0,011). Conclusiones: Frente al crecimiento de cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), el extracto etanólico de propóleo al 20 por ciento presenta mayor actividad antibacteriana respecto al extracto etanólico de té verde (Camellia sinensis) al 10 por ciento y 20 por ciento, actividad que disminuye con el paso del tiempo(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and propolis contain flavonoids which inhibit the growth, metabolism and co-aggregation of Streptococcus mutans, the main causative agent of dental caries. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial activity in vitro of 10 percent and 20 percent green tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanolic extract versus 10 percent and 20 percent propolis ethanolic extract against the growth of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) strains. Methods: An in vitro experimental prospective longitudinal comparative study was conducted. The study universe was 90 diffusion disks and the sample was 15 disks soaked up in green tea (Camellia sinensis) or propolis at various concentrations, 0.12 percent aqueous chlorhexidine and distilled water. Sample size was estimated by the comparison of means formula after conducting a pilot study. The diffusion disks soaked up in the substances were placed on Mueller Hinton agar planted with Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and the width of the inhibition haloes was measured at 24 h and 48 h. Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis comparison tests and the Wilcoxon rank test were performed. Results: The maximum width of the inhibition halo achieved by 0.12 percent aqueous chlorhexidine, 20 percent green tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanolic extract, and 20 percent propolis ethanolic extract at 24 h was 10.64 mm ± 0.924 mm, 6.82 mm ± 0.982 mm and 8.36 mm ± 1.286 mm, respectively. The 20 percent green tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanolic extract showed statistically significant differences with respect to the 20 percent propolis ethanolic extract, both at 24 h (p= 0.013) and at 48 h (p= 0.011). Conclusions: The 20 percent propolis ethanolic extract displays greater antibacterial activity against the growth of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) strains than the 10 percent and 20 percent green tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanolic extract. This activity decreases with the passing of time(AU)

Camellia nitidissima polysaccharides alleviate experimental intracerebral hemorrhage injury via regulating microglia M1/M2 polarization / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the effect of camellia nitidissima polysaccharides (CNP) on acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and its mechanism related to regulation of microglia polarization. Method Adult male C57 BIV6 mice were randomly divided into sham-oprated control group, ICH group and CNP group. CNP was intragastrically administered immediately after intracerebral hemorrhagefor a consecutive three days. Neural functional outcomes were evaluated by neurological deficiency score (NDS) , open field test, and adhesive removal test. Blood-brain barrier destruction and pathological injury were detected by Evans blue staining and brain water content. Inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA. Microglia phenotypic status was evaluated and determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction ( qPCR) analyses, and immunofluorescence labeling. Results CNP significantly reduced neurological deficit scores and ameliorated cerebral edema and blood-brain barrier injury three days after ICH. Also, CNP treatment improved signifi-cantly motor function three days after ICH. In addition, CNP decreased proinflammatory mediators and inhibited the activation of microglia. Furthermore, treatment of CNP decreased microglia Ml markers and increased M2 markers. Conclusion CNP attenuates acute intracerebral hemorrhage thrdugh skewing microglia toward a more anti-inflammatory property.

New observations on the effect of camellia oil on fatty liver disease in rats / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Camellia oil has become an important plant oil in China in recent years, but its effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have not been documented. In this study, the effects of camellia oil, soybean oil, and olive oil on NAFLD were evaluated by analyzing the fatty acid profiles of the plant oils, the serum lipids and lipoproteins of rats fed different oils, and by cytological and ultrastructural observation of the rats' hepatocytes. Analysis of fatty acid profiles showed that the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) n-6/n-3 ratio was 33.33 in camellia oil, 12.50 in olive oil, and 7.69 in soybean oil. Analyses of serum lipids and lipoproteins of rats showed that the levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a camellia oil-fed group (COFG) were lower than those in an olive oil-fed group (OOFG) and higher than those in a soybean oil-fed group (SOFG). However, only the difference in total cholesterol between the COFG and SOFG was statistically significant. Cytological observation showed that the degree of lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in the hepatocytes in the COFG was lower than that in the OOFG, but higher than that in the SOFG. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the size and number of the LDs in the hepatocytes of rats fed each of the three types of oil were related to the degree of damage to organelles, including the positions of nuclei and the integrity of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The results revealed that the effect of camellia oil on NAFLD in rats was greater than that of soybean oil, but less than that of olive oil. Although the overall trend was that among the three oil diets, those with a lower n-6/n-3 ratio were associated with a lower risk of NAFLD, and the effect of camellia oil on NAFLD was not entirely related to the n-6/n-3 ratio and may have involved other factors. This provides new insights into the effect of oil diets on NAFLD.

New observations on the effect of camellia oil on fatty liver disease in rats / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Camellia oil has become an important plant oil in China in recent years, but its effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have not been documented. In this study, the effects of camellia oil, soybean oil, and olive oil on NAFLD were evaluated by analyzing the fatty acid profiles of the plant oils, the serum lipids and lipoproteins of rats fed different oils, and by cytological and ultrastructural observation of the rats’ hepatocytes. Analysis of fatty acid profiles showed that the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) n-6/n-3 ratio was 33.33 in camellia oil, 12.50 in olive oil, and 7.69 in soybean oil. Analyses of serum lipids and lipoproteins of rats showed that the levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a camellia oil-fed group (COFG) were lower than those in an olive oil-fed group (OOFG) and higher than those in a soybean oil-fed group (SOFG). However, only the difference in total cholesterol between the COFG and SOFG was statistically significant. Cytological observation showed that the degree of lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in the hepatocytes in the COFG was lower than that in the OOFG, but higher than that in the SOFG. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the size and number of the LDs in the hepatocytes of rats fed each of the three types of oil were related to the degree of damage to organelles, including the positions of nuclei and the integrity of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The results revealed that the effect of camellia oil on NAFLD in rats was greater than that of soybean oil, but less than that of olive oil. Although the overall trend was that among the three oil diets, those with a lower n-6/n-3 ratio were associated with a lower risk of NAFLD, and the effect of camellia oil on NAFLD was not entirely related to the n-6/n-3 ratio and may have involved other factors. This provides new insights into the effect of oil diets on NAFLD.

Functional Iron Indices and Highly Sensitive CRP Post Single Dose Irradiation with Cobalt60 and the Ameliorating Effects of Single and Combined Doses of Aqueous Extracts of Parquetina nigrescens, Camellia sinensis and Telfairia occidentalis in Guinea Pigs

Background: The relationship between iron, hypoxia, inflammation, and erythropoietin in cellular homeostasis is well documented. Patients on radiotherapy are known with active immune/inflammatory disorders often accompanied with reduced iron uptake or unavailability of circulatory iron and hence, must be adequately evaluated. The present study hypothesized “aqueous extracts of Camellia sinensis, Telfairia occidentalis and Parquetina nigrescens have chemical properties of ameliorating and restoring to normal, functional iron deficiency sequel to Cobalt 60 irradiation effect”. Materials and Methods: Fifty-Five young male guinea-pigs approximately 450 gram in weight were recruited and thirty were randomly assigned to 3 groups (A, B and C) for the study. Groups A and B were further divided into 4 (A1-4 and B1-4) with 3 animals (n=3) per group. Three guinea-pigs were also assigned to group C. Groups A and B belonged to Pre and post-irradiation groups while groups C served as control. Each animal was given 400r (4.0 Gy) whole-body gamma-irradiation under general anaesthesia, using a Co60 therapy unit as a source. Groups A1, A2, A3 and A4 had 1,400 mg/kg C. sinensis, 4000 mg/kg P. nigrescens, 3,500 mg/kg T. occidentalis and Combined dose (1,400 mg/kg C. sinensis + 400 mg/kg P. nigrescens + 3,500 mg/kg T. occidentalis) respectively twice daily 72 hours prior to irradiation and continued throughout the 14 days of the study. Groups B1, B2, B3 and B4 had similar treatment but commenced 24 hours after exposure to radiation and likewise continued throughout the 14 days of the study. Group C were not given any treatment but also had irradiation. Results: Total Iron Binding Capacity, Ferritin, Serum Transferrin receptor and Iron were all increased significantly for all the extracts pre and post irradiation. However, C-reactive protein decreased significantly. Conclusion: Aqueous extracts of Camellia sinensis, Parquetina nigrescens and Telfairia occidentalis leaves have good ameliorating effect on irradiation-induced injuries.

Hepatitis grave producida por intoxicación con té verde en un niño. Presentación de un caso / Severe hepatitis caused by green tea intoxication in a child. Case report

El daño hepático inducido por hierbas es una reacción adversa relacionada con el uso de medicina herbaria, incluida en el grupo de daño hepático inducido por drogas. El uso terapéutico de hierbas medicinales es cada vez más frecuente por la creencia de que los productos naturales o hierbas son siempre seguros. En Estados Unidos, la incidencia de toxicidad alcanza un 9 % y, en países de Asia, un 19-63 % de los casos totales de daño hepático inducido por drogas.El té verde es obtenido de las hojas de la Camellia sinensis. Las hojas recién cosechadas son estabilizadas por calentamiento en seco para inactivar la enzima polifenol y luego se secan rápidamente. Su consumo ha aumentado en los últimos años, y se han documentado reacciones hepatotóxicas. Se presenta un caso de hepatitis aguda grave asociada al consumo de té verde en un niño de 2 años.

Herb-induced liver injury is a type of adverse drug reaction related to using herbal medicine, and now is a segment of drug-induced liver injury. The use of herbal products has increased significantly, because it is generally regarded as safe and natural by the public. In the United States, the incidence reaches 9 % and, in the countries of Asia, 19-63 % of the total cases of drug-induced liver injury. Green tea is obtained from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis. Freshly harvested leaves are stabilized by dry heating to inactivate the polyphenol enzyme and then dried quickly. Its consumption has increased in recent years and has been reported with hepatotoxic reactions.We present a case of severe hepatitis related to the consumption of green tea in a 2-year-old child.