Analysis on the difference between the payment limitations of anti-cancer drugs and the application scope of drug indications / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To analyze the difference between the payment limitations of anti-cancer drugs and application scope of drug instructions， so as to better implement the payment policy of medical insurance drugs. METHODS The differences between the payment limitations of anti-cancer drugs and application scope of drug instructions in the National Catalogue of Drugs for Basic Medical Insurance， Industrial Injury Insurance and Maternity Insurance （2022） were compared and analyzed； the evidence-based basis of the difference was discussed， and the scope of limited payment was interpreted. RESULTS Totally 118 drugs had payment limitations； limitations scope mainly included limited evidence of gene detection results， limited indications， limited second-line and above treatment， limited payment duration， limited specialist prescription， limited medical institution grade， etc. Among them， 43 drugs had differences between the payment limitations and drug instructions， and the indications of 31 drugs were greater than payment limitations； for seven drugs， the drug indications beyond the payment limitations were recommended by the guidelines. The payment limitations of 75 drugs were consistent with drug instructions. The second-line and multi-line treatment was ineffective or intolerable with first-line drugs. There was a certain relationship between locally advanced， advanced or metastatic tumor and tumor stage， but different tumors had different criteria. Systemic treatment mainly referred to systemic treatment with drug. The results of limited genetic test required that the result was positive or negative. In addition， six kinds of TCM injections were limited to the level of medical institutions； the payment of two drugs did not exceed 12 months； when lenalidomide was combined with isazomide citrate， the medical insurance only paid for one of the drugs. CONCLUSIONS The payment limitations of some anti- cancer drugs are inconsistent with the drug indications. The drug payment limitations should be expanded according to the actual situation of clinical medication and the recommendations of guidelines. At the same time， the payment limitations should be formulated accurately and in detail， thus clinical and medical insurance staff can understand it and fully protect the interests of patients.

New Price Conversion Method of Anti-cancer Drugs under the Buy-and-gift Strategy Based on Survival Data / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provid e a more accurate calculation method for the determination of drug negotiation base price ， pharmacoeconomic calculation and budget impact analysis and calculation in the process of medical insurance access with buy-and-gift strategy. METHODS ：By the model method and literature research ，understanding the existing price conversion methods of the anti-cancer drugs that currently implement the buy-and-gift strategy ，a new method of drug price conversion was explored on the basis of the survival data of patients in different disease states ，and the core idea and calculation process of the algorithm were analyzed by an example. RESULTS ：The new algorithm was combined with the survival data of patients under different disease states. Its calculation process mainly included obtaining the actual duration of medication use per unit cycle and the theoretical amount of medication ，determining the aid model for anti-cancer drugs under buy-and-gift strategy ，converting the actual price. The simulation calculation was carried out under the one-step drug donation mode ，periodic drug donation mode and preferential installment drug donation mode. CONCLUSIONS ：The conversion method of anti-cancer drug price under buy-and-gift strategy based on survival data makes up for the shortcoming that the existing calculation methods are difficult to reflect the actual price of anti-cancer drugs ，and provides a new calculation method for calculating the actual reference price of anti-cancer drugs for medical insurance access.

Is Metformin a Treatment Opportunity for Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the common deadly cancers worldwide. The incidence of CRC has been increasing nowadays and new therapy agents are still being investigated for the treatment. Metformin (1, 1-dimethyl biguanide), an oral antidiabetic drug from Galega officinalis mostly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, has gained considerable research interest in cancer prevention and therapy for many types of cancer including CRC. By targeting the specific pathways involved in cell differentiation, metabolism and metastasis, different mechanisms of action of metformin are tried to be elucidated using CRCs in studies.METHODSWe searched 3 electronic bibliographic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar) and research in progress using ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to September 20, 2019. Subject headings and key words included ‘metformin’ and/or ‘metformin in colon cancer’, and related terms, and various terms related to colon cancer treatment.RESULTSAlthough it seems justified on the basis of the results of a large number of studies, there is much we do not know about the effect of metformin on CRC.CONCLUSIONSIn this review, we focused on studies showing the potential effects of metformin in CRC, especially its possible mechanisms of action in chemoprevention therapy for colorectal cancers.

Assessment of causality and severity of various reported adverse drug reactions by different classes of anti-cancer drugs

Background: Chemotherapy involves highly complex regimens and hence accounts to high susceptibility towards Adverse Drug Reactions. All antineoplastic drugs have potential to cause one or more Adverse Drug Reactions which may vary from mild to severe form. So the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Adverse Drug Reactions in patients treated with chemotherapy.Methods: After getting approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee, the prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology in association with Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar between April 2015 to October 2016. All patients of either sex and any age receiving anti-cancer drugs in the inpatient department of radiation oncology were included. The mean age of the study population was 51 years and 53.9% of them were males and 46.1% of them were females. The WHO-UMC system was used for assessment of case programme and case reports. The severity of adverse drug reactions was determined by using modified Hart wig and Siegel scale.Results: Most of the reported ADR’s were moderate to mild in severity according to modified Hart wig and Siegel scale. Most of the frequent ADR’s were certain followed by probable and possible according to WHO-UMC causality assessment.Conclusions: Antineoplastic drugs have a narrow therapeutic index and the dosage needed to achieve a therapeutic response usually proves toxic to the body’s rapidly proliferating cells. Measures need to be put into place to reduce the physical, emotional and economic burden on the patient due to adverse drug reactions. Therefore, there is a need for vigilant ADR monitoring to decrease morbidity and mortality due to ADR’s which require further studies on large populations.

Mechanism of BH3 mimetics promoting cell apoptosis and its latest clinical research progress / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Targeting cell apoptosis is currently the most promising therapy for cancer treatment. The BH3-only protein, which is a member of Bcl-2 family, can bind to the pro-survival members of the family and neutralize their functional activities to induce apoptosis (ie, to isolate pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family). BH3 mimetics, a kind of small molecule compounds, has the ability to mimic the BH3-only protein to induce apoptosis. The prototype of BH3 mimetics is ABT-737, who can selectively targets on BCL-XL, BCL-2 and BCL-W (but not MCL-1 and A1). ABT-263, a derivative of ABT-737, has a better performance of inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the growth of tumor in clinical trials. At this stage, some presumably BH3 mimetics has entered the clinical stage, while a large part of them is still being characterized and tested. Basing on the mechanism of BH3-only protein, this review summarize a variety of BH3 mimetics which have been widely recognized, and show the latest developments of newly diagnosed BH3 mimetics in the field.

Advances of the co-delivery systems of paclitaxel and gene / 中国生化药物杂志

Co-delivery of paclitaxel and gene could achieve synergistic therapeutic effect, enhance therapeutic outcomes, reduce toxicity and reverse multiple drug resistance.Liposomes, nanoparticles and micells are usually used as the co-delivery systems of paclitaxel drugs and genes.We reviewed the progress in the co-delivery of paclitaxel and gene in the past few years by literature review, which would set a foundation for better clinical application of paclitaxel.

Screening of functional gene modules and the potential anti-cancer drugs in hypopharyngeal cancer / 局解手术学杂志

Objective Screening the functional gene modules that can play important roles in hypopharyngeal cancer and the potential anti-cancer drugs.Methods GEO database and MeV software were employed to screen the differentially expressed genes in hypopharyngeal cancer.Using STRING database,the protein-protein interaction network was identified.MCODE plugin of Cytoscape was used to identify the functional gene modules in the network.Based on DAVID database,the functions of modules were identified.DrugBank was used to screen the potential drugs that regulate the target genes of modules.Results 1 222 differentially expressed genes including 219 interaction pairs were i-dentified in whole genome profiling(P <0.05 ).Seven functional modules were identified in the network.The results of function analysis showed the module genes were enriched in cancer development related-function ‘regulation of angiogenesis’,‘cell adhesion’,‘DNA meta-bolic process’.A total of 50 potential drugs that regulating the 5 modules were screened.Conclusion Five functional modules that regulate the progress of hypopharyngeal cancer were identified,and maybe they can promote hypopharyngeal cancer through some functions such as regulation of angiogenesis 18 up-regulated protein kinases were identified.Their kinase inhibitors may potential have a role in anti-cancer, which provides a new target point for molecular therapy of nasopharyngeal cancer.

Effect of cigarette smoking on human health and promising remedy by mangroves

This article reviews the evils of cigarette smoking and the promise of mangroves to cure them. Chemicals in cigarette smoke are leading cause of death to both smokers and nonsmokers. Plant is the potential source to produce medicine for almost all the diseases. Mangroves are promising as a novel source of anti-cancer drugs in regulating the cancer pathways and stimulating immunity in the body system. Research on medicine from mangroves for the treatment of cancer has not only been shown to have an effect on cancer, but also provided important methods for the study of cancer therapy and mechanism. This report may help to explore the medicinal properties of the mangroves.

Molecular understanding of lung cancers-A review

Lung cancer is considered to be the most common cancer in the world. The purpose of this paper is to review scientific evidence, particularly epidemiologic evidence of overall lung cancer burden in the world. And molecular understanding of lung cancer at various levels by dominant and suppressor oncogenes.

Progress on research of peptide as a carrier of anticancer drugs / 实用肿瘤学杂志

As a carrier of anti -cancer drugs ,peptides can modify and coat drugs .It shows good pros-pects in targeted drug delivery ,drug sustained -releasing,drug enhancement of solubility ,bioavailability.It can also reduce side effects of drug .The related studies become one of the hot points in the field of pharmaceutical re-search in recent years .In this paper , the types of peptide based drug delivery emerged in recent years are re-viewed,the characteristics and advantages of various kinds of carrier systems are described in details .The present review provides a theoretical basis for the further application of peptide drug carries .

Molecular understanding of lung cancers-A review

Lung cancer is considered to be the most common cancer in the world. The purpose of this paper is to review scientific evidence, particularly epidemiologic evidence of overall lung cancer burden in the world. And molecular understanding of lung cancer at various levels by dominant and suppressor oncogenes.

Cancer drugs inhibit morphogenesis in the human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans

Candida infections are very common in cancer patients and it is a common practice to prescribe antifungal antibiotics along with anticancer drugs. Yeast to hyphal form switching is considered to be important in invasive candidiasis. Targeting morphogenetic switching may be useful against invasive candidiasis. In this study, we report the antimorphogenetic properties of thirty cancer drugs.

In Silico Analysis of Indoles Against 1KE8 Inhibitors Using Autodock.

1KE8 is known as a potential target for anti-cancer medication. Indoles are biologically active nitrogen heterocyclics known for broad spectrum activities. Modification of Indole ring system with selected structural descriptors has offered a high degree of stereo specificity and diversity in activity to the moiety.

Creating a List of Oral Anticancer Drugs using the Simple Suspension Method for Appropriate Therapy / 社会薬学

In cancer chemotherapy, it is very important to take into account the patient’s background. In recent years, a simple suspension method has attracted increased attention as a method that prevents changes in the stability and safety of various drugs. However, of 135 oral anticancer drugs, only 28 have been examined using this method, as of April 2013. In this study, we carefully investigated whether 53 oral anticancer drugs could be adapted to the simple suspension method, except for the 28 drugs that had already been previously reported. The results showed that most of these oral anticancer drugs could be adapted to the simple suspension method. Of seven drugs that were not adapted, six were generic drugs. In addition, it was clear that the evaluation of bicalutamide tablets was significantly different from our expected results. In conclusion, we were able to qualitatively assess all 53 oral anticancer drugs. This is equivalent to half of 107 untested drugs. These results provide useful information to cancer patients using oral anticancer drugs prepared using the simple suspension method.

Estudio de caso: estimación de los costos de la quimioterapia aplicando el protocolo completo en niños con leucemia linfoblástica aguda o con linfoma de Hodgkin / Estimation of chemotherapy costs applying the full protocol of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or Hodgkin's lymphoma: case study

Introducción. De todos los tipos de cáncer, la leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) constituye el tipo de cáncer más común en la edad pediátrica; los linfomas ocupan el tercer lugar. El costo de los tratamientos de LLA y de linfomas de Hodgkin (LH) en niños es elevado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue calcular los costos estimados de los protocolos que utiliza el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG) y los costos unitarios totales de los medicamentos para LLA en todas sus etapas y tipos de riesgo y para LH en sus diferentes estadificaciones. Métodos. Los cálculos se realizaron con una metodología específica utilizando los protocolos in extenso para LLA y LH, en las diferentes etapas y estadios, para un niño con peso de 20 kg y talla de 115 cm y otro con peso de 30 kg y talla de 135 cm en el HIMFG. Resultados. El costo total unitario en LLA de riesgo estándar fue de 71,655.00 MXN (~$5,430 USD) para el niño de 20 kg y de 95,825.90 MXN (~$7,260 USD) para el de 30 kg. En LH el costo del estadio IB-IIB fue de 39,342.16 MXN (~$3,000 USD) para el niño de 20 kg y de 52,620.14 MXN (~$4,000 USD) para el de 30 kg, y en el estadio III-IV correspondió a 41,469.46 MXN (~$3,150 USD) y 55,465.39 MXN (~$4,200.00), respectivamente. Conclusiones. Hubieron diferencias y ventajas del protocolo del HIMFG en LLA con respecto a otro protocolo. La comparación de los costos con otros países mostró resultados parecidos cuando solamente se evaluaron los costos unitarios.

Introduction. Of all types of cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) constitutes the most common type of cancer during the pediatric age. Lymphomas occupy third place. Treatment costs of ALL and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in children are high. The aim of the study was to calculate total unit costs of drugs in cancer children with ALL and HL using the current protocols in the Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG). The costs were estimated by risk stratification for ALL patients and according to tumor stage for HL. Methods. Calculations were performed using a specific methodology and using the complete protocols of ALL and HL in the different strata for a child weighing 20 kg with a height of 115 cm and 30 kg with a height of 135 cm. Results. The total unit cost in standard-risk ALL was 71,655.00 MXN (~$5,430 USD at the time of publication) in the patient weighing 20 kg and 95,825.90 MXN (~$7,250 USD) for the patient weighing 30 kg. In HL, the cost of stage IB-IIB was 39,342.16 MXN (~$3,000 USD) in the child weighing 20 kg and 52,620.14 MXN (~$4,000 USD) in the child weighing 30 kg. Costs for treating patient in stages III-IV corresponded to 41,469.46 MXN (~$3,150 USD) and 55,465.39 MXN (~$4,200.00), respectively. Conclusions. There were both differences and advantages in the HIMFG protocol for ALL. Comparing costs with costs in other countries showed similar results when only the unit costs were evaluated.