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ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effects of different honey concentrations in culture media, in comparison to sucrose medium, for the in vitro development of the epiphytic Encyclea cordigera orchid, in order to improve the process of propagation of the species. The in vitro germination was prepared on a reduced Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium. After 90 days, the seedlings were divided into different treatments, where they remained for another 90 days. Six treatments were set up (30g L-1 of sucrose; 15, 30, 45, and 60g L-1 of honey; and absence of any carbohydrates) in a completely randomized design. Plants were removed from the vials 270 days after the start of the experiment, and the number of roots, length of the largest leaf, length of the longest root, number of leaves, and fresh and dry masses were evaluated. Data concerning the number of leaves and roots were (x+1)1/2 transformed and subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA); the means were compared by a Tukey's test set at 5% probability. Medium containing 60g L-1 of honey proved to be superior to the sucrose medium traditionally used, favoring the in vitro growth and development of Encyclea cordigera. This medium can therefore be recommended for the propagation of this species, which is usually cultivated as an ornamental plant.
RESUMO: Este trabalho foi realizado com objetivo de avaliar a influência da concentração de mel no meio de cultura, comparando-o com a sacarose, para o desenvolvimento in vitro da orquídea epífita Encyclea cordigera, a fim de aperfeiçoar o processo de propagação dessa espécie. A semeadura in vitro procedeu-se em meio de cultura Murashige & Skoog (MS) reduzido e, após 90 dias, as plântulas foram distribuídas entre os tratamentos, em que permaneceram por mais 90 dias. Seis tratamentos (30g L-1 de sacarose, 15, 30, 45 e 60g L-1 de mel e ausência de carboidrato) foram utilizados, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Após 270 dias do início do experimento, as plantas foram retiradas dos frascos, sendo avaliado o número de raízes, comprimento da maior folha, comprimento da maior raiz, número de folhas, massa fresca e massa seca. Os dados de número de folhas e de raízes foram transformados (x+1)1/2 e submetidos à análise de variância (ANAVA); as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. O meio de cultura suplementado com 60g L-1 de mel favoreceu o crescimento e desenvolvimento in vitro de Encyclea cordigera, sendo superior ao uso de sacarose, que é tradicionalmente usado, podendo ser recomendado para propagação dessa orquídea, que apresenta potencial ornamental.
RESUMEN
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore various unexplored locations where Penicillium spp. would be available and study the production of penicillin from the isolated Penicillium spp. in different media with altered carbohydrate source.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The collected soil samples were screened for the isolation of Penicillium chrysogenum (P. chrysogenum) by soil dilution plate. The isolated Penicillium species were further grown in different production media with changes in the carbohydrate source. The extracted penicillin from various isolates was analyzed by HPLC for the efficacy of the product. Further the products were screened with various bacterial species including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). And the work was extended to find the possible action on MRSA, along with characterization using other pathogens.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From the various soil and citrus samples used for analysis, only the soil sample from Government General Hospital of Bangalore, India, and Sanjay Gandhi Hospital, Bangalore, India, showed some potential growth of the desired fungi P. chrysogenum. Different production media showed varied range of growth of Penicillium. Optimum production of penicillin was obtained in maltose which proved maximum zone of inhibition during assay. Characterization of penicillin on pathogens, like wild Escherichia coli strain, Klebsiella spp., and MRSA, gave quite interesting results such as no activity on the later strain as it is resistant. HPLC data provided the analytical and confirmation details of the penicillin produced. Accordingly, the penicillin produced from the soil sample of Government General Hospital had the high milli absorbance unit of 441.5 mAu compared with that of the penicillin produced from Sanjay Gandhi Hospital sample, 85.52 mAu. Therefore, there was a considerable change in quantity of the penicillin produced from both the samples.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The Penicillium spp. could be possibly rich in hospital contaminants and its environments. This research focuses on various unexplored sources of medical ailments, and also shows that the growth of penicillin is high in maltose rich media that could possibly enhance the growth.</p>