Integrated smart hyperspectral imaging and CARS-based characteristic band selection for rapid determination of SO_2 content in sulphur-fumigated Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix / 中国中药杂志

In order to realize the rapid and non-destructive detection of SO_2 content in sulphur-fumigated Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, this paper first prepared the sulphur-fumigated Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix samples with the usage amount of sulphur being 0, 2.5%, and 5% of the mass of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix pieces. The SO_2 content in different batches of sulphur-fumigated Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix was determined using the method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, followed by the acquisition of their hyperspectral data within both visible-near infrared(435-1 042 nm) and short-wave infrared(898-1 751 nm) regions by hyperspectral imaging. Meanwhile, the first derivative, AUTO, multiplicative scatter correction, Savitzky-Golay(SG) smoothing, and standard normal variable transformation algorithms were used to pre-process the original hyperspectral data, which were then subjected to characteristic band extraction based on competitive adaptive reweighted sampling(CARS) and the partial least square regression analysis for building a quantitative model of SO_2 content in sulphur-fumigated Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix. It was found that the accuracy of the quantitative model built depending on the visible-near infrared spectra was high, with the determination coefficient of prediction set(R■) reaching 0.900 1. The established quantitative model has enabled the rapid and non-destructive detection of SO_2 content in sulphur-fumigated Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, which can serve as an effective supplement to the method described in Chinese Pharmacopeia.

Culturas del malgasto público: ineficiencia estatal y narrativas de política pública / Culturas do mal gasto público: ineficiência do Estado e narrativas de políticas públicas / Wasteful spending cultures: State inefficiency and policy narratives

Resumen El artículo introduce el concepto de las culturas del malgasto público en el marco del estudio de la ineficiencia estatal. Estas culturas engloban comportamientos aprendidos en el trabajo inercial de la administración pública. Utilizando un estudio de caso sobre el malgasto en camionetas blindadas para el Estado, en Colombia, se ilustran las culturas del malgasto. El rol de las narrativas de políticas públicas es crucial para comprender dichas culturas, al sustituir y relegar discusiones técnicas sobre la ineficiencia a un segundo plano, favoreciendo tradiciones institucionales que incluyen el incrementalismo. El artículo contribuye a la literatura interdisciplinaria sobre la ineficiencia estatal, incorporando el rol del storytelling, las narrativas, y los cálculos de costo-efectividad. Resalta, desde el estudio de caso, la necesidad de que la política pública comprenda las complejidades que rodean a las prácticas del gasto público para así mejorarlo.

Resumo O artigo introduz o conceito de culturas do mal gasto público no âmbito do estudo da ineficiência do Estado. Essas culturas abrangem comportamentos aprendidos no trabalho inercial da administração pública. As culturas do mal gasto são ilustradas através de um estudo de caso sobre o mal gasto em compras públicas de carros blindados para o Estado na Colômbia. O papel das narrativas de políticas públicas é crucial para a compreensão dessas culturas, substituindo e relegando as discussões técnicas sobre ineficiência para o segundo plano, favorecendo assim tradições institucionais que incluem o incrementalismo. O artigo contribui para a literatura interdisciplinar sobre a ineficiência do Estado, incorporando o papel do storytelling, das narrativas e dos cálculos de custo-efetividade. Destaca, a partir do estudo de caso, a necessidade de políticas públicas para entender melhor as complexidades que envolvem as práticas de gasto público, a fim de melhorá-o.

Abstract The article introduces the concept of "wasteful public spending cultures" in the framework of state efficiency studies. The concept refers to learned behavioral patterns in the inertial work of government agencies. A case study from Colombia is presented. The study reports practices that lead to the wasteful procurement of armored cars to be used by the government. The role of policy narratives is crucial to understanding these "cultures," as they contribute to replacing and downgrading technical discussions about inefficiency, favoring institutional traditions that include incrementalism. The work contributes to the interdisciplinary body of literature on government inefficiency, as it incorporates the role of storytelling, narratives, and cost-effectiveness calculations. The case study highlights the need to understand the complexity around spending practices in order to improve them.

Políticas públicas basadas en evidencia científica: el caso de la seguridad vial infantil / Public policies based on scientific evidence: child road safety

Los accidentes de tránsito son un problema de salud pública global. En América Latina, la tasa de mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito en niños es casi el doble que el promedio mundial. Se presenta nuestra experiencia en la formulación de una política pública de seguridad vial infantil en Panamá, basada en la evidencia científica generada por nuestro grupo de investigación. Además, se propone un modelo para la formulación de políticas públicas que podría usarse en otros países latinoamericanos. Se trata de un vector de formulación que es parte del ciclo de las políticas públicas e incluye la identificación de un problema público, la ejecución de la investigación científica, la publicación y la socialización de los productos científicos para la formulación de la política pública con la participación incluyente de los científicos, la sociedad civil y los tomadores de decisiones cuando estos comparten espacios de diálogo.

Road traffic accidents are a global public health problem. In Latin America, the mortality rate among children due to road traffic accidents almost doubles the global average. We describe our experience formulating a public policy on child road safety in Panama, based on the scientific evidence produced by our research group. Moreover, we propose a model for public policy-making that may be used in other Latin American countries. It is a formulation vector that is part of the public policy-making cycle and entails identifying a public problem, conducting scientific research, publishing and disseminating scientific products for public policy-making with the participation of scientists, the civil society, and decision-makers by sharing spaces for dialog.

The Effects of Noise from the Subway Cars on the Preferred Listening Volumes and Noise Exposure Using Earphones / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of noise from the subway cars on the preferred listening volumes using different kinds of earphones.Methods A total of 75 subjects with normal hearing were investigated to listen the same song wearing 4 kinds of earphones: insert earphones, intra-concha earphones, supra-concha earphones, and circumaural earphones, in the semi-anechoic background and inside the Line 7 subway-cars of the Beijing subway (the mean of LAeq,1s is 80.3 dB A and then selected personally preferred listening volumes.The effects of noise in the subway cars and earphone types on the preferred listening volumes were then analyzed.Results Inside subway-cars, the preferred listening levels using insert earphones, intra-concha earphones, supra-concha earphones, circumaural earphones were 76.6±4.7, 84.3±5.0, 82.3±4.2, and 80.8±4.2 dB A, respectively.The levels were respectively 65.5±6.8, 71.9±7.1, 69.5±7.5, 67.9±7.3 dB A for those in the semi-anechoic background.The preferred listening levels increase more than 10 dB averagely when stepped into noisy subway-cars background from silent background.According to the threshold levels stipulated in the WHO, to avoid hearing impairment, the daily noise exposure duration should not exceed 134 mins when exposed to subway-cars noise and the duration should not exceed 315, 54, 85, and 120 mins respectively when wearing those 4 kinds of earphones in subway-cars.Conclusion The noise and earphones types have great effects on the preferred listening volumes.The noise exposure levels in the ear canal wearing earphones with good sound insulation and listening at highly increased volume may be lower than that without earphones.

Trastorno del espectro autista y función ejecutiva / Autism spectrum disorder and executive functions

Introducción: las alteraciones en la función ejecutiva, especialmente en flexibilidad cognoscitiva, planeación,control inhibitorio y memoria de trabajo constituyen un elemento cardinal dentro las manifestaciones deltrastorno del espectro autista (TEA).Objetivo: el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el desempeño de las pruebas de función ejecutiva en unapoblación de pacientes con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA).Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional en niños de una institución de rehabilitación. Seevaluó el desempeño en las subpruebas de la evaluación neuropsicológica infantil, el puntaje de CARS (ChildhoodAutism Rating Scale) y otras variables, mediante un análisis de correlación de Spearman. El estudio fueaprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación y se obtuvo consentimiento de los padres.Resultados: se evaluaron ocho niños con edad promedio de 8,9 años (6,1-13,7) y puntaje CARS entre 32 y 46.Se encontró mejor desempeño en habilidades gráficas y menor fluidez gráfica y verbal y de flexibilidad cognitiva.La edad tuvo correlación directa con el puntaje en memoria de trabajo y con la capacidad de planeación.Un puntaje de CARS alto se correlacionó con bajo rendimiento en flexibilidad cognitiva, memoria de trabajoy fluidez gráfica no semántica.Conclusión: los niños con TEA son susceptibles de presentar alteraciones significativas en tareas relacionadascon las funciones ejecutivas, lo que puede explicar la tendencia a la perseveración, incapacidad de cambio decriterio y conductas estereotipadas. Esta disfunción se correlaciona con la severidad del autismo y varía segúnla edad. Aunque esta alteración no es un fenómeno que se presente exclusivamente en el TEA, constituye unelemento a tener en cuenta al momento de evaluar estos niños.

Introduction: executive function disturbances, especially in cognitive flexibility planning, inhibitory control and working memory constitute a cardinal element within the manifestations of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Objective: the aim of this research was to evaluate the performance of executive function tests in children with ASD.Materials and methods: an observational study was conducted in children attending a rehabilitation institution. An analysis between the performance of the Childhood Neuropsychological assessment subtests, scores of CARS (Childhood Autism Rating Scale) and other variables was performed by a Spearman correlation test. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee and parental consent was obtained.Results: we evaluated eight children with a mean age of 8.9 years (min: 6.1, max: 13.7) and CARS score between 32 and 46. Better performance was found in graphical abilities, less in graphical and verbal fluency and in cognitive flexibility. Age was directly correlated with scores on working memory and planning. A high CARS score was correlated with poor performance on cognitive flexibility, working memory and non-semantic graphic fluency.Conclusion: children with ASD are prone to show disturbances in executive functions related tasks which may explain the inflexible adherence to routines, the persistence of stereotypical behaviors and the perseveration observed in ASD patients. This dysfunction correlates with the severity of autism and varies with age. Although this condition is not present exclusively in ASD, it is a factor to consider when evaluating children with autism.

Pervasive developmental disorder in the children of immigrant parents: comparison of different assessment instruments / Transtornos invasivos do desenvolvimento em filhos de imigrantes: comparacao de diferentes instrumentos diagnosticos

The objective of this study was to describe how the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) behaves in relation to the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and to clinical diagnosis based on the criteria defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4 th Edition (DSM-IV) for children of immigrant parents. Forty-nine children of parents who had immigrated to Canada were evaluated. In this sample, the ADOS and the DSM-IV showed complete agreement. Using the standard cut-off point of 30, the CARS showed high specificity and poor sensitivity. The study proposes a cut-off point for the CARS that would include pervasive developmental disorder – not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Reducing the cut-off point to 20/21 increased the specificity of the instrument for this group of children without significantly reducing its sensitivity.

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever como a Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) se comporta em relação à Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) e ao diagnóstico clínico baseado nos critérios definidos pelo Manual Diagnóstico e estatístico dos Transtornos Mentais (DSM-IV - 4ª Edição) do em crianças filhas de imigrantes. Foram avaliadas 49 crianças cujos pais imigraram para o Canadá. Nessa amostra os resultados das avaliações pelo ADOS e DSM-IV foram totalmente concordantes. Usando o ponto-de-corte padrão de 30, a CARS mostrou elevada especificidade e baixa sensibilidade. Esse estudo propõe um ponto de corte para a CARS que possa incluir o transtorno invasivo do desenvolvimento não especificado. A redução do ponto de corte para 20/21 aumentou a especificidade do instrumento para esse grupo de crianças, sem reduzir significativamente a sensibilidade.

Study of microbiota inside the automobile cars.

Introduction :The bacteria are transmitted through contact, inhalation, ingestion, inoculation etc . The health care professionals are aware of preventive measures but unaware of most widely used cars as an inanimate/fomite in spite of all preventive measures, the respiratory and skin infections are prevalent in health care professionals , the present study is concerned with the isolation of pathogenic microbiota inside the cars. Material Method : Total 30 cars are include in the study. The samples were collected by swab method in Department of General Pathology & Microbiology, Sinhgad Dental College and Hospital Pune. Result :The study revealed that the pathogenic microbiota were found in the cars especially Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Discussion :These microbes are documented as the potential source of respiratory , skin , soft tissue, urinary tract infection. To conclude the cars needs to be cleaned frequently with disinfectants.

Niveles de alcohol en la sangre y desviación de la línea en conductores estudiados en simuladores: un metaanálisis / Blood alcohol concentration and deviation from the line among drivers studied in simulators: a meta-analysis

Introducción: Conducir bajo los efectos del alcohol aumenta el riesgo de sufrir accidentes de tránsito y la tasa de accidentalidad vial tiende a incrementarse. Sin embargo, no es claro en qué grado la presencia de alcohol en la sangre logra desviar al conductor de su carril. Objetivos: Determinar las concentraciones mínimas de alcohol en la sangre que se deben alcanzar para alterar la habilidad de conducción en las personas y definir qué habilidades se ven afectadas con mayor rapidez en la desviación del carril. Método: Revisión sistemática de la literatura en ocho bases de datos. Se limitó a publicaciones de los últimos diez años (1999-2009) y a artículos en los que se hizo la evaluación a través de simuladores y donde se midieron las concentraciones de alcohol en la sangre. Resultados: De todos los subgrupos estudiados es evidente que las personas con algún consumo de alcohol tienden a desviarse más de la línea que las personas que no lo han consumido. Entre los conductores que presentaron alcohol en la sangre, sólo se encontró una pequeña diferencia entre las desviaciones de la línea de aquellos con cifras mayores o menores a 0,05 (0,65 vs. 0,78). Conclusiones: En todos los desenlaces se evidenció que, independientemente de la cantidad de alcohol en la sangre, el haber consumido hace que el conductor tienda a desviarse de su carril. En términos generales se puede decir que la desviación de la línea se convierte en una medida muy sensible al consumo de alcohol...

Introduction: Driving under the influence of alcohol increases the risk of traffic accidents and road accident. However, it is not clear to what extent the presence of alcohol in the blood can divert a driver of the lane. Objectives: To determine the minimum concentration of alcohol in the blood that must be reached to alter the driving ability in people and define what skills are affected more quickly in the deviation of the lane test. Method: Systematic review of the literature in eight databases, limited to publications of the last ten years (1999-2009) and articles in which the assessment was made through simulators and concentrations of alcohol in the blood were measured. Results: Of all the subgroups studied, it is clear that persons with any alcohol consumption tend to drift over the line more than people who have not consumed. Among the drivers who had alcohol in the blood, there was only a slight difference between the deviations from the line of those with levels greater or less than 0.05 (0.65 vs. 0.78). Conclusions: In all the endpoints was demonstrated that, regardless of the amount of alcohol in the blood, a driver with any alcohol use tend to deviate from the lane. Overall we can say that the deviation of the line becomes a very sensitive evidence of alcohol use...