Effects of a Free Electronic Book on Systemic Anatomy with Schematics on Student Learning / Efectos de un Libro Electrónico Gratuito sobre Anatomía Sistémica con Esquemas sobre el Aprendizaje de los Estudiantes

SUMMARY: For students in schools of nursing, health sciences, and premed, a systemic anatomy textbook with minimized contents, schematics, and mnemonics may be helpful for learning an otherwise often unappealing subject. In this study, we assess the educational effect of such a textbook. Schematic drawings, anatomy comics, and easily readable text were generated for the chapters of the book (e.g., skeletal system, articular system). The book was presented without charge via a webpage (anatomy.co.kr). Nursing students who were exposed to the book and those who were not exposed were compared; a survey was administered to those who were exposed. The students who read the presented textbook were more knowledgeable than those who used other textbooks. Hours spent reading the presented textbook and scores of fill-in-the-blank questions were positively correlated. In general, the students replied that the presented textbook was helpful for learning systemic anatomy. The systemic anatomy textbook accompanies preexisting textbooks in regional anatomy, neuroanatomy, and the histology, all of which are written by the same authors. We suggest anatomy instructors generate their own books with unique style to enrich the student learning process.

Para los estudiantes de las escuelas de enfermería, ciencias de la salud y premedicina, un libro de texto de anatomía sistémica con contenidos, esquemas y mnemónicos minimizados puede ser útil para aprender un tema que de otro modo sería poco atractivo. En este estudio, evaluamos el efecto educativo de dicho libro de texto. Se generaron dibujos esquemáticos, cómics de anatomía y texto de fácil lectura para los capítulos del libro (por ejemplo, sistema esquelético, sistema articular). El libro se presentó sin costo a través de una página web (anatomy.co.kr). Se compararon los estudiantes de enfermería que estuvieron expuestos al libro y los que no estuvieron expuestos. Se administró una encuesta a quienes estuvieron expuestos. Los estudiantes que leyeron el libro de texto presentado tenían más conocimientos que aquellos que usaron otros libros de texto. Las horas dedicadas a leer el libro de texto presentado y las decenas de preguntas para completar espacios en blanco se correlacionaron positivamente. En general, los estudiantes respondieron que el libro de texto presentado fue útil para aprender anatomía sistémica. El libro de texto de anatomía sistémica acompaña a los libros de texto preexistentes de anatomía regional, neuroanatomía e histología, todos escritos por los mismos autores. Sugerimos que los instructores de anatomía generen sus propios libros con un estilo único para enriquecer el proceso de aprendizaje de los estudiantes.

Effects of Reading a Free Electronic Book on Regional Anatomy with Schematics and Mnemonics on Student Learning

BACKGROUND: To help medical students learn anatomy effectively in limited hours, a regional anatomy book enhancing students' memorization was developed.METHODS: Only anatomical terms essential for basic cadaver dissection are included along with schematic figures which enable memorization of complicated anatomical structures. Learning comics and comic strips that depict anatomy mnemonics and jokes were appended and sentences were written to be comfortably readable. The electronic book titled “Visually Memorable Regional Anatomy” has been distributed without payment or registration. With the help of 246 volunteer students from three Korean medical schools, the book's learning effects were evaluated.RESULTS: These students' book reading led to increase in their anatomy scores, including written examination scores and tag examination scores. It was an encouraging result that almost 20% of students spontaneously read the book no matter who presented their lecture or examination. A webpage version of the book was visited by thousands of users.CONCLUSION: The book with unique features may suggest a new perspective in the field of anatomy learning. After having acquaintance with essential structures from reading the book, students are able to and willing to study more from other resources.

Usefulness of the anatomy learning comics and anatomy comic strips to adolescents / Utilidad de los comics de aprendizaje de anatomía e historietas cómicas de anatomía para adolescentes

This study was intended to evaluate the anatomy comics as learning material for adolescents. For that, both the learning comics and comic strips were shown to 341 junior high school students who subsequently completed a questionnaire. According to the students answers, the anatomy comics were greatly or somewhat helpful in understanding anatomy (learning comics: 87.7 %; comic strips: 86.2 %). The anatomy comics were greatly or somewhat entertaining (learning comics: 66.9 %; comic strips: 77.4 %). According to their free remarks, the anatomy comics enhanced the students' understanding with the simple figures and easy explanations. The students regarded the anatomy comics as entertaining because of the related jokes and comparative daily lives. The students preferred the complimentary anatomy comics presented on the authors' homepage (anatomy.co.kr). This investigation proves the possibility that the anatomy comics contribute to adolescents learning.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los cómics de anatomía como material de aprendizaje para adolescentes. Para eso, tanto los cómics de aprendizaje como las tiras cómicas se mostraron a 341 estudiantes de secundaria que posteriormente completaron un cuestionario. De acuerdo con las respuestas de los estudiantes, los cómics de anatomía fueron de gran utilidad o algo útiles para comprender la anatomía (cómics de aprendizaje: 87,7 %; historietas: 86,2 %). Los cómics de anatomía fueron muy entretenidos (cómics de aprendizaje: 66,9 %; historietas: 77,4 %). De acuerdo con sus comentarios, los cómics de anatomía mejoraron la comprensión de los estudiantes con figuras simples y explicaciones fáciles. Los estudiantes consideraron los cómics de anatomía como entretenidos debido a los chistes relacionados y la comparación con la vida diaria. Los estudiantes prefirieron los cómics de anatomía complementarios presentados en la página principal de los autores (anatomy.co.kr). Esta investigación demuestra la posibilidad de que los cómics de anatomía contribuyan al aprendizaje de los adolescentes.

Homepage to distribute the anatomy learning contents including Visible Korean products, comics, and books / 대한해부학회지

The authors have operated the homepage (http://anatomy.co.kr) to provide the learning contents of anatomy. From the homepage, sectioned images, volume models, and surface models—all Visible Korean products—can be downloaded. The realistic images can be interactively manipulated, which will give rise to the interest in anatomy. The various anatomy comics (learning comics, comic strips, plastination comics, etc.) are approachable. Visitors can obtain the regional anatomy book with concise contents, mnemonics, and schematics as well as the simplified dissection manual and the pleasant anatomy essay. Medical students, health allied professional students, and even laypeople are expected to utilize the easy and comforting anatomy contents. It is hoped that other anatomists successively produce and distribute their own informative contents.

The Dusseldorf Illustrated Schema Questionnaire for Children (DISC)

Abstract Childhood experiences are considered to be of crucial importance in the formation of maladaptive schemas, according to Young's concept. Although some schema questionnaires already exist for children, these instruments differ in their schema structures with between 8 and 12 identified factors. To obtain a deeper understanding of early maladaptive schemas in childhood an instrument based on Young's 18-schema model was constructed (Dusseldorf Illustrated Schema Questionnaire for Children (DISC)). Cartoons were designed which represented each schema, providing children with a visual impression of what was meant by the schema, and thus the questions that they had to answer. The items were phrased as self-report statements and children's approval of the statements was assessed using a 4-point rating scale. The resulting preliminary questionnaire (18 cartoons, 90 items) was presented in classrooms across different school types (N = 569, between 8 and 13 years). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on this data to confirm the factorial structure of the questionnaire and to reduce the number of items to two items per schema. The DISC in its final version included 36 items and showed a sufficiently high test-retest reliability and convergent validity when assessed in comparison to another schema questionnaire for children. In addition, the present test is of predictive value since the DISC sum score correlated with ratings on the children's behavioral problems. CFA showed a satisfactory goodness-of-fit based on the original 18-factor model, providing a compact instrument to assess schema representations and to evaluate the dynamics of maladaptation during child development.

Integrated comics and visible korean movies for laypeople's learning of systemic anatomy / Cómics integrados y películas coreanas visibles para el aprendizaje de la anatomía sistémica por personas no expertas

The aim of this research was to help the general population learn basic anatomy by providing easy and intriguing comics and Visible Korean movies. Eight significant systems (skeletal, muscular, digestive, respiratory, urinary, genital, cardiovascular, and nervous systems) were explained by the anatomy learning comics. The learning comics were accompanied by humorous comic strips that introduce various episodes about anatomy. The individual systems were also elucidated by videos of surface models and sectioned images that were made from the cadavers. These videos also include annotations and commentaries aiding anatomy comprehension like the documentary films. For users to conveniently access the wanted contents, software with a simple menu was developed. This free software is operable directly on the homepage (anatomy.co.kr); otherwise, the software is downloadable from the same site to be run off-line. The combined use of multimedia contents will hopefully promote the general population's interest in and knowledge of anatomy.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue ayudar a la población en general en el aprendizaje de la anatomía básica, a través de cómics, fáciles de entender e intrigantes, y de películas coreanas. Ocho sistemas anatómicos (esquelético, muscular, digestivo, respiratorio, urinario, genital, cardiovascular y nervioso) fueron explicados por medio del aprendizaje de la anatomía con cómics. Los cómics fueron acompañados por cómics graciosos que introducen varios episodios sobre anatomía. Los sistemas también fueron explicados a través de videos de modelos de superficie e imágenes seccionadas realizadas a partir de los cadáveres. Estos videos también incluyen anotaciones y comentarios que ayudan a la comprensión de la anatomía. Para que los usuarios accedieran convenientemente al contenido deseado, se desarrolló un software con un menú sencillo. Este software libre puede ser manejado directamente en el sitio web anatomy.co.kr; de lo contrario, el software se puede descargar desde el mismo sitio para ser usado fuera de línea. El uso combinado de contenidos multimedia promoverá el interés de la población en general y el conocimiento de la anatomía.

Comics for laypeople interested in plastination / Comics para personas no expertas interesadas en plastinación

Exhibitions of plastinated specimens are popular around the world, but most people are not aware of the basics of plastination process because they are not interested in reading the related writings. Comics are an attractive medium and could solve this problem. The objective of this study was to enhance public comprehension of plastination using comics. Three topics were selected for the comics: the traditional ways to preserve dissected cadaver specimens, the plastination technique used to resolve the problems of the traditional ways, and the public display of the plastinated specimens. The 67 comic frames were drawn in simple style. The comics were available online (anatomy.co.kr) free of charge. The original files of the comics will be provided to those who utilize the files for making the signs or leaflets for exhibitions. The comics in this study, whether online or not, are expected to help people recognize the value of plastination; the comics' quantity and quality will be upgraded in a variety of ways.

Las exposiciones de especímenes plastinados son populares en todo el mundo, sin embargo, la mayoría de las personas no están conscientes de los conceptos básicos del proceso de plastinación debido a que no existe un interés en leer los textos relacionados. Este problema podría ser resuelto mediante historietas, las que constituyen un atractivo medio de presentación. El objetivo de este estudio fue mejorar la comprensión pública de la plastinación con el uso de historietas cómicas. Se seleccionaron tres temas de historietas: las técnicas tradicionales de preservación de cadáveres diseccionados, la técnica de plastinación, utilizada para resolver los problemas de las técnicas tradicionales de conservación, y la exhibición pública de los especímenes plastinados. Se dibujaron de manera sencilla 67 cuadros de historietas cómicas. Los cómics se encuentran disponibles en línea (anatomy.co.kr) de forma gratuita. Los archivos originales de los cómics podrán ser proporcionados a los usuarios que utilicen estos archivos para realizar avisos publicitarios o folletos para exposiciones. Esperamos que los cómics presentados en este estudio, ya sea en línea o no, sirvan de apoyo para ayudar a las personas a reconocer el valor de la plastinacion, los cuales serán actualizados de diversos modos, ya sea en cantidad como así también en relación a la calidad de los cómics.

Evaluation of anatomy comic strips for further production and applications / 대한해부학회지

The corresponding author of the study has been sketching comic strips to explain anatomy in a humorous manner. All the anatomy comic strips, including those in Korean (650 episodes) and English (451 episodes), can be viewed on the homepage (http://anatomy.co.kr). Such comic strips were created with the aim of assisting medical students. However, their impact was unknown, and therefore, we surveyed the students' responses. We noted that anatomy grades were better in the students who read the comic strips. The comics helped the trainees chat with individuals with and without a medical background. The authors also considered comments on the problems with the comic strips and attempted to find solutions. The episodes are being currently used and further produced for educational purposes. To support this effort, the readers' valuable opinions will be continuously collected and assessed.

A trajetória do Avaí Futebol Clube no Campeonato Brasileiro 2009: leitura de charges jornalísticas / Trajectory of Avaí Futebol Clube in the Brazilian Championship 2009: a study of speech-semiotic charges on daily news / Los destinos del Avaí Futebol Clube en el Campeonato Brasileño/2009: lectura de caricaturas periódisticas

Este trabalho oferece aos professores de Educação Física um respaldo teórico-crítico sobre análise semiótico-discursiva de charges jornalísticas de futebol nos veículos impressos da Grande Florianópolis. Trata-se de uma leitura do desempenho do Avaí F. C. no Campeonato Brasileiro de 2009, a partir das charges produzidas de maio a dezembro daquele ano por Zé Dassilva (Diário Catarinense), Mendes (Notícias do Dia) e Adorno (Hora de Santa Catarina). O percurso analítico leva em conta uma escolha peculiar de charges, dispostas cronologicamente, que se destacam por evidenciar alguns fenômenos e elementos constituintes dos processos semiósicos e discursivos das narrativas da performance do Leão, ao longo do campeonato, como metaforização e metonimização.

This work provides to physical education teachers a theoretical support on critical-discursive-semiotic analysis of newspaper cartoons about soccer in Florianópolis. This is a reading on the performance of Avaí Futebol Clube in the Brazilian Championship in 2009, from cartoons produced from May to December of that year by Zé Dassilva (Diário Catarinense), Mendes (Notícias do Dia) and Adorno (Hora de Santa Catarina). The analytical path takes into account a peculiar choice of cartoons arranged chronologically, which contrast by highlighting some phenomena and fundamental elements of the semiosic processes and narrative speeches of Lion's performance over the League, like metaphorization, metonymy and intertextuality.

Este trabajo proporciona a profesores de educación física un respaldo teóricocrítico sobre el análisis semiótico-discursivo de las caricaturas de fútbol en los periódicos de la Grande Florianópolis. Se trata de una lectura del rendimiento del Avaí Futebol Clube en el Campeonato Brasilero en 2009, a partir de las caricaturas producidas de mayo a diciembre de ese año por Zé Dassilva (Diario de Santa Catarina), Mendes (Noticias do Dia) y Adorno (Hora de Santa Catarina). El camino analítico tiene en cuenta una peculiar elección de las caricaturas, dispuestas cronológicamente, que se destacan por evidenciar algunos fenómenos y elementos constituyentes de los procesos semióticos y discursivos de las narrativas sobre el rendimiento del León a lo largo del campeonato, como metáfora y metonimia.

The influence of violent TV cartoons watched by school children in Turkey / Influencia de los dibujos animados violentos vistos en la televisión por escolares de Turquia

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to demonstrate the gender-specific impact of violence-oriented television cartoons on children, and to identify the behaviors demonstrating this influence. METHODS: The research was conducted on a total of 300 students chosen by a simple, random method applying a stratified weight in each school. A 20-question instrument was used for data collection, using face-to-face interviews with the students which occurred during visits to primary schools. RESULTS: A significant gender difference was noted between students' favourite cartoon shows, the type of influence those shows exerted, and the ways in which students imitated the behaviors of the cartoon characters (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It was noted that male children were influenced by violence-oriented cartoons more than female children, and that they imitated cartoon characters more.

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a influência da violência nos desenhos animados da TV sobre as crianças de acordo com o gênero e o tipo de comportamentos que nelas é incutido. MÉTODOS: A investigação foi levada a cabo na Turquia ocidental, abrangendo amostra aleatória simples de 300 alunos com base no peso amostral estratificado de 18 escolas primárias. Os questionários foram aplicados por meio de entrevistas presenciais com os estudantes das escolas do 1º grau visitadas, que aceitaram participar neste estudo. RESULTADOS: O nivel de significância foi determinado segundo o gênero, com base no tipo de desenhos animados que as crianças preferiam as condições com que eram influenciadas e a capacidade de imitarem os personagens dos desenhos animados (p<0.05). CONCLUSÃO: As crianças do sexo masculino além de serem mais influenciadas pelo desenhos animados violentos do que as crianças do sexo feminino, também imitam mais os personagens de tais desenhos.

OBJETIVO: Demostrar la influencia de la violencia en los dibujos animados de la TV sobre los niños de acuerdo al género y al tipo de comportamientos que les es sugerido. MÉTODOS: La investigación se llevó a cabo en Turquia occidental, que abarcó una muestra aleatoria simple de 300 alumnos con base en el peso muestral estratificado de 18 escuelas primarias. Los cuestionarios fueron aplicados por medio de entrevistas presenciales con los estudiantes de las escuelas del 1º grado que fueron visitadas y que aceptaron participar en este estudio. RESULTADOS: El nivel de significancia fue determinado según el género, con base en el tipo de dibujos animados que los niños preferían las condiciones con que eran influenciadas y la capacidad de imitar a los personajes de los dibujos animados (p<0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: Los niños además de ser más influenciadas por los dibujos violentos que las niñas, también imitan más a los personajes de tales dibujos.

Psicopatologia nas histórias em quadrinhos e cartoons / Psychopathology in newspaper cartoons and comic strips

OBJETIVO: Este artigo classifica e analisa a forma e a frequência com a qual uma amostra de histórias em quadrinhos brasileiras e norte-americanas retrata a psicopatologia. Além disso, compara a frequência dos temas saúde, saúde mental, psicopatologia geral e especial entre essas tiras. MÉTODO: Foi coletada uma amostra de 1.883 tirinhas publicadas pelos jornais Folha de São Paulo e New York Times, no período de 1/2/2007 a 31/7/07. Nessa amostra, 1.022 tiras são de seis autores nacionais e 293, de autores norte-americanos, publicados pela Folha de São Paulo, e 568 publicados pelo New York Times. Foram criadas categorias para classificá-las. RESULTADOS: Entre os autores nacionais, 75,3 por cento das tiras contêm temas relacionados à área da saúde. Tal categoria se divide em: saúde física, 12,9 por cento, e saúde mental, 62,4 por cento. Por outro lado, os autores americanos registram a temática da saúde em 39,2 por cento das tiras. Sua preferência é pela crítica de costumes e temas políticos, principalmente a guerra. Quando saúde foi apresentada, os temas foram obesidade e ausência de cuidados adequados aos veteranos de guerra. CONCLUSÕES: As histórias em quadrinhos mostram que violência, pobreza e principalmente saúde são temas muito representados pelos autores brasileiros. Já os quadrinhos americanos abordam principalmente a temática da crítica aos costumes. O tema psicopatologia geral é amplamente utilizado como recurso para criar situações de humor. Os temas de psicopatologia são semelhantes no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. As histórias brasileiras cobrem variedade maior de problemas de saúde física. Por meio do humor, os quadrinhos chamam atenção para os problemas de nossas sociedades.

OBJECTIVE: This paper classifies and analyzes how and with what frequency psychopathology is portrayed in a sample of Brazilian and American cartoons and comic strips. It compares the frequency in which health issues, mental health, special and general psychopathology are addressed. METHOD: A sample of 1,883 cartoons and comic strips published in a six month period by the newspaper Folha de São Paulo and the New York Times was collected from February first to July 31 of 2007. Thousand and twenty-two strips were by Brazilian authors, 293 by American authors published by Folha de São Paulo and 568 by the New York Times. Categories were created to classify them. RESULTS: Among Brazilian authors, 75.3 percent of the strips deal with health related themes. This category is divided into: physical health (12.9 percent) and mental health (62.4 percent). On the other hand, the American authors seldom address the theme health. Their preference was to social customs and habits and political issues, specially related to war. When health was presented the issues were mainly related to obesity and the lack of adequate care to the war veterans. DISCUSSION: Comic books and strips show that violence, poverty and especially health are major concerns of the Brazilians comics authors, whereas the American comics and cartoons deal mainly with election politics and the war. The Brazilian stories address the topic of mental health more frequently, yet the portrayed psychopathological signs and symptoms are basically the same as Americans'. Brazilian stories also cover a greater variety of topics related to physical health. The American ones deal mostly with obesity related themes. Through humor, the comics call attention to the problems of our societies. In Brazil especially those of mental health and in United States the Iraq and Afghanistan war.