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The purpose of this paper was to introduce the χ2 test for the data of four-fold tables collected from the case-control design， the hypothesis test and interval estimation of odds ratio， and the implementation of SAS and R software. In view of the characteristics of case-control design， the concept of odds ratio， hypothesis testing and interval estimation were emphasized. It was given that the interpretation of the results calculated by SAS and R software， as well as the statistical conclusion and professional.
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To study the adverse reactions' factors to Danhong injection in the real world. A multi-center, large sample and prospective hospital centralized monitoring method was adopted, and 30 888 cases of Danhong injection from 37 national 3A hospitals were collected to carry out a nested case control design study. These cases were divided into adverse reaction group and non-adverse group. Single factor logistic regression and multiple factor logistic regression were used to analyze data, and investigate the correlation between adverse reaction and gender, allergy history, methods of administration, and combined drug use. One hundred and eight cases of adverse reactions in 30 888 patients were determined, with an incidence of 0.35%. The results showed that Danhong injection combined with other medication(potassium mendoxine magnesium, thymic peptide, celecoxib, fumarate bisoprolol) with history of adverse reactions including scephalosporin allergy and proprietary Chinese medicine allergies had more adverse reactions than the control group(<0.05, estimated coefficient>0), indicating that these six factors were the risk factors for the adverse reaction of Danhong injection. The adverse reaction of Danhong injection combined with the aspirin was less than that in the control group(<0.05, estimated coefficient<0), indicating that the aspirin was a non-risk factor for the adverse reaction of Danhong injection. All the above results indicate that the adverse factors to Danhong injection include scephalosporin allergy, patent Chinese medicine allergy, Danhong injection combined with medication(potassium mendoxine magnesium, thymic peptide, celecoxib, fumarate bisoprolol), suggesting special attention shall be paid in clinical application.
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Background:Low Birth Weight (LBW) is a major public health problem in developing countries including Nepal. Nepal has a prevalence of LBW of 21%. There are various factors associated to high prevalence of LBW. This study aimed to identify specific factors associated to LBW at term in hospital settings in Nepal. Methodology: This study used a hospital based case control design. Hospital nurses interviewed mothers aged 15-45 years who had delivered a full term, single and live baby. Results: A total of 1533 respondents (511 cases and 1022 controls) were taken which is slightly more than the estimated sample size. The mean weight of newborns among case group was 2215 gm (SD:203); and among control group was 3012gm (SD:367). This study revealed that factors such as mothers under 20 years old (OR=1.436, 95% CI:1.074-1.920); height below 145cm (OR=1.504, 95% CI:1.087 -2.083); primigravida (OR=1.423, 95% CI:1.132-1.788); illiterate (OR=1.407 95% CI:1.011-1.957); <4 ANC visits (OR=1.534, 95% CI:1.202-1.957); and iron supplement <180 tabs (OR=1.434, 95% CI:1.152-1.786) were associated with LBW. However, variables like <20 years at the first pregnancy (OR=1.139, 95% CI: 0.904-1.433), disadvantaged ethnicity (OR=1.077, 95% CI: 0.861-1.347) were not associated with LBW in this study.Conclusion: Maternal height, education, number of ANC visits, and iron consumption were strong predictors for LBW in Nepal. It would benefit the country to develop effective strategies on maternal nutrition, female education, and quality ANC to overcome LBW.