Pesquisa activa de los alumnos de las Ciencias Médicas en prevención de la COVID-19 / Active research of students of Medical Sciences in prevention of COVID-19

RESUMEN Fundamento: la pesquisa activa en los alumnos de las Ciencias Médicas constituye unas de las fortalezas de la Educación Médica Superior en Cuba implementadas desde la Atención Primaria de Salud para la identificación de los factores de riesgo y lograr salud en la comunidad. Objetivo: caracterizar la pesquisa activa de los alumnos de las Ciencias Médicas en prevención del COVID-19 en un área de salud. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo trasversal en el área de salud del Policlínico Docente Francisco Peña Peña del municipio de Nuevitas en la provincia Camagüey desde abril a mayo de 2020. El universo se conformó por los 142 estudiantes de Medicina, Estomatología, Enfermería y Tecnologías de la Salud a participar en la pesquisa activa. Resultados: se determinó la carrera de Medicina como la más representativa en la participación de los alumnos en la pesquisa, se identificaron por los estudiantes 115 personas con sintomatología respiratoria, de ellos existió un discreto predominio del sexo femenino y predominó el grupo de edad de 41-60 años, el mayor porcentaje de la población mostró un nivel de muy satisfecho con la labor realizada por los galenos universitarios. Conclusiones: los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina fueron los de mayor participación en las labores de pesquisa activa, el tema de vías de transmisión para el control del virus fue de los que más conocimiento tenían los galenos, identificaron síntomas respiratorios en las féminas, entre la cuarta y sexta década de vida, casi la totalidad de la población pesquisada manifestó un nivel muy satisfecho en relación al desempeño de los estudiantes durante las labores preventivas de pesquisa activa.

ABSTRACT Background: active research in students of Medical Sciences constitutes one of the strengths of Medical Higher Education in Cuba implemented from Primary Health Care to identify risk factors and achieve health in the community. Objective: to characterize the active research of students of Medical Sciences in COVID-19 prevention in a health area. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the health area of ​​the Francisco Peña Peña Teaching Polyclinic of Nuevitas in the period from April to May 2020. The universe was formed by the 142 students of medicine, dentistry, nursing and technological careers to participate in active research. Results: the most representative medical degree in the participation of Medical Sciences students in the research was determined, 115 people with respiratory symptoms were identified by the students, of them there was a discrete predominance of the female sex and the group of the age of 41-60 years, the highest percentage of the population showed a level of very satisfied with the work carried out by students of the University of Medical Science. Conclusions: the medical career was the one with the highest participation in active research tasks, the issue of transmission routes for virus control was one of which the doctors knew the most, respiratory symptoms were identified in females, among the fourth and the sixth decade of life, almost the entire population surveyed showed a very satisfied level in relation to the performance of the students during the preventive work of active research.

Plano de Segurança da Água: modelo conceitual para monitoramento de riscos à contaminação de água em comunidades rurais / Water Safety Plan: conceptual model for monitoring of water contamination risks in rural communties

RESUMO O Plano de Segurança da Água (PSA) contempla, entre outras etapas, a identificação e o acompanhamento de eventos perigosos e pode garantir qualidade hídrica aos consumidores. A ruralidade abrange cerca de 15% da população brasileira e o acompanhamento técnico é insuficiente para atender às demandas locais. Nesse contexto, o principal objetivo foi elaborar um modelo conceitual de PSA para monitoramento de riscos à contaminação da água na área rural, contemplando eventos desde a captação até a distribuição de água em comunidades rurais. A metodologia consistiu em caracterização de eventos perigosos, concepção do modelo computacional, consulta a especialistas e calibração e aplicação do modelo em propriedades rurais. Entre os resultados, tem-se um software elaborado em Python contendo 109 eventos direcionados ao abastecimento rural. O programa analisou a precariedade no entorno da captação de água e as condições de limpeza das propriedades estudadas. Os resultados indicaram que os riscos mais elevados, em sua maioria, são provenientes do uso de fossa negra, descarte irregular de resíduos sólidos, lançamento de esgoto doméstico a céu aberto e criação de animais nas proximidades da captação de água. Não há softwares disponíveis para mensuração de riscos ao abastecimento de água em áreas rurais e o modelo proposto pode ser utilizado para avaliação da salubridade rural no contexto nacional. Dessa forma, o software subsidia o monitoramento dos recursos hídricos e amplia a capacidade de gerenciamento no setor.

ABSTRACT The Water Safety Plan (WSP) includes, among other steps, the identification and monitoring of dangerous events can guarantee water quality to consumers. Rurality covers about 15% of the Brazilian population and technical support is insufficient to assist local demands. In this context, the main objective was to develop a conceptual WSP model for monitoring water contamination risks in the rural area, contemplating events from water catchment to water distribution in rural communities. The methodology consisted of the characterization of dangerous events, conception of the computational model, specialists consultation, and model calibration and application in rural properties. Among the results, there is a software elaborated in Python containing 109 events aimed at rural supply. The program analyzed the precariousness around the water catchment and the clean conditions of the studied properties. These results indicated the highest risks, for the most part, come from the use of cesspool, irregular disposal of solid waste, domestic sewage discharge, and animal beeding nearby water catchment. There is no software available to measure water supply risks in rural areas and the proposed model can be used for environmental health evaluatiation in the national context. In this way, the software can support water resource monitoring and expands the manageability in the sector.

Spatial accessibility of fever clinics for multi-tiered prevention and control on COVID-19 in Beijing / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To simulate the different prevalence of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Beijing as the spreading and the outbreak city and analyze the response capacity of its medical resources of fever clinics, and to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the spatial layout in Beijing under severe epidemics.@*METHODS@#The study obtained epidemiological indicators for COVID-19, factors about medical resources and population movement as parameters for the SEIR model and utilized the model to predict the maximum number of infections on a single day at different control levels in Beijing, simulated as an epidemic spreading city and an epidemic outbreak city respectively. The modified two-step floating catchment area method under ArcGIS 10.6 environment was used to analyze spatial accessibility to fever clinics services for the patients in Beijing.@*RESULTS@#According to the results of the SEIR model, the highest number of infections in a single day in Beijing simulated as an epidemic spreading city at low, medium and high levels of prevention and control were 8 514, 183, and 68 cases, the highest number of infections in a single day in Beijing simulated as an outbreak city was 22 803, 10 868 and 3 725 cases, respectively. The following result showed that Beijing was simulated as an epidemic spreading city: among the 585 communities in Beijing, under the low level of prevention and control, there were 17 communities (2.91%) with excellent accessibility to fever clinics, and that of 41 communities (7.01%) with fever clinics was good. Spatial accessibility of fever clinics in 56 communities (9.57%) was ranked average, and 62 communities' (10.60%) accessibility was fair and 409 communities (69.91%) had poor accessibility; at the medium level of prevention and control, only the west region of Fangshan District and Mentougou District, the north region of Yanqing District, Huairou District and Miyun District had poor accessibility; under the high level of prevention and control, 559 communities' (95.56%) had excellent accessibility. The accessibility in 24 communities (4.10%) was good and in 2 communities (0.34%) was average. In brief, the existing fever clinics could meet the common demand. Beijing was simulated as an outbreak city: under the low level of prevention and control, only 1 community (0.17%) had excellent accessibility to fever clinics, and 5 communities (0.86%) had good accessibility. The accessibility of fever clinics in 10 communities (1.71%) was average and in 12 communities (2.05%) was fair. The accessibility of fever clinics in 557 communities (95.21%), nearly all areas of Beijing, was poor; under the middle and high level of prevention and control, the accessibility of ecological conservation areas was also relatively poor.@*CONCLUSION@#The distribution of fever clinic resources in Beijing is uneven. When Beijing is simulated as an epidemic spreading city: under the high level of prevention and control, the number of fever clinics can be appropriately reduced to avoid cross-infection; at the medium level of prevention and control, the fever clinics can basically meet the needs of patients with fever in Beijing, but the accessibility of fever clinics in ecological conservation areas is insufficient, and priority should be given to the construction of fever clinics in public hospitals above the second level in the ecological conservation areas. When the level of prevention and control is low, the accessibility of fever clinics in ecological conservation areas is poor. Priority should be given to the construction of fever clinics in ecological conservation areas, and temporary fever sentinels can be established to relieve the pressure of fever clinics. When Beijing is simulated as an outbreak city and has low prevention and control, due to a large number of infections, it is necessary to upgrade the prevention and control level to reduce the flow of people to curb the development of the epidemic.

Monitoring of Noxious Protozoa for Management of Natural Water Resources

Waterborne parasitic protozoa, particularly Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., are common causes of diarrhea and gastroenteritis worldwide. The most frequently identified source of infestation is water, and exposure involves either drinking water or recreation in swimming pools or natural bodies of water. In practice, studies on Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in surface water are challenging owing to the low concentrations of these microorganisms because of dilution. In this study, a 3-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Naegleria fowleri was conducted from August 2014 to June 2016 at 5 surface water sites including 2 lakes, 1 river, and 2 water intake plants. A total of 50 water samples of 40 L were examined. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 22% of samples and Giardia cysts in 32%. Water at the 5 sampling sites was all contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts (0–36/L), Giardia cysts (0–39/L), or both. The geometric mean concentrations of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were 1.14 oocysts/L and 4.62 cysts/L, respectively. Thus, effective monitoring plans must take into account the spatial and temporal parameters of contamination because they affect the prevalence and distribution of these protozoan cysts in local water resources.

Poluição difusa nas águas pluviais de uma bacia de drenagem urbana / Diffuse pollution of storm water runoff from an urban catchment

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a primeira carga de lavagem de uma bacia urbana da cidade de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, por meio da quantificação de cargas poluentes contidas nos deflúvios superficiais em decorrência de nove eventos de precipitação pluviométrica, monitorados ao longo do ano de 2013. As variáveis analisadas foram: sólidos totais, sólidos suspensos totais, demanda química de oxigênio, fósforo total e teor de óleos e graxas. Foi realizada a avaliação dos eventos de precipitação/escoamento, mediante amostragem progressiva do runoff, monitorado por meio de amostrador automático (ISCO 6712), situado no exutório da bacia, sendo analisados os primeiros 24 minutos do escoamento superficial, com amostras coletadas a cada minuto ao longo do evento. A variação da concentração dos poluentes associada à variação temporal dos deflúvios durante eventos de precipitação foi analisada para a verificação da ocorrência do fenômeno first flush ou primeira carga de lavagem. O período monitorado caracterizou-se por apresentar baixo intervalo de dias de estiagem entre os eventos. Foi observada a ocorrência de primeira carga de lavagem em cinco dos eventos monitorados. Dessa forma, evidenciou-se que para a bacia estudada o conceito de first flush pode ser aplicado nas estratégias de manejo de águas pluviais, para implementação de boas práticas de manejo, que vêm sendo amplamente difundidas no que concerne à drenagem urbana.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the first wash load of an urban catchment located in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, by quantifying pollution loads contained in surface run-offs from nine rainfall events, monitored throughout the year 2013. The variables analyzed were: total solids, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus and oil and grease content. We conducted the evaluation of precipitation/runoff events through progressive sampling of runoff, monitored by autosampler (ISCO 6712), and located at the outlet of the drainage basin. The first 24 minutes of runoff were analyzed, with samples collected every minute throughout the event. The variation of the pollutants concentration associated with the temporal run-offs variation during precipitation was analyzed to verify the occurrence of the first flush phenomenon. The monitored period was characterized by having a low number of drought days between events. The occurrence of the first flush was observed in five of the monitored events. Thus, it became clear that for the studied basin, the concept of first flush could be applied in rainwater management strategies for the implementation of best management practices, which have been widely disseminated regarding urban drainage.

Evaluación del movimiento de plaguicidas hacia la cuenca del lago de tota, Colombia / Evaluation of pesticide movement towards tota lake catchment, Colombia / Avaliação de pesticida movimento em direção tota bacia do lago, Colombia

La cuenca del Lago de Tota es una de las principales zonas productoras de cebolla en Colombia. Las prácticas agrícolas convencionales utilizan plaguicidas para combatir las enfermedades que atacan al cultivo, siendo los fungicidas los más usados pues las condiciones climáticas de páramo (3.015 msnm),favorecen la proliferación de hongos tanto en el suelo como en los cultivos. Con el objetivo de evaluar el movimiento de los plaguicidas al lago de Tota, se tomaron muestras de agua y sólidos sedimentables durante 7 meses en algunos canales que recorren la zona y desembocan en el lago. En aguas superficiales se determinóla presencia de malatión, tebuconazol, difenoconazol y clorotalonilo, donde algunas muestras superaron el límite de cuantificación de la metodología. Por su parte, en las muestras de sólidos sedimentables se encontrómalatión y clorotalonilo en concentraciones de 1,90 mg/kg a 4,38 mg/kg y de 0,27 mg/kg a 1,29 mg/kg respectivamente. Como complemento a este estudio, se evaluóel movimiento superficial de los fungicidas tebuconazol y difenoconazol en una parcela de escorrentía ubicada en la zona de estudio, encontrando tebuconazol y difenoconazol en forma disuelta a concentraciones de 4800ng/L y 330ng/L respectivamente. Finalmente se utilizóel "PesticideImpact Rating Index" (PIRI) para evaluar el riesgo potencial de movilidad de los plaguicidas encontrando un riesgo entre alto y muy alto de movilidad hacia aguas superficiales; estos resultados concordaron con las evaluaciones experimentales.

The Tota lake catchment is a major onion-producing area in Colombia. Conventional agricultural practices use pesticides to control diseases that attack the crop, and in onion- production in this area fungicides are most commonly used due to the Paramo weather conditions and its location, 3015 meters above sea level (masl). These factors are conducive to the proliferation of fungi in the soil and in crops. In order to evaluate the movement of pesticides to Lake Tota, water samples and suspended sediments were taken for seven months in several channels that traverse the area and flow into the lake. In surface waters, malathion, tebuconazole, difenoconazole and chlorothalonil were detected and even quantified in some samples. In suspended sediments, malathion was detected at concentrations between 1.90 mg/kg and 4.38 mg/kg, and chlorothalonil ranged from 0.27 mg/kg to 1.29 mg/kg. To determine concentrations of fungicides in surface water closer to the source water samples from a runoff plot located in the study area were monitored for tebuconazole and difenoconazole. In dissolved form, tebuconazole was found at aconcentration of 4800 ng/L and difenoconazole at a concentration of 330ng/L. ThePesticide Impact Rating Index (PIRI) was used to assess the risk of surface water contamination by pesticides commonly used in onion production. Index values indicating high to very high risk of surface water contamination were found for tebuconazole, malathion and chlorothalonil. These results agree with the experimental evaluations.

A bacia do Lake Tota éumacebolamaiores áreas produtoras na Colômbia. Práticas agrícolas convencionais que utilizam pesticidas para controlar as doenç as que atacam a cultura, sendo os fungicidas mais utilizados, porque as condiç õ es climáticas da saúde (3015 metros acima do nível do mar) sã opropícias para a proliferaç ã o de fungos no solo e nas culturas. A fim de avaliar o movimento de pesticidas no lago de Tota, as amostras de água e de sólidos sedimentáveis de sete meses emalgunscanais que atravessam a área e correm para o lago. Naágua de superfíciefoi encontrada malatiã o, tebuconazol, difenoconazol e clorotalonil e atémesmoemalgumasamostras, as concentraç õ esexcederam o limite de quantificaç ã o, enquanto que nasamostras de sólidos sedimentáveissã o encontrado apresenç a de malatiã o e clorotalonilemconcentraç õ es entre 1,90 mg/kg - 4,38 mg/kg e 0,27 mg/kg - 1,29 mg/kg, respectivamente. Para complementar esseestudo, avaliamos o movimento da superfície de fungicidas tebuconazole e difenoconazoleemuma trama escoamento localizado na área de estudo. Tebuconazole e difenoconazole encontrado na forma dissolvida, emconcentraç õ es de 4800ng/L e 330ng/L,respectivamente. Usado o "PesticideImpact Rating Index (PIRI) para avaliar o riscopotencial de encontrar amobilidade de pesticidas entre risco alto e muito alto de mobilidade en águas de superficie, estes resultados foram consistentes com as avaliaç õ esexperimentais.

Ecohydrology for compensation of Global Change / Ecohidrologia como compensação às mudanças globais

Water in the XXI century has become the primary factor for sustainable development, eradication of poverty and reversal of ecosystem degradation. Increasing water demand for agriculture and urbanisation, combined with pollution, eutrophication and amplification of the stochastic character of climatic processes, increases water limitations for ecosystems and societies. The transdisciplinary science of Ecohydrology, which has been developed in the framework of the International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO, provides a systemic approach, to regulate hydrology-ecosystem-society interplay towards: 1) slowing down the transfer of water from the atmosphere to the sea, still considered as a priority to reduce the severity of floods and droughts impact; 2) reducing input and regulating the allocation of excess nutrients and pollutants to aquatic ecosystems, toward reversing ecosystems degradation and improvement of human well being; and 3) harmonisation of ecosystem potential with societal needs within the framework of IWRM.

A Água no século XXI tornou-se o fator primordial para o desenvolvimento sustentável, a erradicação da pobreza e as iniciativas para reverter à degradação dos ecossistemas. O aumento da demanda de águas para a agricultura e urbanização, eutrofização e poluição e a amplificação do caráter estocástico dos processos climáticos aumenta o limite de água disponível para os ecossistemas e as sociedades. A ciência transdisciplinar da Ecohidrologia, que se desenvolve no arcabouço do Programa Hidrológico Internacional da UNESCO, proporciona uma abordagem sistêmica na regulação das interações hidrologia-ecossistema e sociedade. Esta abordagem dá-se através dos seguintes processos e ações: 1) iminuindo a transferência da água da atmosfera para os oceanos, considerando-se esta ação como prioridade para reduzir a severidade das enchentes e secas; 2) Reduzindo a eutrofização e poluição dos sistemas aquáticos continentais revertendo a degradação do ecossistema e melhorando o bem estar humano; e 3) Harmonização do potencial dos ecossistemas com as necessidades da sociedade no arcabouço do programa Gerenciamento Integradas de Recursos Hídricos.

Ecohydrology for compensation of Global Change

Water in the XXI century has become the primary factor for sustainable development, eradication of poverty and reversal of ecosystem degradation. Increasing water demand for agriculture and urbanisation, combined with pollution, eutrophication and amplification of the stochastic character of climatic processes, increases water limitations for ecosystems and societies. The transdisciplinary science of Ecohydrology, which has been developed in the framework of the International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO, provides a systemic approach, to regulate hydrology-ecosystem-society interplay towards: 1) slowing down the transfer of water from the atmosphere to the sea, still considered as a priority to reduce the severity of floods and droughts impact; 2) reducing input and regulating the allocation of excess nutrients and pollutants to aquatic ecosystems, toward reversing ecosystems degradation and improvement of human well being; and 3) harmonisation of ecosystem potential with societal needs within the framework of IWRM.

A Água no século XXI tornou-se o fator primordial para o desenvolvimento sustentável, a erradicação da pobreza e as iniciativas para reverter à degradação dos ecossistemas. O aumento da demanda de águas para a agricultura e urbanização, eutrofização e poluição e a amplificação do caráter estocástico dos processos climáticos aumenta o limite de água disponível para os ecossistemas e as sociedades. A ciência transdisciplinar da Ecohidrologia, que se desenvolve no arcabouço do Programa Hidrológico Internacional da UNESCO, proporciona uma abordagem sistêmica na regulação das interações hidrologia-ecossistema e sociedade. Esta abordagem dá-se através dos seguintes processos e ações: 1) iminuindo a transferência da água da atmosfera para os oceanos, considerando-se esta ação como prioridade para reduzir a severidade das enchentes e secas; 2) Reduzindo a eutrofização e poluição dos sistemas aquáticos continentais revertendo a degradação do ecossistema e melhorando o bem estar humano; e 3) Harmonização do potencial dos ecossistemas com as necessidades da sociedade no arcabouço do programa Gerenciamento Integradas de Recursos Hídricos.

Estudio comparativo de la incidencia de diabetes mellitus en dos áreas de salud / Comparative study of the incidence of diabetes mellitus in two health areas

Fundamento: La diabetes mellitus aumenta exponencialmente su prevalencia a nivel mundial y es causa de una elevada morbilidad por sus complicaciones. Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia de diabetes mellitus bajo los conceptos actuales internacionales en dos áreas de salud. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal, cuantitativo y de campo donde se aplicaron los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el pesquizaje de diabetes mellitus en dos grupos básicos de trabajo de los policlínicos comunitarios «Ignacio Agramonte¼ y «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼ desde el 1 de enero de 2003 hasta el 1 de enero del 2005. El universo estuvo constituido por toda la población del Grupo de Trabajo 2 del policlínico «Ignacio Agramonte¼ y del Grupo 1 del policlínico «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼ que cumplieran con los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el pesquizaje de diabetes mellitus. La fuente de información se obtuvo del estado de la situación de salud. Se utilizó la glucemia plasmática en ayunas (GPA como piedra angular del diagnóstico). Se determinó estadística descriptiva, distribución de por ciento y tasa de incidencia. Resultados: Se reportó un incremento en la tasa de incidencia de 465.5 por cien mil personas a 1687 por cien mil personas, aumentando el porcentaje de incidencia de 0.5 % a 1.7 % el cual fue 3.4 veces superior al existente en el Policlínico «Ignacio Agramonte¼. En el policlínico «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼ hubo una variación de 244 a 2400 por cien mil personas y en el por ciento de incidencia de 0.3 a 2.4 Conclusiones: Por vez primera se determinaron las personas con glucemia en ayunas anómala con un total de 12 y 14 personas para el Policlínico «Ignacio Agramonte¼ y en el «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼, respectivamente.

Background: Diabetes mellitus exponentially increases its prevalence all over the world and it is cause of a high morbidity by its complications. Objective: To know the incidence of diabetes mellitus under the international current concepts in two health areas. Method: A quantitative, cross-sectional study was carried out where the World Health Organization criteria for diabetes mellitus inquest was applied in two basic work groups of the community Polyclinics «Ignacio Agramonte¼ and «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼ from January 1st, 2003 to January 1st, 2005. The universe was constituted by all the population of the work group 2 at «Ignacio Agramonte¼ Polyclinic and of the Group 1 at «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼ Polyclinic that comply with the World Health Organization criteria for diabetes mellitus inquest. The information source was obtained from the health situation state. The fasting blood sugar was utilized (GPA as cornerstone of the diagnosis). Descriptive statistics, percent distribution and incidence rate was determined. Results: An increment in the incidence rate of 465.5 for a hundred thousand people to 1687 for a hundred thousand people was reported, increasing the incidence percentage from 0.5% to 1.7% which was 3.4 times over the existing at «Ignacio Agramonte¼ Polyclinic. At «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼ Polyclinic there was a variation from 244 to 2400 for a hundred thousand people and in the incidence percent from 0.3 to 2.4 Conclusions: For the first time people with anomalous fasting blood sugar were determined with a total of 12 and 14 people for the «Ignacio Agramonte¼ Polyclinic and in the «Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel¼, respectively.

Remodelación caddiovascular en el paciente hipertenso en un área de salud / Cardiovascular remodeling in the hypertensive patient in a health area

Se realizó un estudio transversal para conocer las modificaciones del remodelado cardiovascular de 70 pacientes hipertensos del Policlínico Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz de Camagüey en el trienio 2002-2004. Se estudiaron variables como los grupos de edades, el sexo, el estado nutricional, el tiempo de evolución y estadio de la hipertensión arterial, patrón geométrico en la primera y segunda mediciones después del tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina u otros antihipertensivos. Más del 95 % tenía más de 46 años, el 61.4 % eran mujeres, el 57.1 % tenían sobrepeso u obesidad, el 58.6 % más de diez años de evolución de la hipertensión arterial, el 72.8 % fueron clasificados en estadio II y el 45.7 % presentó hipertrofia concéntrica. Se obtuvo una regresión a la normalidad en el 58.5 % de los pacientes. La remodelación cardiovascular fue más frecuente en las mujeres al aumentar la edad, el peso corporal, el tiempo de evolución y el estadio de la hipertensión arterial. En la segunda medición más de la mitad de los pacientes revirtieron su patrón geométrico, el resto persistió con remodelado concéntrico exclusivamente. El tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina no mostró resultados superiores.

A cross-sectional study to identify the modifications of the cardiovascular remodeled of 70 hypertensive patients at "Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz" Hospital of Camagüey in the period of three years 2002-2004. Variables such as age groups, sex, nutritional state, evolution time and arterial hypertension stage, geometric pattern on the first and second measurements after treatment with inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme or other antihypertensives were studied. More than the 95% had more than 46 years, the 61.4% were women, the 57.1% were overweight or obese, the 58.6% had more than ten years of hypertension evolution, the 72.8% were classified in stage II and the 45.7% presented concentric hypertrophy. A regression to normality in the 58.5% of the patients was obtained. The cardiovascular remodelling was more frequent in women with increasing the age, body weight, evolution time and arterial hypertension stage. In the second measurement more than the half of the patients reverted their geometric pattern; the remainder persisted exclusively with concentric remodeled. The treatment with inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme showed no superior results.

A sexualidad enllos adolescentes: algunas consideraciones / Sexuality in adolescents: some considerations

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo para conocer el nivel cognoscitivo de los adolescentes sobre sexualidad en el policlínico "Joaquín de Agüero y Agüero" desde diciembre de 2004 a diciembre de 2005. El universo estuvo constituido por 98 adolescentes entre 12 y 19 años de los consultorios del médico de la familia 40 y 46 pertenecientes a este policlínico, de ellos fueron escogidos al azar 42 y se les aplicó una encuesta con las siguientes variables: edad de comienzo de las relaciones sexuales, vías de conocimientos de orientación sexual y de transmisión de ITS. Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados de forma automatizada, se empleó estadística descriptiva. La edad predominante en ambos sexos fue de 13-15 años (64.2 %), el 42.8 % realizó las primeras relaciones sexuales entre los 13 y14 años, fundamentalmente los varones (59 %). La mayoría de los adolescentes tuvo relaciones sexuales y reconoció la vía de transmisión de las infecciones de transmisión sexual.

A descriptive study was carried out in order to describe the cognitive level of the adolescents on sexuality at "Joaquín de Agüero y Agüero" polyclinic from December 2004 to December 2005. The universe was constituted by 98 adolescents between 12 and 19 years from the doctor's offices 40 and 46, belonging to this polyclinic, of them they were chosen at random 42 and applied them itself a survey with the following variables: age of beginning of the sexual intercourses, knowledge ways of sexual orientation, and ITS transmission. The obtained data were processed of automated form, descriptive statistics was employed. The found results were: the predominant age in both sexes was about 13-15 years (64.2%), the 42.8% carried out the first sexual intercourses among the 13 and 14 years, males (59%) fundamentally. The majority of the adolescents had sexual intercourses and they recognized the way of transmission of the sexual infections.

Balanço dos nutrientes Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+e NO3, em uma bacia de primeira ordem com vegetação Natural na Amazônia Central

The study was conducted on a first-order catchment of about 3.5 km2 located on an experimental site 16 km west of the Manaus - Boa Vista highway, and 60 km north of Manaus. The main purpose was to quantify the balance of the nutrients Ca+2, Mg+2 Na+, K and NO3 through the comparison of the values of rainfall input versus streamflow output. Water sampling and nutrient flux determinations were carried out on a monthly basis for a one year period. Ionic concentrations showed low variation along the period. The highest concentrations in the rainfall were related to the accumulation of aerosols in the atmosphere, after a long rainless period. The vegetation exerted, apparently, more influence on nitrate, over the other nutrients. The nutrient flux varied, where their total input was attributed to individual storms of great magnitude. The balance, expressed in kg.ha-1,year1, was positive for all nutrients, with the following net gain values: Ca+2 (2,33); Mg+2 (1,66); Na+ (2,07); K+ (1,80) and NO3 (5,84).

O estudo foi conduzido em uma bacia hidrográfica experimental de primeira ordem de aproximadamente 3,5 km2 localizada próximo ao km 16 da estrada secundária ZF-02, do km 60 da rodovia BR-174 que liga Manaus - Boa Vista. O principal objetivo foi quantificar o balanço dos nutrientes Ca+2, Mg+2 Na+, K+e NO3 através da entrada via precipitação e saída via deflúvio. As coletas de água e os cálculos do fluxo de nutrientes foram feitos em base mensal por um período de um ano. Observou-se que as concentrações iônicas apresentaram pouca variação ao longo do tempo. As maiores concentrações na precipitação ocorreram em função do acúmulo de aerosóis na atmosfera, após um período longo sem chuva. Aparentemente a vegetação exerceu influência mais evidente sobre o nitrato em relação aos demais nutrientes. O fluxo dos nutrientes foi variável, onde principalmente a entrada total destes deu-se em função de eventos individuais de chuva de grande magnitude. O balanço em kg.ha-1.ano-1 foi positivo para todos os nutrientes com os seguintes ganhos líquidos: Ca+2 (2,33); Mg+2 (1,66); Na+ (2,07); K+ (l,80) e NO3 (5,84).