Avaliação do estado nutricional em relação à presença de cárie dentária em crianças de 4 a 6 anos do município de Cajamar - São Paulo / Evaluation of the nutritional status in relation to the presence of dental caries in children aged 4 to 6 years in the city of Cajamar - São Paulo

Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar o estado nutricional em relação à presença de cáries dentárias em crianças de 4 a 6 anos de idade, do município de Cajamar, São Paulo. Trata-se de estudo transversal com crianças entre 4 a 6 anos (n=1642), acompanhadas pelo Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE) do Município de Cajamar, São Paulo. A classificação do estado nutricional foi baseada no Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e a avaliação das condições bucais, por meio do índice ceo-d e critério para Risco de Cárie. A análise do estado nutricional, faixa etária e sexo conforme o número de cáries, foi feita por meio dos testes Mann-Whitney U e Kruskal-Wallis (p<0,05). Observou-se maior prevalência de meninos entre 4 a 6 anos. Em todas as faixas etárias a prevalência de excesso de peso foi de aproximadamente 30% e eutrofia em torno de 70%. 65% (n=1068) das crianças não apresentavam risco de cárie (A) e 28,8% (n=475), alto risco (D, E e F). Das 1162 crianças sem cáries, 0,2% eram magras (n=2), 67,2% (n=781) eutróficas e 32,7% (n=380) possuíam excesso de peso. A frequência de 1 a 5 cáries maior entre meninas e de 6 ou mais cáries, entre meninos. Segundo estado nutricional, o número médio do número de cáries foi de 2,17 para magreza, 0,93 para eutrofia e 0,65 para excesso de peso (p<0,010). Conclui-se que houve diferença entre número cáries e estado nutricional, na qual crianças com déficit nutricional apresentavam maior número de cáries dentárias comparadas às eutróficas ou com excesso de peso, sugerindo-se a inclusão do estado nutricional na avaliação odontológica.

This article aims at evaluating the nutritional status in relation to the presence of dental caries in children aged 4 to 6 years in the city of Cajamar, in the state of São Paulo. It is a cross-sectional study with children aged 4 to 6 years (n=1642) accompanied by the School Health Program of the City of Cajamar, São Paulo. The nutritional status classification was based on the Body Mass Index (BMI) and the evaluation of oral conditions, through the ceo-d index, and criteria for risk for caries. The analysis of the nutritional status, age, and sex according to the number of caries was made through the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p<0.05). A higher prevalence was observed among boys aged 4 to 6 years. In all age groups, there was a prevalence of 30% of overweight children, and eutrophy of approximately 70%. A total of 65% (n=1068) of the children presented no risk of caries (A), whereas 28.8% (n=475) showed high risk (D, E, and F). Among the 1162 children with no caries, 0.2% were thin (n=2); 67.2% (n=781) eutrophic; and 32.7% (n=380) were overweight. Girls presented a higher frequency of 1 to 5 caries while boys presented frequency of having 6 or more caries. According to the nutritional status, the average number of caries was 2.17 for thin individuals; 0.93 for eutrophic individuals; and 0.65 for overweight individuals (p<0.010). It could be concluded that there was a difference between the number of caries and the nutritional status, in which children with nutritional deficit presented a higher number of dental caries when compared to eutrophic or overweight ones, suggesting the inclusion of the nutritional status in the dental evaluation.

CEO Duality and Firm Value: Evidence from Mexico / Dualidad del CEO y valor de la empresa: evidencia de México / Dualidade do CEO e valor da empresa: evidências do México

ABSTRACT Regulators and corporate governance activists are lobbying companies to eliminate the CEO duality; however the effectiveness of this recommendation is questioned given that empirical evidence has found conflicting results. This document studied the effects of the CEO's duality on the value of the company in a sample of 104 Mexican companies that were publicly traded between 2000 and 2013. For this, different regression models were estimated using the ordinary least squares technique. The firm value was measured through Tobin's Q and ROA. Empirical results showed that there is no relationship between CEO duality and value after controlling for board characteristics such as size and independence. JEL CLASSIFICATION M10, G32, G34

RESUMEN Los reguladores y los activistas del gobierno corporativo están presionando a las empresas para que eliminen la dualidad del CEO, sin embargo, la efectividad de esta recomendación es cuestionada dado que la evidencia empírica ha encontrado resultados contradictorios. Este documento estudió los efectos de la dualidad del CEO en el valor de la empresa en una muestra de 104 empresas mexicanas que cotizaron públicamente entre 2000 y 2013. Para esto, se estimaron diferentes modelos de regresión utilizando la técnica de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. El valor de la empresa se midió a través de la Q de Tobin y el ROA. Los resultados empíricos mostraron que no existe una relación entre la dualidad del CEO y el valor de la empresa después de controlar las características de la junta, como el tamaño y la independencia. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL M10, G32, G34

RESUMO Os reguladores e os activistas do governo das sociedades estão a pressionar as empresas para eliminar a dualidade do Presidente da Comissão Executiva, no entanto, a eficácia desta recomendação é posta em causa, uma vez que provas empíricas têm encontrado resultados contraditórios. Este documento estudou os efeitos da dualidade dos CEO no valor da empresa numa amostra de 104 empresas mexicanas negociadas publicamente entre 2000 e 2013. Para tal, foram estimados diferentes modelos de regressão utilizando a técnica dos mínimos quadrados comuns. O valor da empresa foi medido pelo Q de Tobin e o ROA. Os resultados empíricos mostraram que não existe relação entre a dualidade do CEO e o valor da empresa depois de controlar para características do conselho como a dimensão e a independência. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL M10, G32, G34

Prevalencia de caries dental y necesidades de tratamiento según ICDAS y CPO en escolares de El Salvador / Dental cavity and treatment needs prevalence according to ICDAS and DMF in schools of El Salvador / Prevalência de cáries dentárias e necessidade de tratamento de acordo com ICDAS e CPO nas escolas de El Salvador / Prévalence des caries dentaires et des besoins de soins chez les écoliers du Salvador selon l'ICDAS et le CAO

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar la prevalencia de caries dental y necesidades de tratamiento según criterios International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) y CPO-D, en niños de 7-8 años de Centros Escolares públicos rurales pertenecientes a 16 municipios de El Salvador. Materiales y métodos: El diseño corresponde a una investigación epidemiológica descriptiva transversal realizada a partir de las historias clínicas de 420 escolares de 7 - 8 años de zonas rurales de El Salvador; el diagnóstico de caries se estableció con base en criterios ICDAS. Las variables analizadas fueron: prevalencia de caries y necesidades de tratamientos. El CPO-D/ceo-d se estableció excluyendo las fases precavitacionales de la enfermedad, se empleó T de Student para probar las diferencias de las medias entre índices y la Prueba de Levene para evaluar la igualdad de las varianzas. La significación estadística fue fijada en p <0,05. Resultados: Según ICDAS, cada niño presentó un promedio de 9.52 dientes afectados por caries y 6.24 según CPO. La diferencia encontrada entre índices es significativa en dientes permanentes y en primarios (p<0,05). Los diagnósticos según criterios ICDAS, generaron 4,269 necesidades de tratamientos curativos y 4,475 preventivos; mientras que con CPO, 2,997 tratamientos curativos y ningún preventivo. Conclusiones: ICDAS reflejó una mayor afectación por caries al considerar los estadios precavitacionales; por tanto, permite establecer una diversidad de tratamientos preventivos y de limitación del daño, que, en su mayoría, no es posible indicar con CPO.

Abstract Objective: To compare the prevalence of dental cavity and treatment needs according to International Cavity Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and DMF, in 7-8 years old children of rural public school centers belonging to 16 municipal towns of El Salvador. Materials and methods: The design corresponds to a transversal descriptive epidemiological investigation made from clinical histories of 7-8 year- old schoolchildren in rural areas of El Salvador; the diagnosis of dental cavities was established based on ICDAS criteria. The variables analyzed were: caries prevalence and treatment needs. The DMF-T/ dmf-t was established, excluding the precavitation phases of the disease, Student's T was used to test the differences of the means between indexes and the Levene test to evaluate the equality of the variances. The statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results: According to ICDAS, each child presented an average of 9.52 teeth affected by caries and, according to DMF, 6.24. The difference found between indexes is significant in permanent teeth and in primary teeth (p<0,05). Diagnoses according to ICDAS criteria, generated 4269 needs for curative treatments and 4475 preventive ones; while with DMF, 2997 curative treatments and no preventive ones. Conclusions: ICDAS reflected a higher affectation by dental cavities when considering the precavitation stages; therefore, it allows establishing a diversity of preventive treatments and damage limitation; which, mostly, it is not possible to indicate with DMF.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar a prevalência de cáries dentárias e necessidade de tratamento de acordo com os critérios do International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) e da CPO, em criabas de 7 a 8 años de escolas públicas em áreas rurais pertencentes a 16 municipios de El Salvador. Materiais e métodos: O projeto corresponde a uma investigação epidemiológica descritiva transversal, realizada a partir da história clínicas de 420 alunos de 7 a 8 anos de áreas rurais de El Salvador. O diagnóstico de cárie foi estabelecido com base nos critérios do ICDAS. As variáveis analisadas foram: a prevalencia de cárie e a necessidade de tratamento. O CPO-D/ceo-d foi estabelecido excluindo as fases pré-cavitacionais da doença. Utilizou- se o teste t de student para comparar as médias dos índices e o teste de levene teste de Levene para a igualdade de variançias. A significancia estatística foi definida em p <0,05. Resultados: De acordo com o ICDAS, cada criaba apresentou em média de 9,52 dentes afetados por cáries e 6,24 de acordo com CPO. A diferen9a encontrada entre os índices é significativa nos dentes definitivos e nos primeiros dentes (p<0,05). Os diagnósticos, de acordo com os critérios do ICDAS, criaram 4269 necessidades para tratamentos curativos e 4475 preventivos; mas com os de CPO, apenas 2997 tratamentos curativos e nenhum preventivo. Conclusões: O ICDAS demostrou maior quantidade de dentes afetados por cárie ao considerar as etapas pré-cavitacionais; no entanto, permite estabelecer uma diversidade de tratamentos preventivos e de limitação de danos que, na maior parte das vezes, náo é possível estabelecer com CPO.

Résumé Objectif: Comparer la prévalence des caries dentaires et des besoins de soins selon les criteres du International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) et du CAO-D, chez les enfants de 7 a 8 ans de centres scolaires publiques ruraux de 16 municipalités du Salvador. Matériels et méthodes: L'étude est épidémiologique, transversale et descriptive. Elle a été réalisée à partir de l'histoire clinique de 420 écoliers de 7 a 8 ans, de zones rurales du Salvador. Le diagnostic de caries a été établi sur la base des critères ICDAS. Les variables analysées sont la prévalence de caries et les besoins de soins. Le CAO-D / ceo-d a été établi en excluant les stades pré-cavitaires de la maladie. Le test de Student a été utilisé pour comparer les moyennes obtenues pour les indices et le test de Levene pour évaluer l'égalité des variances. La signification statistique a été fixée à p <0,05. Résultats: Selon l'ICDAS, chaque enfant présentait en moyenne 9,52 dents cariées; et selon le CAO 6,24. La différence entre les indices est significative pour les dents permanentes et les primaires (p <0,05). Les diagnostics selon les criteres ICDAS, ont permis d'identifier 4269 besoins de soins curatifs et 4475 préventifs; avec le CAO, 2997 soins curatifs et aucun soins préventif. Conclusions: L'ICDAS a permis de détecter plus d'affectations par caries en raison de sa prise en compte des stades pré-cavitaires; il permet donc d'établir une grande diversité de soins préventifs pour limiter les dommages, ce qui est généralement impossible avec le CAO.

Prevalencia de Caries y Nivel de Higiene Oral en Niños de 6 años Atendidos Bajo la Norma GES y el Modelo JUNAEB / Prevalence of Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene Level in Children Aged 6 Years Attended Under GES and JUNAEB Models

El objetivo del estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de caries e índice de higiene oral en escolares de la comuna de Temuco, y comparar las diferencias del impacto entre dos modelos de atención de salud oral vigentes, bajo norma GES y JUNAEB entre los años 2007­2008. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional en un consultorio del Servicio de Salud, bajo norma GES y un módulo dental JUNAEB. Se seleccionaron mediante muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia 113 escolares de 6 años. Mediante examen de diagnóstico oral se consignó el índice COP-D, ceo-d e IHO-S al inicio del tratamiento y al control posterior del alta integral. Para los cálculos y estimaciones estadísticas se utilizó el programa Stata 9.0. El total de los estudiantes presentó una alta prevalencia de caries (COP-D 0,88 y ceo-d 3,86) e higiene oral deficiente (IHO-S 1,45). Al comparar el impacto, el modelo JUNAEB mostró mayor disminución de nuevas caries y mejores niveles de higiene oral (-0,70, p=0,0000). Considerando la alta prevalencia de caries, bajo IHO y la necesidad de controles periódicos, la aplicación del modelo JUNAEB generó menor recurrencia de lesiones cariosas y mejor IHO, gracias a su enfoque preventivo, curativo y educativo.

The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of caries and oral hygiene index among schoolchildren in Temuco, and compare the impact differences between two models of oral health care existing, under standard GES and JUNAEB model between the years 2007-2008. A descriptive observational study in an consulting health service, under standard GES and dental JUNAEB module. We selected by non-probability sampling 113 schoolchildren aged 6 years. The COP-D, ceo-d e OHI-S indexes were recorded at oral examination at the initiation of treatment and aftercare in the final integral treatment. Calculations and statistical estimates used Stata 9.0. The total number of students showed a high prevalence of caries (COP-D ceo-d 0.88 and 3.86) and poor oral hygiene (OHI-S 1.45). When comparing the impact, the JUNAEB model showed greater reduction of new dental caries and better oral hygiene levels (-0.70, p=0.0000). In conclusion, considering the high prevalence of dental caries, poor OHI and the need for periodic controls, application of the JUNAEB model generated a lower recurrence of dental caries and better OHI using a preventive, healing and educational approach.

Prevalencia de fluorosis y experiencia de caries dental en un grupo de escolares en el área urbana del Municipio de Yondó (Antioquia, Colombia), 2010 / Prevalence of fluorosis and dental caries experience in a school age group in the urban area of the Municipality of Yondó (Antioquia, Colombia), 2010

Introducción y Objetivo: La caries dental y la fluorosis dental son problemas de Salud Pública que requieren sistemas de vigilancia y control en edades tempranas. El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de fluorosis dental en escolares de 12 años, y la historia de caries en escolares de 5 y 12 años en la Institución Educativa Luis Eduardo Díaz del área urbana del Municipio de Yondó (Antioquia) durante el año 2010. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal en una población de 62 escolares de 5 años y 145 de 12 años. Se realizó examen clínico y se estableció la experiencia de caries dental (índices ceo-d; 5 años, COP-D; 12 años) y la prevalencia de fluorosis dental (Índice de Dean). Se calcularon frecuencias, medianas y promedios por sexo en el caso de caries dental y prevalencia de fluorosis global y por grados de severidad. Cálculo de razones de prevalencia de fluorosis por sexo con sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (RP, IC95%). Se analizaron las principales fuentes de agua del área de estudio. Resultados: El promedio ceo-d a los 5 años fue de 2,37 ±3,39, con experiencia de caries del 61%. A los 12 años se encontró un promedio COP-D de 0,73 ±1,28, y una experiencia de caries del 33,1%. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas por sexo. La prevalencia global de fluorosis fue de 97,9%, con mayor prevalencia en hombres, aunque sin diferencias significativas (RP 1,05, IC95% 0,98- 1,12). El análisis fisicoquímico no mostró niveles altos de concentración de flúor en agua. Conclusión: Se encontraron niveles altos de experiencia de caries dental a los 5 años y alta prevalencia de Fluorosis a los 12 años que exigen acciones de mejoramiento y estrategias en salud pública para esta población.

Introduction and Objetive: Dental caries and dental Fluorosis are public health problems, which require surveillance and control systems in primary ages. We aim to determine the prevalence of dental Fluorosis in school children age 12 and the caries experience of school children between 5 and 12 years old at the Institution “Luis Eduardo Diaz”, located in the urban area of the Municipality of Yondó (Antioquia, Colombia), during 2010. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 62 scholars of 5 years and 145 scholars of 12 years. Clinical examinations were carried out and the caries dental experience was established (DMFT and dmf indexes) and the prevalence of dental Fluorosis (Dean’s index). Prevalence, mean and median and for sex were estimated in case of dental caries and the global prevalence of Fluorosis and taking into account severity groups and sex. We calculate the prevalence ratio for sex and the 95% confidence intervals (PR, 95% CI). The main water sources of the study area were analyzed. Results: Mean dmf for 5 years was 2,37(±3,39) and the dental experience was 61%. At 12 years a DMTF mean was 0,73 (±1,28) and the dental experience was 33,1%. No statistical significance was found for sex. The global prevalence of Fluorosis was of 97,9%, the frequency was higher in males but the differences do not have statistical significance (RP 1z5, 95%CI 0,98- 1,12). The physicochemical analysis did not show high levels of fluoride concentrations in water. Conclusion: Higher levels of dental caries in case of scholars of 5 years dental Fluorosis for scholars of 12 years were found. Improvement actions and public health strategies are required for these populations.

Pre-school child oral health in a rural Chilean community / Salud bucal en niños pre-escolares de una zona rural Chilena

Caries and gingivitis are the most prevalent diseases in Chile. The aim of this study is to determine the damage of oral health in children ages 4 and 5 years, in Peralillo, Chile, prior to the start of oral health program promoted by JUNAEB (Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas) in the commune. The sample consisted of 130 children, admitted to the student dental clinic between November 2010 and February 2011. Oral exam seeks to know presence of dental caries and number of teeth affected, using dmft index (decayed, missing and filled primary teeth), simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) and presence or absence of gingivitis. 49.2 percent of children had caries, with an dmft index 2.4 (S.D. +/- 3.5). The OHI-S of the entire sample was 1.4 (S.D. +/- 0.4). Gingivitis was reported in 9.2 percent of cases. The results of this investigation shows that following dental intervention, the goals set by FDI (FDI World Dental Federation) and WHO (World Health Organization) were obtained. Efforts are required in promotion and education in oral health, as well an increase in resources to attend these patients to decrease impact of oral diseases in the future.

La caries y gingivitis son las enfermedades más prevalentes en Chile. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el compromiso de salud bucal en niños de 4 y 5 años, en Peralillo, Chile; antes del inicio del programa de salud bucal impulsado por JUNAEB (Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas) en esta comuna. La muestra consistió en 130 niños, ingresados en la clínica dental del estudiante entre Noviembre de 2010 y Febrero de 2011. Se realizó un examen oral para conocer el número de dientes afectados por caries, usando el índice ceod (dientes temporales con caries, perdidos y restaurados), índice de higiene oral simplificado (IHO-S) y la presencia o ausencia de gingivitis. El 49,2 por ciento de los niños presentó caries, con un índice ceo de 2,4 (D.E. +/- 3,5). El IHO-S para la muestra completa fue 1,4 (D.E. +/- 0,4). La gingivitis se reportó en el 9,2 por ciento de los casos. Los resultados muestran que antes de la intervención odontológica, se alcanzan las metas fijadas por la FDI (Federación Dental Internacional) y OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud). Se requieren esfuerzos en educación y promoción de la salud bucal, así como aumentar recursos para atender estos pacientes con el fin de disminuir el impacto de las enfermedades orales en el futuro.

An ionic liquid supported CeO2 nanoparticles-carbon nanotubes composite-enhanced electrochemical DNA-based sensor for the detection of Pb2+ / 药物分析学报

An electrochemical sensor incorporating a signal enhancement for the determination of lead (Ⅱ) ions (Pb2+) was designed on the basis of the thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA) as a molecular recognition element and ionic liquid supported cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles-carbon nanotubes composite modification. The composite comprises nanoparticles CeO2, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)and hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EM1MBF4). The electrochemical sensors were fabricated by immersing the CeO2-MWNTs-EMIMBF4 modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) into the solution of TBA probe. In the presence of Pb2+, the TBA probe could form stable G-quartet structure by the specific binding interactions between Pb2+ and TBA. The TBA-bound Pb2+ can be electrochemically reduced, which provides a readout signal for quantitative detection of Pb2+. The reduction peak current is linearly related to the concentration of Pb2+ from 1.0 × 10 8 M to 1.0 × 10-5 M with a detection limit of 5 × 109 M. This work demonstrates that the CeO2-MWNTs-EMIMBF4 nanocomposite modified GCE provides a promising platform for immobilizing the TBA probe and enhancing the sensitivity of the DNA-based sensors.

Análise bioética do Código de Ética Odontológica brasileiro / Bioethical analysis of the Brazilian Dentistry Code of Ethics

O Código de Ética Odontológica (CEO) brasileiro, Resolução CFO-71 de maio/2006, é um instrumento elaborado para orientar a conduta dos cirurgiões-dentistas sobre os aspectos éticos da prática profissional. O objetivo do estudo é analisar o CEO comparando os enfoques deontológico e bioético. Para tal, realizou-se a análise interpretativa do CEO e de doze textos selecionados, seis sobre bioética e seis sobre deontologia, por meio da classificação metodológica das unidades de contexto, parágrafos textuais e itens do código, nas seguintes categorias: os referenciais do principialismo bioético - autonomia, beneficência, não-maleficência e justiça -, aspectos técnicos e virtudes morais relacionados à profissão. Os quatro princípios somados representaram 22,9 por cento, 39,8 por cento e 54,2 por cento do conteúdo do CEO, dos textos deontológicos e dos bioéticos, respectivamente. No CEO, 42 por cento dos itens referiam-se às virtudes, 40,2 por cento, a aspectos técnicos e apenas 22,9 por cento, aos princípios. As virtudes relacionadas aos profissionais e os aspectos técnicos juntos representam 70,1 por cento do código. O CEO, em vez de centrar-se no paciente como sujeito do processo de atenção à saúde bucal, focaliza o profissional, sendo predominantemente voltado para aspectos legalistas e corporativistas.

The Brazilian Dentistry Code of Ethics (DCE), Resolution CFO-71 from May 2006, is an instrument created to guide dentists' behavior in relation to the ethical aspects of professional practice. The purpose of the study is to analyze the above mentioned code comparing the deontological and bioethical focuses. In order to do so, an interpretative analysis of the code and of twelve selected texts was made. Six of the texts were about bioethics and six on deontology, and the analysis was made through the methodological classification of the context units, textual paragraphs and items from the code in the following categories: the referentials of bioethical principlism - autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice -, technical aspects and moral virtues related to the profession. Together the four principles represented 22.9 percent, 39.8 percent and 54.2 percent of the content of the DCE, of the deontological texts and of the bioethical texts respectively. In the DCE, 42 percent of the items referred to virtues, 40.2 percent were associated to technical aspects and just 22.9 percent referred to principles. The virtues related to the professionals and the technical aspects together amounted to 70.1 percent of the code. Instead of focusing on the patient as the subject of the process of oral health care, the DCE focuses on the professional, and it is predominantly turned to legalistic and corporate aspects.

Comparación de la detección de caries en dentición temporal con el índice ICDAS Modificado y el índice ceo en niños de 1 a 5 años en Cali / Comparation of caries detection in deciduous dentition with modified ICDAS index and dmf index in children from 1 to 5 years in Cali

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue comparar la prevalencia de caries usando el índice ceo y el índice ICDAS en niños de 1 a 5 años de la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, durante el año 2006. Materiales y Métodos: Se tomó una base de datos de 929 niños de 1 a 5 años de edad, la cual se obtuvo por una muestra por conglomerados a partir de la lista de los hogares infantiles, jardines y guarderías de todos los estratos socioeconómicos. A partir de las historias elaboradas por dos examinadores previamente calibrados, se obtuvieron los índices ceo e ICDAS, con el fin de comparar la prevalencia de caries hallada con ambas mediciones. Resultados: La prevalencia de caries fue de 63% para el índice ICDAS y 30% para el índice ceo. Para el ceo la prevalencia fue mayor en el estrato bajo y para el índice ICDAS fue en el estrato alto. De las lesiones iniciales de caries la más prevalente fue 2W en el índice ICDAS. Se encontró que con el índice ceo la prevalencia de caries que se detectó fue mucho menor. Conclusiones: Las lesiones tempranas de caries no son detectadas cuando se usa el índice ceo comparado con el ICDAS, por lo que este tipo de lesiones no son tratadas en la etapa preventiva.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the caries prevalence using dmf and ICDAS index in children from 1 to 5 years in the city of Santiago de Cali, in 2006. Materials and Methods: A database of 929 schoolchildren between 1 to 5 years old, from a sample obtained by cluster sampling method among all socioeconomic status schools and day care centers. From the clinical histories obtained by two calibrated examiners there were analyzed ICDAS and dmf in order to compare caries prevalence. Results: The caries prevalence was 63% using ICDAS and 30% with dmf. For dmf the prevalence was greater for the low socio economical status, while with ICDAS it was greater for the highest socio economical status. Among initial status of carious lesions, 2W was the most prevalent considering the ICDAS classification of lesions. Caries prevalence was lower with dmf than ICDAS. Conclusions: Primary carious lesions are not detected when dmf is used compared with ICDAS, therefore these lesions would not be treated at the preventive stage of treatment.

Factores de riesgo asociados con la caries dental en niños de círculos infantiles / Risk factor associated to dental caries in children from nurseries

Los factores de riesgo asociados con la caries dental constituyen una probabilidad medible y tienen valor predictivo en la prevención de esta enfermedad que la sitúa como la principal causa de pérdida dentaria. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal para determinar el comportamiento clínico epidemiológico de los factores de riesgo de la caries dental en niños de círculos infantiles del municipio Artemisa entre abril y diciembredel 2007, con la finalidad de identificar la prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados con la caries dental y analizar el grado de riesgo en la muestra objeto de estudio. El universo de trabajo estuvo formado por 642 infantes pertenecientes a 6 círculos infantiles y la muestra se realizó por factibilidad, en la cual se seleccionaron 2 círculos infantiles para un total de 240 infantes, los cuales se agruparon atendiendo a la edad, sexo, prevalencia de caries dental y factores de riesgo mayormente asociados, así como el grado de riesgo. Se realizó un formulario que incluía el interrogatorio a padres y/o tutores y el examen bucal a los niños en las mismas instituciones, aplicando en cada caso el índice ceo-d. Entre los principales resultados se destaca, que el 80 por ciento de los niños se encontraban libres de caries, que los factores de riesgo que más incidieron fueron la dieta cariogénica y la higiene bucal deficiente y que más del 80 por ciento de la muestra posee un bajo riesgo a caries. Se concluye que la prevalencia de caries dental en estas instituciones es baja, a pesar de la influencia de factores de riesgo que condicionan la aparición de la enfermedad(AU)

Risk factors associated to dental caries are a measurable likelihood and also a predictive value in prevention of this condition, which is the major cause of teeth loss. We made a cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study to determine the clinicoepidemiologic behavior of risk factors of dental caries in children from nurseries in Artemisa municipality from April to December, 2007 to identify prevalence and the risk factors associated with dental caries, and also to analyze risk degree in study sample. Universe includes 642 infants from 6 nurseries and sampling was performed by feasibility, in which we choice 2 nurseries for a total of 240 infants grouped according age, sex, dental caries prevalence, and most of risk factors, as well as risk degree. We applied a form including a questioning to parents and guardians and buccal examination to children from the same institutions, applying in each case the ceo-d rate. Among the main results we noted that 80 per cent of children was caries-free, that the more incident risk factors were cariogenic diet and a poor oral hygiene, and that more than 80 percent of sample has a low risk of caries. We conclude that dental caries prevalence in these institutions is low despite risk factor influence conditioning appearance of this condition(AU)

Prevalence of dental caries in preschool children in Peñaflor, Santiago, Chile / Prevalência de cárie dentária em crianças residentes em Peñaflor, Santiago, Chile

Purpose: Despite the reduction in the prevalence of dental caries in Chile, very little is known about the prevalence of this disease in deciduous teeth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries in children aged 3 to 5 year-old of Peñaflor, a semirural commune in Santiago, Chile. Methods: A total of 94 children from families of low socioeconomic status were examined. One trained and calibrated dentist (kappa 0.87) performed the clinical examinations and recorded data on caries free children, caries severity, and dmft index, using the WHO protocols. Results: The results showed that 50% of the 3 year-old children were caries-free compared to 42.2% at the age of 5 year-old. There was no statistically significant gender difference in the prevalence of the disease. For the total sample, the percentage of caries-free children was 43.2%. The dmft index in the study population at 3, 4, and 5 year-old was 1.30, 2.51, and 2.52, respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that children in Peñaflor commune have not reached the WHO goals proposed for the year 2000, which indicates that this population requires the adoption of additional preventive and restorative strategies to improve oral health.

Objetivo: Apesar da redução de prevalência de cárie no Chile, muito pouco se sabe sobre a prevalência da doença em dentes decíduos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de cárie em crianças de 3 a 5 anos de idade em Peñaflor, uma comunidade semirrural em Santiago, Chile. Metodologia: A amostra foi constituída por um total de 94 crianças de famílias de baixo nível sócio-econômico. Um cirurgião dentista previamente treinado e calibrado (kappa 0.87) realizou os exames clínicos e registrou a porcentagem de crianças sem cáries, severidade da cárie e índice ceo-s, usando a metodologia descrita pela OMS.Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que 50% das crianças de 3 anos não apresentavam cáries em comparação com 42,2% das crianças de 5 anos de idade. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre gênero para a prevalência da doença. Para o total da amostra, a porcentagem de crianças sem cáries foi de 43,2%. O índice ceo-s na população estudada foi 1,30; 2,51 e 2,52, aos 3, 4 e 5 anos de idade, respectivamente. Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou que as crianças da comunidade de Peñaflor não alcançaram os objetivos propostos pela OMS para o ano 2000. Isto indica que esta população necessita da aplicação de estratégias preventivas e restauradoras adicionais.