Hyphessobrycon taphorni y H. eschwartzae (Teleostei: Characidae) dos nuevas especies de peces de la cuenca del río Madre de Dios, Perú / Hyphessobrycon taphorni and H. eschwartzae (Teleostei: Characidae) two new species of fish in the basin of Madre de Dios river, Peru

Hyphessobrycon with 129 valid species, is a genus of fish that has a great diversity of species in the Neotropical ichthyofauna, reaches its greatest diversity in the Amazon basin with about 70% of these species, is highly desired by hobbyists because of their beauty and color, and are still meeting new species. We analyzed specimens from the Departamento de Ictiología, Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú (MUSM); and measurements of the specimens were taken point to point with digital calipers. Observations of bone and cartilage structures were made on cleared and stained (C&S) samples. The morphometric relationships between species using 21 variables were explored using a principal component analysis (PCA). Here we describe two new species, Hyphessobrycon taphorni and H. eschwartzae from the Madre de Dios River drainage, Peru. Hyphessobrycon taphorni sp. n. can be distinguished by the number of dorsal-fin rays (iii, 8), by the number of: pored lateral-line scales (4-5), teeth in the outer premaxillary row (1-2), teeth in the inner premaxillary row (7-8), by: the caudal-peduncle length (11.4-16.4% SL), number of lateral scales (28-29, except from H. loretoensis which has 29-30) and absence of a humeral spot (vs. present), it differs from H. loretoensis by the number of: scales between the lateral line and the anal fin origin (4 vs. 3) and maxillary teeth (2 vs. 3-4), and it differs from H. agulha by the number of branched pectoral-fin rays (11-12 vs. 9-10). Hyphessobrycon eschwartzae sp. n. is distinguished by the number of: simple anal-fin rays (iv), teeth on the dentary (13-15), teeth in the inner premaxillary row (6), teeth in the outer premaxillary row (3, except from H. heterorhabdus and H. loretoensis which have 3-4); it differs from H. loretoensis by the number of: pored lateral-line scales (7 vs. 9-10), scales between the lateral line and the dorsal-fin origin (5 vs. 3-4); it differs from H. agulha in the number of lateral scales (30-31 vs. 33-34), by the number of: predorsal scales (9 vs. 10), maxillary teeth (4 vs. 0-1); in having in life a red lateral stripe above the dark lateral stripe that extends from the posterior part of the opercle to the caudal peduncle (vs. absent) and by the presence of bony hooks in mature males only on the anal fin (vs. hooks on all fins, including the caudal).

Hyphessobrycon con 129 especies válidas, es un género de peces que presenta una gran diversidad de especies dentro de la ictiofauna neotropical, alcanza su mayor diversidad en la cuenca del Amazonas con alrededor del 70% de estas especies, es altamente apetecido por los acuaristas por su belleza y colorido y aún se están conociendo nuevas especies. Las medidas de los ejemplares se tomaron punto a punto con calibrador digital. Observaciones de las estructuras óseas y de cartílago se hicieron sobre muestras clareadas y teñidas (C&T). Las relaciones morfométricas entre especies fueron exploradas mediante un análisis de componentes principales (ACP) en 21 variables. Se des- criben dos especies nuevas, Hyphessobrycon taphorni y H. eschwartzae de la cuenca del río Madre de Dios, Perú. Hyphessobrycon taphorni sp. n. puede distinguirse por: el número de radios de la aleta dorsal (iii, 8), cuatro a cinco escamas con poros en la línea lateral, uno a dos dientes en la fila externa del premaxilar, siete a ocho dientes en la fila interna del premaxilar, por la longitud del pedúnculo caudal (11.4-16.4% LE), por el número de escamas laterales (28- 29; excepto en H. loretoensis con 29-30) y por la ausencia de una mancha humeral (vs. presencia), se diferencia de H. loretoensis por el número de escamas entre la línea lateral y la aleta anal (cuatro vs. tres) y los dientes del maxilar (dos vs. tres a cuatro), y se distingue de H. agulha por el número de radios ramificados en las aletas pectorales (11- 12 vs. 9-10). Hyphessobrycon eschwartzae sp. n. puede distinguirse por el número de radios simples en la aleta anal (iv), por 13 a 15 dientes en el dentario; 6 dientes en la fila interna del premaxilar; tres dientes en la fila externa del premaxilar (excepto en H. heterorhabdus y H. loretoensis con tres a cuatro), se diferencia de H. loretoensis por el número: de escamas con poros en la línea lateral (siete vs. nueve a diez); escamas entre la línea lateral y la aleta dorsal (cinco vs. tres a cuatro), se diferencia de H. agulha por el número de escamas: laterales (30-31 vs. 33-34), predorsales (9 vs. 10), dientes en el maxilar (cuatro vs. cero a uno) por presentar en vida una banda lateral roja por encima de la banda oscura que se extiende desde la parte posterior del opérculo hasta el pedúnculo caudal (vs. ausencia), y por la presencia de ganchos óseos en machos maduros solo en la aleta anal (vs. todas las aletas incluye la caudal).

Population structure, condition and diet of Oligosarcus paranensis (Menezes & Gery, 1983) (Osteichthyes: Characidae) at two reservoirs in South Brazil / Estrutura populacional, condição e dieta de Oligosarcus paranensis (Menezes & Gery, 1983) (Osteichthyes: Characidae) em dois reservatórios do sul do Brasil

This study investigated the population parameters, condition and diet of Oligosarcus paranensis at Fiú and Mourão Reservoirs, located in Paraná State, Brazil. The fishes were collected quarterly between 1996/1997 and 1998/1999 using gillnets. Food items were quantified by volumetric method. The specimens at Fiú showed comparatively smaller length and worse condition. Sex ratio was statistically equal to 1:1 at Mourão, whereas there was a significant predominance of males at Fiú. Sex ratio also varied among size classes. Allometric growth prevailed among the studied groups. The diet consisted mainly of fishes and was complemented with invertebrates and plant matter in both reservoirs. There was a change in the feeding pattern as the standard length increased. Fishes changed from invertivores to piscivores, except for males in Mourão, for which a reverse trend occurred.

Este estudo investigou parâmetros populacionais, a condição e a dieta de Oligosarcus paranensis nos reservatórios de Fiú e Mourão, localizados no Estado do Paraná, Brasil. As coletas foram trimestrais, entre 1996/1997 e 1998/1999 utilizando-se redes de espera. Os itens alimentares foram quantificados pelo método volumétrico. Os espécimes de Fiú apresentaram, comparativamente, menor comprimento e pior condição. A proporção sexual foi estatisticamente igual a 1:1 em Mourão, enquanto que os machos prevaleceram de forma significativa em Fiú. A proporção sexual variou ainda entre as classes de comprimento, com os machos predominando nas classes inferiores e as fêmeas nas superiores em ambos os reservatórios. O crescimento alométrico prevaleceu entre os grupos estudados, com exceção dos machos em Fiú, os quais apresentaram crescimento isométrico. A dieta foi composta principalmente por peixes e complementada com invertebrados e vegetais em ambos os reservatórios. Houve mudança no padrão alimentar com o aumento do comprimento padrão. Os peixes passaram de invertívoros para piscívoros, excetuando-se os machos em Mourão, com os quais ocorreu tendência contrária.

Comparative morphology of gill glands in externally fertilizing and inseminating species of cheirodontine fishes, with implications on the phylogeny of the family Characidae (Actinopterygii: Characiformes)

The structure and form of gill gland among inseminating and externally fertilizing species of the Cheirodontinae are described under light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, and compared to other members of the family Characidae. At least one species from thirteen cheirodontine genera were analyzed, totaling seventeen species. Gill glands were found in all analyzed mature males of Cheirodontinae and were always absent in females, being located on the anteriormost portion of the lower branch of the first gill arch, extending posteriorly through a variable number of gill filaments. Gill glands of all cheirodontines and of all characid species in which this organ has been described possess the same structure, being considered homologous and supporting a single origin of the structure in a common ancestor to Clade A and Clade B characids.

A estrutura e forma da glândula branquial de queirodontíneos inseminadores e de fecundação externa são descritas com base em análises de microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, e comparadas com outros membros da família Characidae. Pelo menos uma espécie de treze gêneros de Cheirodontinae foram analisadas, num total de dezessete espécies. Glândulas branquiais foram encontradas em todos os machos maduros analisados de Cheirodontinae, localizadas na parte mais anterior do ramo inferior do primeiro arco branquial, estendendo-se posteriormente por um número variável de filamentos branquiais, estando sempre ausentes nas fêmeas. As glândulas branquiais de todos os queirodontíneos analisados e de todas as espécies de Characidae em que este órgão foi descrito possuem a mesma estrutura, sendo consideradas homólogas e suportando uma origem única em um ancestral comum aos Clados A e B de Characidae.

Juveniles of the piscivorous dourado Salminus brasiliensis mimic the piraputanga Brycon hilarii as an alternative predation tactic

In the district of Bom Jardim, in Nobres, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, there are clear water streams originating on karstic terrain. The dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, is an apex stalking predator in these streams. In clear waters, where visually oriented prey may perceive predator in advance, surprise is needed for successful attacks. These streams are cohabited by other Characiformes, like the frugivorous piraputanga Brycon hilarii, which lives in schools and exhibits body colour and shape similar to the dourados. Here we describe an alternative predatory tactic for juvenile dourado occurring in headwater streams of the Paraguay River basin, in which they act as an aggressive mimic of the piraputanga. Based on 43 h of observations in Bom Jardim, and on additional 11 h in the Bodoquena Plateau Rivers of Mato Grosso do Sul State, we quantified the number of rushes by dourados when they were among piraputangas or foraging alone, and observed the proportion of piraputangas per dourado in multispecific schools. Dourados of up to 30 cm total length (TL) stayed among the piraputangas of similar size hiding within the school and going to the periphery of the school before rushing against prey. The dourados exhibited colours similar to the piraputangas. They not only stayed longer among piraputangas (78 percent of the observation time), but also rushed against prey more often than when foraging alone (53 rushes/h against 14 rushes/h, respectively).

No distrito de Bom Jardim, Nobres, Mato Grosso, Brasil, existem rios de águas claras que se originam sobre terreno cárstico. O dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, é um predador perseguidor de topo de cadeia nestes rios. Em águas, onde presas visualmente orientadas são capazes de perceber antecipadamente o predador, o fator surpresa é necessário para ataques bem sucedidos. Estes córregos são coabitados por outros Characiformes, como a frugívora piraputanga, Brycon hilarii, a qual vive em cardumes e exibe coloração do corpo e forma similares aos dourados. Aqui descrevemos a ocorrência de uma tática predatória alternativa para dourados juvenis, na qual eles agem como mímicos agressivos da piraputanga. Baseados em 43 h de observação em Bom Jardim e 11 h adicionais em riachos da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, nós quantificamos o número de arremetidas do dourado quando estava entre as piraputangas ou forrageando sozinhos e observamos a proporção de piraputangas por dourado em cardumes multiespecíficos. Dourados de até 30 cm de comprimento total permaneceram entre as piraputangas de tamanho similar, escondendo-se em meio ao cardume e indo à periferia deste antes de arremeter contra suas presas. Os dourados exibiam cores similares às da piraputanga. Eles não só permaneceram mais tempo entre as piraputangas (78 por cento do tempo de observação), mas também arremeteram mais frequentemente contra as presas do que enquanto forrageavam sozinhos (53 arremetidas/h contra 14 arremetidas/h, respectivamente).

Variabilidad genética de Brycon henni (Characiformes: Characidae) en la cuenca media de los ríos Nare y Guatapé, sistema Río Magdalena, Colombia

Genetic variability of Brycon henni (Characiformes: Characidae) in the middle basin of Nare and Guatapé rivers, Magdalena River system, Colombia. Brycon henni is a native species in Magdalena´s River basin, and because of its cultural and economic importance, is strongly overexploited. This study aimed to describe the genetic variability and population structure of this species from Nare and Guatapé rivers basins. A total of 195 individuals were collected and DNA extractions were obtained from muscle and blood tissue. Fourteen primers were evaluated with the RAPD technique, being four of them polymorphic, and produced 66 different fragments (63% polymorphism). Besides, using the molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis, the population structure was described for all sites ( ΦST=0.297, ΦST=0.163; Nare and Guatapé river basins, respectively), and suggested the importance of the migratory behaviour of the species in the genetic differentiation. Genetic distances among sampled sites showed that most of the genetic differentiation occurred between sites Guatapé and El Cardal with respect to the others. A Mantel Test demonstrated a correlation between genetic and geographic distances (r=0.431 both of the basins evaluated; r=0.377, Nare river middle basin), and suggested isolation by distance. The outcomes obtained in this study have valuable implications in species conservation and the genetic variability of natural populations of B. henni, and should be complemented with morphological analyses. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 269-282. Epub 2011 March 01.

Brycon henni es una especie nativa de la cuenca del río Magdalena, Colombia, donde es fuertemente explotada, por lo cual en este trabajo se estudió la variabilidad genética y estructura poblacional en individuos provenientes de la cuenca media de los ríos Nare y Guatapé, Antioquia. Se recolectaron 195 ejemplares y se les extrajo ADN genómico total del tejido muscular y/o sanguíneo. Se evaluaron 14 cebadores para la técnica RAPD (Random Amplifyed Polimorphic DNA), siendo cuatro de ellos polimórficos, los cuales generaron 66 fragmentos diferentes (63% polimorfismo). Por medio de un análisis de varianza molecular (AMOVA), se determinó la estructuración poblacional para todos los sitios evaluados y la cuenca del río Nare ( ΦST =0.297 y ΦST =0.163, respectivamente). Las distancias genéticas de Nei mostraron que todas las poblaciones diferían entre sí y que la mayor diferenciación genética se dio para las poblaciones del río Guatapé y la quebrada El Cardal. Un test de Mantel mostró correlación entre las distancias genéticas y geográficas (ambas cuencas, r=0.431; cuenca del río Nare, r=0.377). Esto sugiere aislamiento por distancia y separación de grupos genéticos producidos por los embalses sobre los ríos Nare y Guatapé, lo cual puede tener implicaciones relevantes en la conservación de la variabilidad genética de las poblaciones naturales de esta especie en el oriente antioqueño.

Spermiogenesis and spermatozoa ultrastructure in the Serrasalminae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) with further evidence on the relationships of the piranhas and pacus

Spermatozoa and spermiogenesis ultrastructure were studied in the serrasalmine species Piaractus mesopotamicus, Mylossoma duriventre, Serrasalmus maculatus, and Metynnis mola and two distinct patterns may be recognized: the first common to Mylossoma, Serrasalmus and Metynnis, and the other, characteristic of Piaractus. The latter pattern is more similar to the conditions found in Salminus and Brycon. On the other hand, serrasalmine spermatozoa also share characteristics with the spermatozoa of species of the superfamily Anostomoidea. The phylogenetic significance of these characters is discussed.(AU)

A ultraestrutura dos espermatozoides e espermiogênese foram estudadas nas espécies Piaractus mesopotamicus, Mylossoma duriventre, Serrasalmus maculatus e Metynnis mola de Serrasalminae, sendo dois padrões distintos reconhecidos: um comum a Mylossoma, Serrasalmus e Metynnis, e o segundo característico de Piaractus. Este último é mais similar ao observado em Salminus e Brycon. Por outro lado, o espermatozoide dos serrasalmíneos compartilha algumas características com espécies da superfamília Anostomoidea. O significado filogenético destes caracteres é discutido.(AU)

Jupiaba citrina, a new species from rio Aripuanã, rio Madeira basin, Amazonas and Mato Grosso States, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae)

A new species of Jupiaba Zanata is described from tributaries of the rio Aripuanã, rio Madeira basin, Amazonas and Mato Grosso States, Brazil. The new species can be diagnosed from its congeners (except J. abramoides, J. anteroides, and J. poranga) by having two vertically-elongated humeral blotches, the anterior usually with a darker median portion forming an horizontally-elongated trace pointed anteriorly, and a well defined dark longitudinal line extending from the second humeral blotch to the caudal peduncle. The new species differs from J. abramoides, J. anteroides, and J. poranga by having an elongated blotch over caudal peduncle that extends to the distal tip of the caudal-fin median rays. Also, it can be distinguished from most congeners by the combination of relatively high number of lateral line scales, predorsal median line without a series of scales, dentary teeth decreasing abruptly in size towards posterior portion, and presence of a larger central teeth cusp.(AU)

Uma nova espécie de Jupiaba Zanata é descrita de afluentes do rio Aripuanã, bacia do rio Madeira, Estados do Amazonas e Mato Grosso, Brasil. A nova espécie é diagnosticada de suas congêneres (exceto J. abramoides, J. anteroides e J. poranga) por apresentar duas manchas umerais alongadas verticalmente, a anterior usualmente com porção mediana mais escura formando um traço horizontalmente alongado, com projeção anterior, e uma linha escura bem definida estendendo-se da segunda mancha umeral até o pedúnculo caudal. A nova espécie difere de J. abramoides, J. anteroides,e J. poranga pela presença de uma mancha alongada sobre o pedúnculo caudal, que se estende até o final dos raios caudais medianos. Também pode ser diagnosticada da maioria das congêneres pela combinação de número relativamente alto de escamas na linha lateral, linha mediana pré-dorsal sem uma série de escamas, dentes do dentário decrescendo abruptamente em tamanho posteriormente e dentes com uma cúspide central maior que as demais.(AU)

Una nueva especie de pez del género Bryconamericus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) del río Magdalena, con una clave para las especies de Colombia

A new species of fish of the genus Bryconamericus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from the Magdalena river, with a key to Colombian species. Based on a series of 90 specimens, and using morphometric, meristic and osteological characters, a new species of the genus Bryconamericus is described from Pontesuela Creek at the mouth of Coclina Creek in the middle Magdalena river Basin of Colombia. We use box graphs with 99% confidence intervals to illustrate the extent of meristic character overlap and to help distinguish this new taxon from other species of the Magdalena River. The species can be distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following characters: the higher number of lateral line scales (50-54 vs. 30-50, except B. terrabensis with 47-54); more scales between the lateral line and the dorsal fin origin (9-11 vs. 4-9); more scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin origin (8-10 vs. 2-8); more scales between lateral line and anal fin origin (8-10 vs. 2-8, except B. terrabensis with 6-9) and more predorsal scales (16-18 vs. 9-16, except B. huilae with 14-19 scales, B. galvisi with 12-17 and B. tolimae with 13-17). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1749-1763. Epub 2008 December 12.

Con base en una serie de 90 ejemplares, en caracteres morfométricos, merísticos y osteología, se describe una nueva especie de Bryconamericus de la Quebrada La Pontesuela, boca de la quebrada Coclina, cuenca media del río Magdalena en Colombia. Se utiliza un gráfico de cajas con intervalos de confianza al 99% para ilustrar la medida merística que mostrara menor solapamiento y distinguiera parcialmente al nuevo taxon de las otras especies del río Magdalena. La especie se distingue de sus congéneres por el mayor número de escamas: sobre la línea lateral (50-54 vs. 30-50, excepto B. terrabensis con 47-54 escamas), entre la línea lateral y el origen de la aleta dorsal (9-11 vs. 4-9), entre la línea lateral y el origen de las aletas pélvicas (8-10 vs. 2-8), entre la línea lateral y el origen de la aleta anal (8-10 vs. 2-8 excepto B. terrabensis con 6-9) y predorsales (16-18 vs. 9-16, excepto B. huilae con 14-19 escamas, B. galvisi con 12 a 17 y B. tolimae con 13-17).

Astyanax cocibolca, a new characid (Pisces: Ostariophysi) from Lake Nicaragua, Central America

Astyanax cocibolca, a small filter-feeding species is a new characid species endemic to Lake Nicaragua. It is distinguished from the syntopic Astyanax aeneus by its high gill raker count, slender body, upturned snout, long maxillary bones, conical outer premaxillary teeth, lower number of scales above lateral line, more intense black lateral band, smaller size, and trophic niche partitioning. At present the new species utilizes the open-water habitat at least as a nursery where young can feed on the rich plankton population. Adults feed on copepoda, cladocera, fruits, seeds and algae. The bulk of the adult population presumably resides inshore. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1361-1370. Epub 2008 September 30.

Se describe Astyanax cocibolca, una nueva especie pequeña y planctívora, endémica en el Lago de Nicaragua. Se distingue de la especie simpátrica Astyanax aeneus por su alto número de branquiespinas, cuerpo delgado, hocico inclinado hacia arriba, maxilar serrado en algunos, dientes unicúspides en la fila exterior del premaxilar, menor número de escamas arriba de la línea lateral, banda negra lateral más intensa y tamaño menor.

Chromosome divergence and NOR polymorphism in Bryconamericus aff. iheringii (Teleostei, Characidae) in the hydrographic systems of the Paranapanema and Ivaí Rivers, Paraná, Brazil

Cytogenetic studies were carried out in three populations of Bryconamericus aff. iheringii from two hydrographic systems of the Paranapanema and Ivaí Rivers, separated by a watershed, both belonging to the upper Paraná River basin. Specimens had a constant diploid number 2n = 52 chromosomes. However, three karyotype formulae were identified in the three populations: B. aff. iheringii from the Maringá stream had 12M+18SM+8ST+14A (FN = 90); specimens from Keller River showed 8M+28SM+6ST+10A (FN = 94) and specimens from the Tatupeba stream had 8M+20SM+8ST+16A (FN = 88). Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were identified by silver nitrate staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with an 18S rDNA probe. Specimens from Tatupeba stream had a simple NOR system located in a terminal position of the short arm of a pair of large submetacentric chromosomes. Ag-NOR and FISH methodologies revealed multiple NORs in specimens of the Maringá stream and Keller River. Differences in chromosome structure and in NOR patterns in the three populations of B. aff. iheringii revealed fixed evolutionary chromosome divergence. Aspects related to karyotypic variations and to geographic isolation of these populations are discussed.

Una nueva especie de pez del género Hemibrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) / A new fish species Hemibricon (Characiformes: Characidae)

Hemibrycon pautensis (Characiformes, Characidae), a new fish species from Paute River, eastern Ecuador is described. Diagnostic characteristics: eight to nine branched rays in the dorsal fin (vs.six to seven), and 27 –28 in the anal fin (vs.16 –26, except in H. dariensis which presents 22 –27, in H. metae 26 –31 and H. jabonero 23 –28); a no occurrence of dorsal pharyngeal plate (vs. occurrence); a cartilaginous and divided-in-two basihial (vs. an osseous base and a cartilaginous upper part). Hemibrycon pautensis resembles H. metae by its oblique external edge of the pelvic fins. They can be distinguished by the position of the pectoral fins in relation to the snout (38.24-41.6% in H. pautensis vs. 21. 21-25.87) and by the position of the pectoral fins in relation to the origin of the dorsal fin (20.95-24.30 in Hemibrycon pautensis vs. 35. 89-42.63), and by the number of proximate radials in the pectoral girdle (five in Hemibrycon pautensis vs. three to four). In addition, the geographic distribution of H. metae is restricted to the upper part of the Meta River in Colombia and can be distinguished of H. boquiae by: the number of scales between the lateral-line and the origin of the dorsal fin (eight in H. pautensis vs. 5-7); the distance between the snout and the pelvic fins (38.00-42.90% in H. pautensis vs. 42.9-46.19%); the pelvic fins length (13.77-17.96% in H. pautensis vs. 10.72-13.21%); and the snout length (21.34-27.88 in H.pautensis vs.26.92-33.66%).

Se describe Hemibrycon pautensis (Characiformes: Characidae), una especie nueva de pez del río Paute al oriente de Ecuador. El nuevo taxón se distingue de las demás especies por las siguientes caracteristicas: ocho a nueve radios ramificados enaleta dorsal (vs. seis a siete), y 27 –28 en la aleta anal (vs.16 –26, excepto en H. dariensis la cual presenta 22 –27, en H. metae 26 –31 y H. jabonero 23 –28); no presenta placa faringea dorsal (vs. presenta); basihial dividido en dos y cartilaginoso (vs. óseo y cartilaginoso en la parte superior). Hemibrycon pautensis es parecida a H. metae es parecida a H. metae por el borde externo de las aletas pélvicas oblicuo. Se distinguen por la posición de las aletas pectorales con relación al extremo del hocico (38.24- 41.6 en H. pautensis vs. 21.21-25.87) y por la posición de las aletas pectorales con relación al origen de la aleta dorsal (20.95-24.30 en Hemibrycon pautensis vs. 35.89-42.63), y por el número de radiales proximales en la cintura pectoral (cinco en Hemibrycon pautensis vs. tres a cuatro). Además, la distribución geográfica de H. metae está restringida a la cuenca alta del río Meta en Colombia. Se distingue de H. boquiae por el número de escamas entre la línea lateral y el origen de la aleta dorsal (ocho en H. pautensis vs. 5-7), por la distancia entre el hocico y el origen de las aletas pélvicas (38.00-42.90% en H. pautensis vs.42.9-46.19%), por la longitud de las aletas pélvicas (13.77-17.96% en H. pautensis vs. 10.72-13.21%), y por la longitud del hocico (21.34-27.88 en H. pautensis vs. 26.92-33.66%).