Reforma constitucional en Colombia Entre la guerra y la defensa / Constitutional Reform in Colombia between War and Defense

Resumen A partir de 1991 se creó una nueva constitución que incluyera a todos los actores políticos además de los que tradicionalmente estaban excluidos en la constitu ción de 1886, con la esperanza de dar final a los conflictos armados, los paros e inconformidades ciudadanas. Las cuales fueron capitalizadas por los estudian tes en la séptima papeleta. Pero pocos años después se inició una cascada de reformas que evidencian una constante disputa por el poder de las elites, grupos emergentes legales e ilegales, y la población que comenzó a sentirse partícipe del poder. Pero ¿cuál es la finalidad de dichos cambios constitucionales? Dicha respuesta se intentará responder primero describiendo los cambios, segundo comparando dichos cambios a la luz de los principios y valores de la Carta y fi nalmente desde una visión crítica comprender a quien benefician, lo anterior se hará bajo una metodología descriptiva-histórica-critica-decolonial.

Abstract In 1991, a new constitution was created to include all political stakeholders in addition to those traditionally excluded in the 1886 constitution, in the hope of putting an end to armed conflicts, strikes and citizen discontent. These citizen demonstrations were capitalized by the students in the seventh ballot, which prompted the convocation of the constituent assembly. After the promulgation of the new constitution of 1991, a cascade of reforms began, which evidenced a constant dispute for power between the elites, emerging legal and illegal groups, and the population that began to feel part of the power. But, what was the purpose of these constitutional changes?

Checks and balances of academic and administrative powers in the operation and management of the hospital / 中华医院管理杂志

Academic powers and administrative power are two primary kinds of power coexisting in the hospital. The two kinds of power,which are essentially different,both overlap and conflict,leading inevitably to the complexity and variety of the power structure in the hospital. By analyzing the current situation of the power structure in the operation and management of hospitals in China,the paper aims to help bring about checks and balances of academic and administrative powers in domestic hospitals and offer some insight into possible models of power operation in Chinese hospitals that fit in with the times and regional features.