Association between early childhood caries and nutritional status in children in a peruvian social program: a cross-sectional study / Asociación entre caries de la primera infancia y estado nutricional en niños de un programa social peruano: un estudio transversal

Introduction: Early childhood caries is still very prevalent, mainly in developing countries, and it is related to the quality of life of children due to early tooth loss. Objective: The study objective was to determine the association between dental caries and its clinical consequences on nutritional status in children of the "Vaso de Leche (Glass of Milk)'' social program, in Puno City, Peru, during the year 2020. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional study; the sample consisted of 740 children between 1 and 5 years old who met the selection criteria; the clinical consequences of untreated dental caries were evaluated using the PUFA index and the prevalence of caries with def-t; the nutritional status was determined by the weight and height of the child according to protocols (NTS No. 357 - MINSA /2017/ DGIESP); the data were analyzed with the SPSS-v25 program, the association between variables was evaluated with the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's Rho test, considering significance at a p-value <0.05. Results: No significant relationship was found when dental caries was evaluated with the nutritional condition (p<0.05). However, when the def-t index values were related to the nutritional condition of the children, a significant difference was found (p<0.05). There was no significant difference with the PUFA index (p>0.05). Conclusions: There is no association between early childhood caries and nutritional status in children aged between 3 and 5 years; however, a significant relationship was found between the values of the def-t index and the nutritional status of the children.

Introducción: La caries infantil temprana sigue siendo muy prevalente, principalmente en los países en desarrollo, y está relacionada con la calidad de vida de los niños debido a la pérdida temprana de dientes Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la asociación entre la caries dental y sus consecuencias clínicas sobre el estado nutricional en niños del programa social "Vaso de Leche", en la ciudad de Puno, Perú, durante el año 2020. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, estudio descriptivo-correlacional, transversal; la muestra estuvo conformada por 740 niños entre 1 y 5 años que cumplieron con los criterios de selección, se evaluaron las consecuencias clínicas de la caries dental no tratada mediante el índice PUFA y la prevalencia de caries con d-t; el estado nutricional se determinó mediante el peso y talla del niño según protocolos (NTS N°357 MINSA/2017/DGIESP; los datos se analizaron con el programa SPSS-v25, la asociación entre variables se evaluó con el chi); -cuadrado, U de Mann-Whitney y Rho de Spearman, considerando significancia a un valor de p<0,05. Resultado: No se encontró relación significativa cuando se evaluó la caries dental con la condición nutricional (p<0,05). Sin embargo, cuando los valores del índice d-t se relacionaron con la condición nutricional de los niños, se encontró una diferencia significativa (p<0,05). No hubo diferencia significativa con el índice PUFA (p>0,05). Conclusión: No existe asociación entre caries de la primera infancia y el estado nutricional en niños de 3 a 5 años; sin embargo, se encontró una relación significativa entre los valores del índice d-t y el estado nutricional de los niños.

Nasolabial anthropometry using 3D computed tomography scan reconstruction: baseline study for nasolabial correction in Indonesian children with cleft lip and palate / Antropometría nasolabial mediante reconstrucción con tomografía computarizada 3D: estudio de referencia para la corrección nasolabial en niños Indonesios con fisura labiopalatina

Background: The normal nasolabial structure of infants and chil-dren from East Asian, specifically Indonesian, descent groups has been less explored in the literature. This anthropometric study is used as a guide in lip repair in patients with clefts. This retrospective study used archived CT images from the Indonesian population. Materials and Methods: Computed tomography records of children under 5 years of age were extracted from a provincial hospital. The images were then filtered based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and then the 2D slices were reconstructed using the open source software Invesalius. Twenty-five variable nasolabial parameters of the nasolabial structure were then measured in the 3D rendering mode. Images with craniofacial dysmorphism or cannulas that passed over the nasolabial structure were excluded. Results were summarized using descriptive statistics. Results: Fourteen of 128 CT images were included in this study. The samples were divided into two age groups: 0-12 months and 25-54 months. There were moderate to strong, positive correlations between age and all nasolabial variables, which were statistically significant (p<0.05) except for nasal length, nares circumference, columella width, superior philtrum width, philtrum column height, and cutaneous upper lip height. Conclusions: This study described anthropometric measurements of normal nasolabial structures as a reference point for lip correction surgery. However, to obtain more accurate anthropometric guidelines, further studies with larger sample sizes are desirable. Although surgical repair of the lip is usually performed within the first year of life, some cases of surgery are performed after infancy.

Antecedentes: La estructura nasolabial normal de bebés y niños de grupos de ascendencia de Asia oriental, específicamente de Indonesia, ha sido menos explorada en la literatura. Este estudio antropométrico se utiliza como guía en la reparación del labio en pacientes con fisuras. Este estudio retrospectivo utilizó imágenes de tomografía computarizada archivadas de la población indonesia. Materiales y Métodos: Se extrajeron los registros de tomografía computarizada de niños menores de 5 años de un hospital provincial. Luego, las imágenes se filtraron según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión y luego se reconstruyeron los cortes 2D utilizando el software de código abierto Invesalius. Luego se midieron veinticinco parámetros nasolabiales variables de la estructura nasolabial en el modo renderizado 3D. Se excluyeron imágenes con dismórfica craneofacial y cánula que pasa sobre la estructura nasolabial. Los resultados se resumen mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultado: En este estudio se incluyeron catorce de 128 imágenes de TC. Las muestras se dividieron en dos grupos de edad: 0-12 meses y 25-54 meses. Hubo una correlación positiva de moderada a fuerte entre la edad y todas las variables nasolabiales, que fueron estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) excepto la longitud nasal, la circunferencia de las narinas, el ancho de la columela, el ancho del filtrum superior, la altura de la columna del filtrum y la altura cutánea del labio superior. Conclusión: Este estudio describió las medidas antropométricas de estructuras nasolabiales normales como base para la cirugía de corrección de labios. Sin embargo, para obtener directrices antropométricas más precisas, son deseables más estudios con tamaños de muestra más grandes. Aunque la reparación quirúrgica del labio normalmente se realiza dentro del primer año de vida, en algunos casos la cirugía se realiza después de la infancia.

Clinical characteristics of eosinophilic gastroenteritis in children under six years old / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of eosinophilic gastroenteritis in children under 6 years old.Methods:The clinical data，laboratory examinations，imaging examinations，gastrointestinal endoscopy，histopathology，treatment，and prognosis of patients under 6 years old with eosinophilic gastroenteritis who were hospitalized in the Department of Gastroenterology，Beijing Children's Hospital from January 1，2016 to December 31，2022 were collected and analyzed.Results:A total of 31 children under 6 years of age with eosinophilic gastroenteritis were enrolled in the study,including 14 cases≤3 years old and 17 cases>3 years old, and 38.71% (12/31) of them had multiple sites involved. The main clinical manifestations were abdominal pain（20/31，64.52%），vomiting（11/31，35.48%），hematochezia（7/31，22.58%），and diarrhea（7/31，22.58%）.The children with eosinophilic duodenitis and eosinophilic colitis were more likely to have abdominal pain, with an incidence of 83.33%(10/12)（ P<0.05）. Eosinophilia increased in 70.97%（22/31）of children，which was more common in children >3 years of age（88.24% vs. 50.00%， P<0.05）.Anemia was seen in 29.03%（9/31）of the patients，and it was more common in children under 3 years of age（50.00% vs. 11.76%， P<0.05）.Hypoalbuminemia was found in 22.58%（7/31）of patients. Specific IgE（sIgE）was positive in 73.33%（22/30）of children. Milk，egg，and wheat were the most common allergens. Gastrointestinal endoscopy showed mucosal edema（29/31，93.55%），erythema（26/31，83.87%），roughness（12/31，38.71%），ulcer（10/31，32.26%），et al.All children were treated with the elimination diet. Besides,10 cases were treated with omeprazole, 16 cases were treated with montelukast, and 17 cases were treated with glucocorticoid. The incidence of relapse or steroid resistance was 32.26%（10/31），and 70.00%（7/10）of them occurred within one year of treatment. Conclusion:Eosinophilic gastroenteritis in children under 6 years of age may involve single or multiple sites.Abdominal pain is the most common clinical manifestation. Children may have elevated peripheral blood eosinophils，anemia，or hypoalbuminemia.Most children have food allergens. Nearly one-third of children experience relapse or steroid resistance.

Analysis of recessive infection of hand, foot and mouth disease and associated risk factors among healthy children and guardians in Qingdao / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the recessive infection rate of healthy children and guardians in different epidemic periods of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Qingdao, analyze the risk factors affecting recessive infection, so as to provide the basis for HFMD prevention and control.@*Methods@#In the nonepidemic period of 2022, the random cluster sampling method was used to selected 546 children and guardians from 4 childcare institutions in Laoshan District and Pingdu City. In the epidemic period of 2023, 690 children and guardians were selected from 6 childcare institutions in Shibei District, Laoshan District and Pingdu District. A questionnair survey was conducted in the epidemic period. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors affecting the recessive infection. Dominance analysis was used to explore the relative importance of the risk factors affecting recessive infection.@*Results@#The results showed that the recessive infection rates of healthy children and guardians in the epidemic period were 18.84% and 13.62%, respectively; the recessive infection rates were 9.09% and 4.44% in the nonepidemic period, respectively. The results of multivariate Logistic analysis showed that rural areas (OR=4.71, 95%CI=2.57-8.61) and recessive infection of guardians (OR=18.62, 95%CI=7.45-46.56) were positively correlated with recessive infection of HFMD in healthy children (P<0.05). Washing hands (OR=0.09, 95%CI=0.04-0.20), using towels alone (OR=0.17, 95%CI=0.07-0.40), and EV71 vaccination (OR=0.42, 95%CI=0.20-0.87) were negatively correlated with recessive infection of HFMD in healthy children (P<0.05). Public toilets (OR=3.02, 95%CI=1.50-6.09) and drying bedding once per quarter (OR=3.89, 95%CI=1.75-8.68) were positively correlated with recessive infection of HFMD in healthy guardians. Housing with good lighting (OR=0.31, 95%CI=0.12-0.79), and tableware disinfection (OR=0.31, 95%CI=0.15-0.65) were negatively correlated with recessive infection of HFMD in healthy guardians (P<0.05). The results showed that recessive infection of guardians was relatively the most important for healthy children (41.51%), and tableware disinfection was relatively the most important for recessive infection of guardians (28.87%).@*Conclusions@#The recessive infections of HFMD are common among healthy populations in Qingdao, and the recessive infection rate among children during the epidemic period is relatively higher. Guardians play an important role in the recessive infection of healthy children. Therefore, healthy education should be strengthened for key populations, especially to enhance parents awareness of prevention and control to reduce the occurrence of recessive infections of hand, foot and mouth disease in children and guardians.

Correlation analysis between preschool children s emotional competence and home rearing environment / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the correlation between preschool children s emotional competence and home rearing environment in Shangrao City, so as to provide support for improving children s emotional competence development as well as their home rearing environment.@*Methods@#A total of 1 242 children aged 3-6 years old from 10 kindergartens in Shangrao City were retrospectively investigated by stratified cluster random sampling method in December 2022, and the Children s Emotional Adjustment Scale-Preschool Version (CEAS-P) and the Home Nurture Environment Scale for children aged 3-6 were surveyed on parents of preschool children. The t-test was used to test the difference, Spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of preschool children s emotional competence.@*Results@#There were significant differences in emotional competence scores of preschool children for demographic indicators including age, place of residence, health status and whether they were only children ( F/t =5.98, 6.56, 38.00, 2.23, P <0.01). The emotional competence of preschool children was positively correlated with the home rearing environment ( r=0.62, P <0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that diverse activities/play participation, social adaptation/self management, and emotional warmth/self expression in home rearing environment were positive predictors of children s emotional ability ( β =0.30, 0.28, 0.16), while neglect/intervention/punishment were negative predictors ( β =-0.09)( P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#The home rearing environment is a factor related to young children s emotional competence. It is suggested specific parenting initiatives such as enriching family activities and play, strengthening children s self adaptation and management, giving warmth and let children express emotions, and preventing child neglect, interference and punishment should be conducted to improve children s emotional competence.

Differential characteristics of motor development levels, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility processing in preschool children / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the neural processing differences in inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility associated with motor development levels in preschool children, so as to provide a basis for motor learning and cognitive development in preschool children.@*Methods@#From March 20 to 31 in 2023, a total of 84 preschool children aged 4-6 were recruited from two kindergartens in Xi an City. The MOBAK-KG Motor Development Assessment Scale was used to assess the children s motor development levels. The Go/no go task paradigm was employed to test inhibitory control ability, and the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task paradigm was utilized to evaluate cognitive flexibility. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to monitor the preschool children s prefrontal cortex oxygenation dynamics during inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility tasks. Malab software and Homer 2 plugins were used to calculate prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin concentration of preschool children during the tasks.@*Results@#The high motor skills group exhibited significantly higher task accuracy during inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility tasks [0.95(0.92, 0.97),(0.54±0.12)] compared to the low motor skill group[0.93(0.85, 0.97),(0.45±0.13)] ( Z/t =-2.09, 3.14 , P <0.05). During the inhibitory control task, the high motor skill group [0.24(0.10,0.41), 0.34(0.16,0.62), 0.30(0.07, 0.52 ), 0.26(0.09, 0.53), 0.15(0.01, 0.43), 0.34(0.10, 0.67)mol/L] showed significantly higher oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (L-DLPFC, R-DLPFC), left and right pars triangular Broca s areas ( L- PTBA, R-PTBA), and left and right frontopolar areas (L-FPA, R-FPA) compared to the low motor skill group [0.04( -0.13 , 0.15), 0.00(-0.12, 0.11), -0.01(-0.17, 0.14), 0.04(-0.14, 0.16), -0.01(-0.16, 0.12), -0.03(-0.21, 0.15) mol/L ] ( Z=-4.83, -5.57, -4.77, -4.10, -3.45, -5.74, P ＜0.01). During the cognitive flexibility task, the high motor skill group[0.21(0.03, 0.36), 0.28(0.15, 0.45), 0.15(0.05, 0.30), 0.20(0.05, 0.37), 0.04(-0.17, 0.26), 0.14(-0.08, 0.40) mol/L ] exhibited significantly higher oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the L-DLPFC, R-DLPFC, L-PTBA, R-PTBA, L- FPA, R-FPA brain regions compared to the low motor skill group [0.02(-0.20, 0.23), 0.02(-0.12, 0.21), 0.00(-0.22, 0.16 ), 0.00(-0.16, 0.15), -0.05(-0.25, 0.06), 0.01(-0.23, 0.20)mol/L] ( Z=-3.63, -4.45, -3.58, -3.75, -2.18, -1.98 , P ＜0.05).@*Conclusions@#The motor development level in preschool children is closely related to inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. It is crucial to emphasize motor learning in early childhood to further promote holistic development of both mind and body.

Effects of moderate intensity gymnastics on executive function in children aged 5 to 6 years / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#The study aims to investigate the impact of moderate intensity gymnastics on the development of executive function in children aged 5-6, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for exercise interventions targeting executive function.@*Methods@#A total of 63 preschool children, randomly seleted from 3 senior classes in a private kindergarten in Shangqiu, were randomly allocated to the intervention group ( n =31) and control group ( n =32). Children in the intervention group participated in 60 minute gymnastics at a moderate intensity, three times per week, for a total duration of 12 weeks. Concurrently, myzone technology was utilized to monitor exercise intensity throughout the entire intervention period. Children in the control group maintained their regular activities. Inhibitory control (Flanker task), working memory (Empty house task), and cognitive flexibility (Dots task) were assessed before and after the experiment.@*Results@#There was no statistically significant difference in the performance of inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility tasks between the two groups of children before intervention ( P >0.05) .The results of covariance analysis revealed significant differences in reaction time [(782.88±24.29，805.13±23.74；719.90±119.99， 833.55± 177.87；1 042.39±72.75，1 091.29±49.42) ms] and accuracy[(73.86±7.26)%，(67.02±8.22)%;(86.36±7.63)%，( 80.50± 9.39 )%;(76.45±9.48)%，(69.59±7.66)%] across inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility between the intervention group and the control group ( F =6.84, 4.50，4.87, 6.11, 3.74 , 5.06 , P <0.05). The intervention effect exhibited modest effects( d =0.17-0.74).@*Conclusions@#Moderate intensity gymnastics can make modest or moderate effect on improving children s executive function. Brain imaging technology can be incorporated into future research designs to investigate the underlying mechanisms of gymnastics impact on the brain structure and executive function in young children.

The effect of mini basketball on upper limb strength performance in children aged 4-6 years: a Meta analysis / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To systematically evaluate the effect of mini basketball on children s upper limb strength in China, and to provide basis for the development of kindergarten mini basketball and the improvement of children s upper limb strength performance.@*Methods@#CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched from the establishment of the database to July 26, 2023. The PICOST model was used for literature screening, and 13 literature with a total of 20 studies were finally included. The Cochrane System Evaluation Criteria was used for literature quality evaluation. Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 17 were used for statistical analysis and publication bias test.@*Results@#A total of 939 children were included in 20 studies, including 470 in the experimental group and 469 in the control group. Meta analysis showed that mini basketball had an extremely significant effect on the improvement of children s upper limb strength ( SMD=0.83, 95%CI=0.53-1.13, Z=5.40, P < 0.01 ). The results of subgroup analysis showed that there was no significant gender difference in the improvement of children s upper limb strength by mini basketball ( P >0.05), mini basketball exercise with an intervention time of less than or equal to 30 minutes ( SMD=0.49, 95%CI=0.29-0.70, Z=4.70, P <0.01) and an exercise cycle of more than 12 weeks ( SMD=1.25, 95%CI=0.54-1.96, Z= 3.45 , P<0.01) can achieve a better intervention effect on the upper limb strength of children. Meta regression results showed that the exercise intervention time was the main source of heterogeneity ( t=2.71, 95%CI= 1.38-22.93, P <0.05). Egger s test showed that the publication bias of the included studies was not statistically significant ( t=0.78, P >0.05).@*Conclusions@#Mini basketball training can improve the upper limb strength of children, but there is no significant gender difference. The upper limb strength is affected by the restriction of intervention time and exercise cycle. Schools can appropriately add small basketball in physical education classes to improve children s upper limb strength.

Impact of 24 h movement behaviors on fundamental motor skills in preschool children / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the association between 24 h movement behaviors (physical activity, sleep, and screen time) and fundamental motor skills (FMS) in preschool children, in order to provide the reference and basis for ensuring the longterm development of childrens motor skills.@*Methods@#A total of 607 children aged 3 to 5 years old were selected from 6 kindergartens of 6 urban districts in Taiyuan in March 2022, through a combination of convenient sampling and stratified cluster random sampling method, and the baseline test was conducted to collect data on the childrens 24 h movement behaviors and FMS; the followup test after one year was carried out in March 2023 to collect FMS data. The test of gross motor development-3rd was used to assess the childrens FMS levels. Physical activity and sleep duration were measured using ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers, while screen time was reported by parents. Pearson correlation analysis, hierarchial and binary Logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the association of 24 h movement behavior with FMS.@*Results@#The results of baseline showed that total of physical activity (TPA) at baseline was positively associated with manipulation skills, mobility skills and total score of TGMD-3 (β=0.40, 3.87, 4.27, P<0.01). The followup results after one year indicated that lowintensity physical activity (LPA) and screen time at baseline were negatively associated with increased TGMD-3 scores one year later (β=-1.93, -0.79, P<0.01). Conversely, baseline moderatetovigorousintensity physical activity (MVPA), TPA and sleep duration were positively associated with increased TGMD-3 scores after one year (β=4.62, 4.51, 3.19, P<0.01). The followup results showed that meeting 2 or 3 items of the 24 h movement behavior guidelines was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of achieving motor skill proficiency (OR=2.31, 3.32, P<0.01) compared to not meeting any 24 h movement behavior guideline after one year.@*Conclusions@#MVPA and enough sleep could positively affect FMS improvement, whereas LPA and long screen time could negatively affect FMS improvement at one year followup. Schools and families should ensure that preschool children meet the recommended standards of the 24 h movement behavioral guidelines to promote longterm development of FMS.

The moderating role of estradiol in the relationship between parenting styles and preschool children s behavioral problems / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the moderating role of estradiol in the relationship between parenting styles and preschool children's behavioral problems, so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving the development of human s emotional health development in early life stage.@*Methods@#During September to November in 2022, 354 children aged 3-6 years and their parents from two kindergartens in Bengbu City were chosen by using stratified cluster sampling method for the questionnaire survey. The Parenting Style Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were used to collect information on parenting style and child behavioral problems. Salivary estradiol of children was collected and tested. Independent samples t test was applied to compare the scores of the scale for parental up bringing and children s behavioral problems, and Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationship among parental upbringing, estradiol and children s behavioral problems.@*Results@#Parents doting, laissez faire, autocratic, and inconsistent parenting styles were positive associated with child behavior problems( r =0.14-0.70); fathers democratic parenting style was negatively associated with child behavior problems( r =-0.14，-0.22，-0.21，-0.17，-0.27，-0.20); mothers democratic parenting styles was negatively correlated with scores on all five dimensions of child behavior problems except the withdrawal dimension ( r =-0.14，-0.12，-0.13，-0.21，-0.12)( P <0.05). Estradiol levels had significant moderating effects on maternal doting parenting style and children s withdrawal ( β =0.68) as well as social problems ( β =-1.00), also moderating laissez faire parenting styles and children s withdrawal problems ( β =0.75)( P <0.05). For children with low levels of estradiol, withdrawal problem scores were negatively associated with mother s doting parenting style and positively associated with laissez faire parenting style, and socialization problem scores were associated with mother s doting parenting style; for children with high levels of estradiol, withdrawal problem scores were positively associated with mother s doting parenting style, and socialization problem scores were associated with mother s doting parenting style ( t=2.84, 6.24, 3.16 , 2.37, 4.49, P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#Parenting styles are strongly associated with child behavioral problems; estradiol levels play a moderating role in mothers doting, laissez faire parenting styles and children s withdrawal problems and social problems.Parents should adopt more positive parenting styles and focus on the role of estradiol levels in maternal education to reduce the occurrence of behavioral problems in children.

Effects of group sports game intervention on social skills and quality of life in children with austism spectrum disorders / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the effects of group sports game intervention on social ability and quality of life of children with austism spectrum disorders (ASD),so as to provide reference for rehabilitation intervention of social and quality of life of children with ASD.@*Methods@#From September 2021 to January 2022, 72 children with ASD aged 4-6 in the children s rehabilitation department of Xiangyang Central Hospital were selected to participate in the study, and were randomly divided into experimental group ( n =36) and control group ( n =36). The control group received routine rehabilitation training (including individual sports game training), and the experimental group replaced individual sports game training with group sports game training on the basis of routine rehabilitation.The course content mainly included three parts: warm up before class, group sports games and relaxation after class. The course combined social skills with sports games, and was carried out in a group form (divided into 12 groups with 3 people in each group), and was trained five times a week for 60 minutes, for a total of 12 weeks. The scores of Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Version 4.0 Generic Core Scales (PedsQL 4.0) were observed before and after treatment. t-test and χ 2 test were used for statistical analysis.@*Results@#There was no significant difference in SRS scores between the experimental group and the control group before intervention ( t =-0.63, P >0.05). After the intervention, the total response rate in the experimental group was 83.33 %, higher than 41.67% in the control group χ 2=13.33, P <0.05),and the SRS scores decreased in the experimental group and control group ( t =17.75,8.71, P <0.05). The SRS scale score of the experimental group Social perception (17.67±4.12) , social cognition (30.33±4.99) , social communication (50.33±9.39) , social motivation (24.25±6.78) scores and total scores ( 152.67± 25.82) were lower than those of the control group(22.17±5.34，36.00±4.13，62.58±11.07，34.42±7.13，186.33±29.03)( t = -4.88，-2.03，-2.13，-3.58，-3.01， P ＜0.05).After the intervention, the scores of social function (53.33±18.01) and total score (283.83±51.83) on PedsQL 4.0 scale in experimental group were higher than those in control group(23.33±15.13，218.00±39.01) ( t =4.42，3.52， P ＜0.05). After the intervention, Autism Treatment Evaluation Scale (ATEC) scores of experimental groups(44.33±14.72) was lower than that in control group ( 59.33±16.95)( t =-2.32, P ＜0.05).@*Conclusion@#The intervention of group sports game has a significant effect on improving social ability and life quality of children with ASD.

Utilization of dental services by preschool children: prevalence and associated factors

Abstract Dental associations worldwide recommend that the first dental visit should take place before 12 months of age; however, preschoolers' utilization of dental services remains low. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of, and factors associated with, dental services utilization among children aged 1 to 3 years. This was a cross-sectional study carried out in the city of Diamantina, MG, Brazil, and involved a sample of 308 child-mother pairs. Mothers completed a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic and economic aspects of the family and characteristics pertaining to their child's oral health. The clinical assessment of the children included dental caries, trauma, malocclusion, and mucosal changes. Analysis of the data comprised statistical description, application of the chi-square test, and Poisson's regression analysis. Among the children studied, 39.6% had attended at least one dental visit in their lifetime. Children whose families had a greater number of members relying on the family's income (PR = 1.40, 95%CI:1.04 -1.89, p = 0.028) and those with moderate/extensive dental caries (Codes 3-6 of the ICDAS; PR = 1.44, 95%CI: 1.08 -1.93, p = 0.014) exhibited a higher prevalence of dental services utilization. In conclusion, the prevalence of dental services utilization among children aged 1 to 3 years was low, and was associated with a greater number of family members relying on the family's income, and with the occurrence of moderate/extensive dental caries.

Parents' or legal guardians' beliefs and attitudes about childhood vaccination: a scoping review / Creencias y actitudes de padres o tutores legales sobre la vacunación infantil: revisión del alcance / Crenças e atitudes de pais ou responsáveis legais sobre a vacinação infantil: revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT Objective: to map scientific evidence about perceptions, beliefs, knowledge and attitudes of parents or legal guardians of children under 5 years of age regarding routine childhood vaccination. Methods: a scoping review, conducted in accordance with the JBI framework. The searches were carried out in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and LILACS databases. A total of 5,535 studies were returned and 77 were selected, which met the inclusion criteria. Results: perceptions related to interaction with healthcare professionals and services, with family organization and structure, with social interaction and public policies, cultural, religious and personal beliefs, knowledge about vaccination schedule, vaccination and immunization process and sources of information are the main factors mapped and which can positively or negatively influence parents' or legal guardians' attitudes towards vaccinating children. Conclusions: the findings allow us to identify factors related to parents' perception and beliefs about childhood vaccination.

RESUMEN Objetivo: mapear la evidencia científica sobre las percepciones, creencias, conocimientos y actitudes de padres o tutores legales de niños menores de 5 años respecto de la vacunación infantil rutinaria. Métodos: revisión del alcance, realizada de acuerdo con el marco del JBI. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus y LILACS. Se devolvieron 5.535 estudios y se seleccionaron 77, que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusion. Resultados: percepciones relacionadas con la interacción con los profesionales y servicios de salud, con la organización y estructura familiar, con la interacción social y las políticas públicas, creencias culturales, religiosas y personales, el conocimiento sobre el calendario de vacunación, el proceso de vacunación e inmunización y las fuentes de información son los principales factores mapeados y que pueden influir positiva o negativamente en las actitudes de los padres o tutores legales hacia la vacunación de los niños. Conclusiones: los hallazgos permiten identificar factores relacionados con la percepción y creencias de los padres sobre la vacunación infantil.

RESUMO Objetivo: mapear as evidências científicas acerca das percepções, crenças, conhecimentos e atitudes de pais ou responsáveis legais de crianças menores de 5 anos quanto à vacinação infantil de rotina. Métodos: revisão de escopo, conduzida de acordo com o referencial do JBI. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus e LILACS. Retornaram 5.535 estudos e foram selecionados 77, que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Resultados: percepções relacionadas à interação com os profissionais e serviços de saúde, com a organização e estrutura familiar, com a interação social e políticas públicas, crenças culturais, religiosas e pessoais, conhecimentos sobre o calendário vacinal, o processo de vacinação e imunização e fontes de informação são os principais fatores mapeados e que podem influenciar positiva ou negativamente a atitudes dos pais ou responsáveis legais em vacinar crianças. Conclusões: os achados permitem identificar fatores relacionados à percepção e crenças dos pais sobre vacinação infantil.

New-onset childhood extensive cutaneous lichen planus following asymptomatic COVID-19 infection: report of a case / Líquen plano cutâneo extenso de início recente na infância após infecção assintomática por COVID-19: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to describe a case of cutaneous lichen planus (LP) that appeared following COVID-19 infection. Case description: We report a case of extensive cutaneous classic familial LP in a 4-year-old male child after an asymptomatic serologically confirmed COVID-19 infection. The patient developed intensely itchy, purple, flat-topped papules and plaques, mainly on the dorsal surface of the hands, feet, forearms, and shins. Histopathological examination of the skin biopsy showed vacuolar and apoptotic degeneration of the basal cell layer with a band-like lymphocyte infiltrate at the dermo-epidermal junction and confirmed the diagnosis of LP. Comments: LP could be considered among the differential diagnoses of pediatric post-COVID inflammatory skin lesions, either in the patients recovering from COVID-19 infection or in the suspicious asymptomatic cases in close contact with COVID-19-infected patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever um caso de líquen plano cutâneo (LP) após infecção por COVID-19. Descrição do caso: Relatamos um caso de LP familiar clássico extenso cutâneo em uma criança de quatro anos de idade após uma infecção por COVID-19 assintomática e sorologicamente confirmada. O paciente desenvolveu pápulas e placas intensamente pruriginosas, roxas e achatadas, principalmente na superfície dorsal das mãos, pés, antebraços e canelas. O exame histopatológico da biópsia de pele mostrou degeneração vacuolar e apoptótica da camada basal com infiltrado de linfócitos em faixa na junção dermoepidérmica e confirmou o diagnóstico de líquen plano. Comentários: O líquen plano pode ser considerado entre os diagnósticos diferenciais de lesões cutâneas inflamatórias pós-COVID pediátricas, tanto em pacientes em recuperação de infecção por COVID-19 quanto em casos assintomáticos suspeitos em contato próximo com pacientes infectados por COVID-19.

Validade baseada nos processos de respostas - Protocolo MMBGR Lactentes e Pré-escolares: Instrutivo e História Clínica Miofuncional Orofacial / Validity based on the response processes of the MMBGR Protocol Infants and Preschoolers: Instructional and Orofacial Myofuncional Clinical History

RESUMO Objetivo Apresentar a etapa da evidência de validade baseada nos processos de respostas do Protocolo MMBGR Lactentes e Pré-escolares: Instrutivo e História Clínica Miofuncional Orofacial. Método Estudo desenvolvido conforme recomendações para validação de testes em Fonoaudiologia. Realizada análise da validade baseada nos processos de resposta do instrumento. Participaram dez fonoaudiólogos, que atuam em clínica e/ou pesquisa da Motricidade Orofacial com população entre 6 e 71 meses de idade, que aplicaram o Protocolo MMBGR Lactentes e Pré-escolares: Instrutivo e História Clínica Miofuncional Orofacial junto aos responsáveis pelas crianças. Os fonoaudiólogos emitiram apreciação sobre aplicabilidade do instrumento via formulário eletrônico do Google®, contendo questões dicóticas e/ou múltipla escolha, e escala likert com espaço para justificar respostas negativas. Os dados foram tabulados em planilhas Microsoft Excel 2016® e analisados pelo Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC). Utilizado software R Core Team 2022 (Versão 4.2.2). Resultados Todos os itens do Protocolo MMBGR Lactentes e Pré-escolares: Instrutivo e História Clínica Miofuncional Orofacial foram válidos na aplicação em contexto real. Protocolo de História Clínica Miofuncional Orofacial - IVC 100% quanto à facilidade de aplicação e preenchimento, e uso na prática profissional; e IVC 90% quanto à utilidade para clínica fonoaudiológica. O Instrutivo obteve IVC 80% quanto à utilidade e 70% referente à necessidade de leitura prévia para preenchimento do Protocolo MMBGR Lactentes e Pré-escolares. Conclusão O Instrutivo e o Protocolo História Clínica Miofuncional Orofacial, pertencentes ao protocolo MMBGR - Lactentes e Pré-escolares tiveram comprovada validade baseada nos processos de resposta, para uso na clínica fonoaudiológica.

ABSTRACT Purpose Present the step of evidence of validity based on the responses to procedures of the MMBGR Protocol Infants and Preschoolers: Instructional and Orofacial Myofunctional Clinical History. Methods Study developed according to phonoaudiologic tests validations recommendations. Validity analysis performed based on the process of instrument response. Ten speech therapists, that work on phonoaudiology clinic and/or orofacial myofunctional research on the population with age between 6 to 71 months, participated and applied the MMBGR Protocol Infants and Preschoolers: Instructional and Orofacial Myofunctional Clinical History with those responsible for the children. The speech therapists appraised the instrument applicability via Google®️ electronic forms, containing dichotic and/or multiple-choice questions, and likert scale with space to justify negative answers. The data was tabulated on Microsoft Excel 2016®️ worksheets and analyzed by the content validity index (CVI). The software R Core Team 2022 (Versão 4.2.2) was used. Results All items from the MMBGR Protocol Infants and Preschoolers: Instructional and Orofacial Myofunctional Clinical History were valid when applied to real contexts. Orofacial Myofunctional Clinic history protocol- IVC 100% in terms of ease of application and filling and usage in professional practice; IVC 90% in terms of usefulness for phonoaudiology clinic. The instructional got IVC 80% in terms of clinic usefulness and 70% regarding to the prior reading necessity to fill the MMBGR Protocol Infants and Preschoolers. Conclusion The Instrucional and Orofacial Myofunctional Clinical History, in the MMBGR Protocol Infants and Preschoolers had its validity proven based on the processes of responses to the usage on phonoaudiology clinic.

Anemia y el desarrollo de la psicomotricidad en la primera infancia / Anemia and the development of psychomotor skills in early childhood / Anemia e desenvolvimento psicomotor na primeira infância

Los bajos niveles de hemoglobina se definen como una concentración baja de hemoglobina en la sangre. La activad metabólica cerebral está vinculada con el desarrollo psicomotor. El desarrollo psicomotor durante la infancia se desarrolla a partir de los reflejos innatos, se organizan en esquemas de conducta, se internalizan durante el segundo año de vida como modelos de pensamiento. En Perú, se contabilizan el 50.99% de los niños con bajos niveles de concentración de hemoglobina en menores de 3 años. Objetivo. Identificar la relación entre la anemia y el desarrollo de la psicomotricidad en la primera infancia. Materiales y Métodos. Para evaluar los niveles de hemoglobina se empleó el método de la azidametahemoglobina, con un hemoglobinómetro, y para evaluar el desarrollo psicomotor se empleó la escala del desarrollo psicomotor. En el estudio participaron 32 niños de 6 a 24 meses de edad. Resultados. El 40,6% presenta niveles de hemoglobina entre 14,2 - 17.2 g/dl, el 31,3% presenta niveles de hemoglobina entre 13.2 -14.1 g/dl seguido del 25,0% que presenta niveles de hemoglobina entre 10,2 -13.1 g/dl y el 3.1% presenta niveles de hemoglobina <10.2 g/dl; respecto al desarrollo psicomotor expresados en coeficiente de desarrollo se evidencia que el 59.4% de niños muestran un desarrollo normal seguido del 31.3% de niños que presenta un desarrollo en riesgo y 9.4% en retraso. Conclusiones. El coeficiente de desarrollo del niño(a) se encontró que la mayoría tiene un desarrollo psicomotor normal seguido de riesgo y de retraso, a pesar que mayoría tiene un coeficiente de desarrollo normal

Low hemoglobin levels are defined as a low hemoglobin concentration in the blood. Brain metabolic activity is linked to psychomotor development. Psychomotor development during infancy develops from innate reflexes, which are organized in behavioral schemes and internalized during the second year of life as thought models. In Peru, 50.99% of children under 3 years of age have low hemoglobin concentration levels. Objective. To identify the relationship between anemia and psychomotor development in early childhood. Materials and Methods. To evaluate hemoglobin levels, the azidametahemoglobin method was used, with a hemoglobinmeter, and to evaluate psychomotor development the psychomotor development scale was used. Thirty-two children aged 6 to 24 months participated in the study. Results. 40.6% presented hemoglobin levels between 14.2 - 17.2 g/dl, 31.3% presented hemoglobin levels between 13.2 -14.1 g/dl followed by 25.0% presenting hemoglobin levels between 10.2 -13.1 g/dl and 3.1% presented hemoglobin levels <10. 2 g/dl; with respect to psychomotor development expressed in development coefficient, 59.4% of children show normal development followed by 31.3% of children with development at risk and 9.4% with delayed development. Conclusions. The development coefficient of the child showed that most of the children have a normal psychomotor development followed by at risk and retardation, although most of them have a normal development coefficient.

Níveis baixos de hemoglobina são definidos como uma baixa concentração de hemoglobina no sangue. A atividade metabólica do cérebro está ligada ao desenvolvimento psicomotor. O desenvolvimento psicomotor durante a infância se desenvolve a partir de reflexos inatos, que são organizados em padrões de comportamento e internalizados durante o segundo ano de vida como padrões de pensamento. No Peru, 50,99% das crianças com menos de 3 anos de idade têm baixas concentrações de hemoglobina. Objetivo. Identificar a relação entre a anemia e o desenvolvimento psicomotor na primeira infância. Materiais e métodos. Para avaliar os níveis de hemoglobina, foi usado o método da azidameta-hemoglobina, com um hemoglobinômetro portátil HemoCue® Hb 201+ e, para avaliar o desenvolvimento psicomotor, foi usada a escala de desenvolvimento psicomotor. Trinta e duas crianças com idade entre 6 e 24 meses participaram do estudo. Resultados. 40,6% tinham níveis de hemoglobina entre 14,2 - 17,2 g/dl, 31,3% tinham níveis de hemoglobina entre 13,2 -14,1 g/dl, seguidos por 25,0% com níveis de hemoglobina entre 10,2 -13,1 g/dl e 3,1% com níveis de hemoglobina <10. 2 g/dl; com relação ao desenvolvimento psicomotor expresso em coeficiente de desenvolvimento, é evidente que 59,4% das crianças apresentam um desenvolvimento normal, seguido por 31,3% de crianças que apresentam um desenvolvimento em risco e 9,4% em atraso. Conclusões. O coeficiente de desenvolvimento infantil mostrou que a maioria das crianças tem um desenvolvimento psicomotor normal, seguido por risco e atraso, embora a maioria delas tenha um coeficiente de desenvolvimento normal.

Fasciola hepatica en preescolares de un centro poblado en una región altoandina del Perú

Introducción: La infección por Fasciola hepatica es una enfermedad zoonótica de distribución mundial, desatendida y subdiagnosticada. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de Fasciola hepatica en una población preescolar en Tartar Chico, distrito de Baños del Inca, en la región Cajamarca. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 48 niños de una institución educativa inicial. Los padres entregaron 3 muestras de heces para el estudio parasitológico seriado y completaron una encuesta epidemiológica. La identificación de F. hepatica y otros parásitos se realizó con las pruebas de sedimentación rápida de Lumbreras, examen directo y Kato-Katz. Para describir usamos frecuencias y porcentajes, para el análisis bivariado aplicamos Chi-cuadrado o prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: La frecuencia de Fasciola hepatica fue 4,17%. Además, estimamos una proporción de 8,33% para Ascaris lumbricoides, 4,17% de Diphyllobothrium pacificum y 2,08% de uncinarias; así como parásitos contaminantes Entamoeba coli, Blastocystis hominis. Conclusión: Encontramos una frecuencia de 4,17% de fascioliasis entre preescolares de una comunidad altoandina del Perú.

Introduction: Fasciola hepatica infection is a globally distributed, neglected and underdiagnosed zoonotic disease. Objectives: To determine the frequency of Fasciola hepatica infection among a preschool population in Tartar Chico, Baños del Inca, Cajamarca. Methods: Cross-sectional study in 48 children of an initial educational institution. Parents delivered 3 stool samples for the serial parasitological study and completed an epidemiological survey. The identification of F. hepatica and other parasites was carried out with the Lumbreras rapid sedimentation tests, direct examination, and Kato-Katz. For descriptive analysis, frequency and percentages were used, for the bivariate analysis, Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used. Results: The frequency of F. hepatica was 4,17%. In addition, a proportion of 8,33% of Ascaris lumbricoides, 4,17% of Diphyllobothrium pacificum and 2,08% of hookworms; as well as contaminating parasites Entamoeba coli, Blastocystis hominis. Conclusions: A frequency of 4,17% of fascioliasis was found among preschoolers from a high Andean community in Peru.

Programa educativo sobre salud bucal dirigido a familias con hijos preescolares residentes en el Consejo Popular Balboa

Fundamento: la promoción de salud debe comenzar en edades tempranas del desarrollo, para que los niños adquieran estilos de vida saludables, que les resulten beneficiosos en el futuro. Objetivo: implementar un programa educativo de salud bucal, dirigido a las familias de los niños/ñas de tres a cinco años matriculados en el Programa Educa a tu hijo, de los consultorios ocho y nueve del Consejo Popular Ramón Balboa, del municipio Lajas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención, de septiembre del 2020 a julio del 2021, en la sede del Programa Educa a tu hijo, con 35 miembros de familia y 35 niños/as entre tres cinco años matriculados en dicho programa. Se analizaron las variables: conocimiento sobre higiene bucal, hábitos dietéticos y hábitos deformantes, medidas antes y después de la intervención educativa. Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino y edad de cuatro años. Los familiares tenían entre 20 y 34 años. Los principales factores de riesgo identificados fueron higiene bucal deficiente, cepillado dental incorrecto y dieta cariogénica. Antes de la intervención predominó el conocimiento regular sobre higiene bucal, un conocimiento malo sobre hábitos dietéticos y un mal nivel de conocimiento sobre hábitos deformantes. Después de la intervención se observó un mayor porcentaje de conocimiento bueno sobre higiene bucal, hábitos dietéticos y buen nivel de conocimiento sobre hábitos deformantes. Conclusiones después de aplicada la intervención educativa se evidenció una notable mejoría en los conocimientos sobre salud bucal.

Background: health promotion should begin at an early age of development, so that children acquire healthy lifestyles that will be beneficial in the future. Objective: to implement an educational oral health program, aimed at the families of children from three to five years old enrolled in the Educate your child Program, from clinics eight and nine of the Ramón Balboa neighborhood, in Lajas municipality. Methods: an intervention study was carried out, from September 2020 to July 2021, at the headquarters of the Educate your child program, with 35 family members and 35 children between three and five years old enrolled in this program. The analyzed variables were: knowledge about oral hygiene, dietary habits and deforming habits, measured before and after the educational intervention. Results: the female sex and age of four years prevailed. The relatives were between 20 and 34 years old. The main risk factors identified were poor oral hygiene, incorrect tooth brushing and cariogenic diet. Before the intervention, regular knowledge about oral hygiene, poor knowledge about dietary habits, and a poor level of knowledge about deforming habits prevailed. After the intervention, a higher percentage of good knowledge about oral hygiene, dietary habits and a good level of knowledge about deforming habits was observed. Conclusions: after applying the educational intervention, a notable improvement in knowledge about oral health was evidenced.

Programa de salud bucodental orientado a la prevención en la primera infancia

Fundamento el cuidado de la salud bucal en infantes es indispensable, pues en esta edad se establecen hábitos de una adecuada nutrición e higiene, los cuales permiten un correcto desarrollo cultural y psicosocial. Objetivo: evaluar un programa odontológico orientado a la atención de la salud bucodental en infantes. Métodos: estudio cuasiexperimental, con intervención educativa, aplicado en 100 infantes, en Nogoyá, los cuales participaron junto con sus tutores en tres talleres educativos. Se realizó una evaluación al inicio y final de estos. Para comparar el antes y después de la población se usó la prueba de U de Mann Whitney, con un nivel de significación del 95 %. Resultados: respecto a la intervención inicial y final, se estableció que el programa mejoró significativamente los resultados respecto al índice O'leary de distribución de la placa (p<0,001), índice gingival (p<0,001), e higiene bucal (p<0,001). Posterior a la realización de talleres educativos, se redujo el consumo de alimentos cariogénicos. Conclusiones: el programa realizado permitió reducir los niveles de placa, gingivitis, mejoró la higiene y alimentación saludable en los infantes.

Background oral health care in infants is essential, since at this age habits of adequate nutrition and hygiene are established, which allow a correct cultural and psychosocial development. Objective: to evaluate a dental program aimed at oral health care in infants. Methods: quasi-experimental study, with educational intervention, applied to 100 infants, in Nogoyá, who participated together with their tutors in three educational workshops. An evaluation was carried out at the beginning and end of these. To compare the before and after population, the Mann Whitney U test was used, with a significance level of 95%. Results: when analyzing the initial and final evaluation, it was established that the program significantly improved the results regarding the O'leary index of plaque distribution (p<0.001), gingival index (p<0.001), and oral hygiene (p< 0.001). After conducting educational workshops, the consumption of cariogenic foods was reduced. Conclusions: the program carried out allowed reducing the levels of plaque, gingivitis, improving hygiene and healthy eating in infants.

Relationship between sensory characteristics and gray matter volumes in children with autism spectrum disorders / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the potential relationship between sensory characteristics and gray matter volumes in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), to provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of children with ASD.@*Methods@#A total of 40 ASD children who were treated or recovered in Xi an medical institutions and 16 typically developing (TD) children who were from several kindergatens in Xi an were invited for participation. Sensory characteristics were evaluated by the sensory processing and self regulation checklist, 3D structural brain images were obtained with TIWI, and gray matter volumes were analyzed by voxel based morphometry. Sensory characteristics and gray matter volumes were compared between groups and the relationship between sensory characteristics and different gray matter volumes were analyzed.@*Results@#The scores of auditory, visual, tactile, sensory processing ability and sensory under responsivity in the ASD group were lower than those in the TD group ( Z/t =-2.63, -2.57 , -3.11, -2.19, -3.83, P <0.05). Gray matter volumes in nine brain regions increased in the ASD group compared to the TD group, including the left and right posterior inferior lobe, right parahippocamal gyrus, left insula, left media frontal gyrus, left superion occipital gyrus, right superion occipital gyrus, right superion parietal lobe, and right posterion central gyrus ( t =3.53, 3.69 , 3.37, 3.86, 3.61, 3.37, 4.04, 3.38, 3.16, P <0.01). In the ASD group, the scores of visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, sensory processing ability, sensory seeking behavior and sensory over responsivity were negatively correlated with gray matter volumes of left superior occipital gyrus ( r =-0.36, -0.40, -0.39, -0.36, -0.40, -0.36), and the scores of visual, vestibular, and sensory over responsivity were negatively correlated with gray matter volumes of the right superior parietal lobule ( r =-0.36, -0.50, -0.42)( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The presence of paresthesia in children with ASD is associated with gray matter volumes of the left superior occipital gyrus and right superior parietal lobule.