Analysis of birth surveillance results in Baoshan Districtfrom 2013 to 2022 / 预防医学

Objective @#To investigate the fertility level of registered population in Baoshan District, Shanghai Municipality and the incidence of adverse birth outcomes of live births from 2013 to 2022, so as to provide the evidence for improving maternal and child health care strategies. @*Methods@#The data pertaining to live births registered in Baoshan District from 2013 to 2022 were collected through the Shanghai Birth Medical Information System, including the basic information of live births and maternal fertility. The indicators such as fertility level, parity, birth age and incidence of adverse birth outcomes of live births were descriptively analyzed. The trend of crude birth rate and total fertility rate was analyzed by annual percent change (APC). @*Results@#A total of 56 719 live births were registered in Baoshan District from 2013 to 2022. The crude birth rate was 6.54‰, the total fertility rate was 31.78‰, and the sex ratio at birth was 105.61. The crude birth rate showed a downward trend from 2016 to 2022 (APC=-11.054%, P<0.05), and the total fertility rate showed a downward trend from 2017 to 2022 (APC=-10.377%, P<0.05). The proportion of second parity and above showed an increasing trend from 2013 to 2017 (P<0.05) and a decreasing trend from 2017 to 2022 (P<0.05). The maternal childbearing age showed an increasing trend from 2013 to 2022 (P<0.05), the incidence of premature infants and low birth weight infants showed an increasing trend (both P<0.05). The incidence of premature infants and low birth weight infants increased with the rising childbearing age (both P<0.05). @*Conclusions@#The fertility level in Baoshan District was relatively low from 2013 to 2022. The proportion of second parity and above showed an upward trend followed by a downward trend. The incidence of premature infants and low birth weight infants increased with the rising childbearing age.

Antenatal women's childbearing practices at the Niger Delta university teaching hospital, Okolobiri Nigeria

Background: Overpopulation in a community or a country reflects high fertility desires of its citizens. A country can only progress meaningfully if its resources and amenities can provide for all its citizens. Objectives: To examine the childbearing practices of antenatal attendees at the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Nigeria and whether there is any suggestion of fertility decline or transition. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of two hundred and fifty-two women who had antenatal care in the hospital during the study period. Data was collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.85. Data collected were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25. Statistical significance was a p-value <0.05. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 30.5 ± 5.9 years. More than half (53.6%) had tertiary education and 39.3% had secondary education. Only 29.4% were housewives/unemployed. The median parity was 2 and 229 women accounted for previous deliveries of 596 babies. The median desired total number of children was 4 (range 1 to 8). More than half (56.3%) did not believe in spacing after the first child. Seventy-six (30.2%) had no knowledge of modern contraceptives. There was a significant relationship (p - 0.018) between child sex preference and number of births. Conclusion: With a current median parity of two children/woman and desired total number of children of a median of four children/woman, the childbearing practices of the population studied may not result in a fertility rate far below the Nigeria national average of 5.3 children per woman. Nevertheless, a study to derive the total fertility rate in the study population is necessary to determine whether or not there is ongoing fertility transition.

Characteristics of Silent Alpha Thalassemia Gene in Child-Bearing Adults in Guangdong / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate characteristics of silent alpha thalassemia genes in child-bearing adults in Guangdong, in order to provide data for the prevention and control of hemoglobin H disease.@*METHODS@#A total of 8 752 cases were collected from January 2016 to December 2020. Gap-PCR was used to detect the deletional of α-thalassemia mutations (-α3.7, -α4.2), while PCR reverse dot blot hybridization assay (RDB) was used to detect the non-deletional α-thalassemia mutations (Hb CS, Hb QS and Hb Westmead).@*RESULTS@#Among 8 752 subjects, 717 cases of silent α-thalassemia were detected, the detection rate was 8.19%, including 555 cases of deletional α-thalassemia (77.41%) and 162 cases of non-deletional α-thalassemia 22.59%. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of deletional silent α-thalassemia was (82.09±4.10) fl, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) was (27.03±1.37) pg, which both were over the diagnostic cut-off value for thalassemia. The MCV of non-deletional silent α-thalassemia was (81.07±4.93) fl, and MCH was (26.77±2.20) pg. According to the diagnostic criteria, if using MCV<82 fl or (and) MCH<27 pg as a positive criteria for screening thalassemia in the childbearing age, the screening sensitivity was 53.14% and different in different genotype, among which ααQS/αα was 100%, -α3.7/αα, -α4.2/αα, ααCS/αα and ααWS/αα was 62.15%, 63.41%, 44.83% and 39.62%, respectively. Namely, nearly half the carriers of such mutations might have escaped detection as a result of their screening strategy.@*CONCLUSION@#When a couple is preparing for pregnancy, if one of them has been determined to be mild α-thalassemia or hemoglobin H disease, other half is necessary to carry out silent α thalassemia detection to prevent the birth of children with hemoglobin H disease even if MCV>82 fl and MCH>27 pg.

Gene Mutation Types of Thalassemia in Chongzuo Childbearing-age Population of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the gene mutation and genotype distribution of thalassemia in the population of childbearing age in Chongzuo area of Guangxi.@*METHODS@#Six α-thalassemia and 17 β-thalassemia gene mutations common in Chinese were detected by gap-polymerase chain reaction (gap-PCR) combined with agarose gel eletrophoresis and reserve dot bolt hybridization in 29 266 cases of child-bearing age suspected of thalassemia.@*RESULTS@#A total of 19 128 (65.36%) cases were identified with thalassemia. The detection rate of α-thalassemia, β-thalassemia and α-combining β-thalassemia was 45.25% (13 242/29 266), 15.47% (4 526/29 266) and 4.65% (1 360/29 266), respectively. A total carrying rate of 8 kinds of α-thalassemia gene mutations was 26.74% (15 649/58 532), including 12.51% for --SEA, followed by 5.70% for -α3.7, and 0.24% for --Thai. Among 32 α-thalassemia genotypes, the most common five were --SEA/αα, -α3.7/αα, αCSα/αα, -α4.2/αα and αWSα/αα, accounting for 47.27%, 18.31%, 8.56%, 8.52% and 7.91%, respectively, as well as 0.97% for --Thai/αα. A total carrying rate of 13 kinds of β-thalassemia gene mutations was 10.07% (5 897/58 532), including 3.63% for CD41-42, followed by 2.55% for CD17, and 0.003% for -50 (G>A). Among 17 β-thalassemia genotypes, the most common six were CD41-42/N, CD17/N, CD71-72/N, CD26/N, 28/N and IVSI-1/N, accounting for 36.15%, 25.81%, 9.43%, 8.18%, 8.09% and 7.75%. The homozygous genotype CD26/CD26 [hemoglobin (Hb): 121 g/L] and -28/-28 (Hb: 56 g/L) were respectively detected in one case, and double heterozygous genotype were detected in 5 cases, including 3 cases of CD41-42/CD26 (Hb: 41 g/L, 51 g/L, 63 g/L, respectively), 1 case of -28/IVSI-1 (Hb: 53 g/L), and 1 case of CD71-72/CD26 (Hb: 89 g/L), in which patients with moderate or severe anemia had a history of blood transfusion. Among 104 α-combining β-thalassemia genotypes, the most common were --SEA/αα, -α3.7/αα combining CD41-42/N and --SEA/αα combining CD17/N, accounting for 12.13%, 9.63% and 9.26%, respectively. In addition, 1 case of --SEA/-α3.7 combining -28/IVSI-1 (Hb: 83 g/L) and 1 case of -α3.7/αα combining CD41-42/ CD41-42 (Hb: 110 g/L) were detected without history of blood transfusion, while 1 case of αWSα/αα combining CD41-42/CD17 (Hb: 79 g/L) and 1 case of --SEA/αα combining CD17/-28 (Hb: 46 g/L) were detected with history.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The detection rate of thalassemia genes is high and the mutations are diverse in the population of childbearing age in Chongzuo area of Guangxi. The common deletion genotype is --SEA/αα in α-thalassemia and CD41-42/N in β-thalassemia, and deletion genotype --Thai is not rare. There is a certain incidence of intermediate and severe β-thalassemia, and most patients require transfusion therapy. The results are beneficial for genetic consultation and intervention of thalassemia.

Genetic variation and distribution characteristics of thalassemia in people of childbearing age in Hubei Province / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To study the genetic variation and distribution characteristics of thalassemia in people of childbearing age in Hubei Province, and to provide clinical basis for the local government decision-making departments to formulate and promote appropriate policies for prevention and control of thalassemia.Methods:Venous blood samples were collected from 44 849 people of childbearing age in hospitals in Hubei Province from May 13, 2019 to August 17, 2021. PCR-flow fluorescence hybridization and PCR+diversion hybridization were used to screen thalassemia genes. Spouses of those who tested positive were also tested for thalassemia genes. When both spouses carried the same type of thalassemia gene, the amniotic fluid of pregnant women was extracted for prenatal diagnosis and followed up.Results:Among the 44 849 people of childbearing age, 2 286 cases were diagnosed as thalassemia gene carriers through genetic testing, and the total detection rate was 5.10% (2 286/44 849). Among them, 1 488 cases were diagnosed as α-thalassemia, and the detection rate was 3.32% (1 488/44 849); 767 cases were diagnosed as β-thalassemia, and the detection rate was 1.71% (767/44 849); 31 cases were diagnosed as α-thalassemia combined with β-thalassemia, and the detection rate was 0.07% (31/44 849). The top three genotypes of α-thalassemia were -α 3.7/αα, -- SEA/αα, and -α 4.2/αα, accounting for 58.06% (864/1 488), 26.14% (389/1 488), and8.74% (130/1 488), respectively. The top three genotypes of β-thalassemia were β IVS-Ⅱ-654/β N, β CD41-42/β N, and β CD17/β N, accounting for 41.72% (320/767), 21.25% (163/767), and 16.04% (123/767), respectively. The main genotypes of α-thalassemia combined with β-thalassemia were -α 3.7/αα complex β IVS-Ⅱ-654/β N and -α 3.7/αα complex β CD41-42/β N, accounting for 29.03% (9/31) and 16.13% (5/31), respectively. A total of 59 people of childbearing age were conducted prenatal diagnosis, among fetus, there were 4 cases of severe thalassemia (2 cases of severe α-thalassemia, 2 cases of severe β-thalassemia), 5 cases of intermediate α-thalassemia, 5 cases of intermediate or severe β-thalassemia, 19 cases of mild thalassemia (8 cases of mild α-thalassemia, 11 cases of mild β-thalassemia), 13 cases of stationary α-thalassemia, and 1 case of stationary α-thalassemia combined with mild β-thalassemia, there were 12 cases without α-thalassemia or β-thalassemia genes. After follow-up, 4 cases of severe thalassemia, 2 cases of intermediate α-thalassemia, and 5 cases of intermediate or severe β-thalassemia were terminated pregnancy by the joint decision of both parents. Conclusions:In Hubei Province, the detection rate of thalassemia is high, and α-thalassemia is the main mutation type. The combination of thalassemia gene screening and prenatal diagnosis is of great significance in reducing the birth rate of children with thalassemia.

Research on serum metabolic markers of menopausal syndrome based on / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To find specific metabolic markers for women entering peri-menopausal period and patients with menopausal syndrome based on

Factors affecting decreased ovarian reserve among women of childbearing age / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the factors affecting decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) among women of childbearing age, so as to provide insights into prevention of DOR.@*Methods@#Women with DOR at ages of 18 to 40 years that were admitted to Department of Gynecology, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital during the period from January 2021 to June 2022 were recruited (DOR group), while healthy women at ages of 18 to 40 years during the same period served as normal controls. Participants' demographics, exercise, diet, previous medical history, childbearing history and menstruation were collected using questionnaire surveys. The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and estradiol (E2) levels were tested. Factors affecting DOR were identified among women of childbearing age using a multivariable logistic regression model.@*Results@#There were 200 participants in the DOR group, with a median (interquartile range) age of 32 (9) years, and 200 participants in the normal group, with a median (interquartile range) age of 29 (12) years. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that underweight (OR=2.935, 95%CI: 1.374-6.269), overweight/obesity (OR=2.612, 95%CI: 1.335-5.065), high-oil-high-glucose-high-salt diet (OR=2.653, 95%CI: 1.616-4.357), menstrual disorder (OR=1.977, 95%CI: 1.284-3.041) and lack of exercise (OR=3.392, 95%CI: 2.052-5.606) were statistically correlated with the development of DOR among women of childbearing age.@*Conclusions@#Underweight, overweight/obesity, high-oil-high-glucose-high-salt diet, menstrual disorder and lack of exercise are factors affecting the development of DOR among women of childbearing age.

La automedicación con anticonceptivos orales e inyectables en mujeres en edad fértil: resultados de un plan piloto / Self-medication with oral and injectable contraceptives in women of childbearing age: results of a pilot plan

La automedicación consiste en la selección y el uso de los medicamentos por parte de las personas, sin la participación del médico ni su prescripción, en este sentido es considerada como un fenómeno constante que se produce como consecuencia de necesidades y problemas de múltiples causas, sobre todo de índole económica. Materiales y métodos: Se realiza una investigación de campo, de corte transversal, tipo descriptiva. Se utilizó una prueba piloto para establecer la validez, pertinencia y coherencia para determinar el grado de confiabilidad del instrumento cuantitativo diseñado el cual fue validado por juicio de expertos. Se encuestó a 20 mujeres auto medicadas con anticonceptivo oral e inyectable, seleccionado de forma aleatoria. Resultados: en cuanto a la validación del instrumento se obtiene una puntuación de 99.4de validez, 99.2 de pertinencia y 99.4 de coherencia, en su totalidad de 298 dándonos como resultado final de 99.3 % de confiabilidad. Conclusión: el instrumento ha sido aprobado por su confiabilidad y validez, quedando apto para ser aplicados a la muestra que representa esta investigación(AU)

La automedicación consiste en la selección y el uso de los medicamentos por parte de las personas, sin la participación del médico ni su prescripción, en este sentido es considerado como un fenómeno constante que se produce como consecuencia de necesidades y problemas de múltiples causas, sobre todo de índole económica. Materiales y métodos: Se realiza una investigación de campo, de corte transversal, tipo descriptiva. Se obtuvo una prueba piloto para establecer la validez, pertinencia y coherencia para determinar el grado de confiabilidad del instrumento diseñado cuantitativamente el cual fue validado por juicio de expertos. Se encontró a 20 mujeres automedicadas con anticonceptivo oral e inyectable, seleccionadas de forma aleatoria. Resultados: en cuanto a la validación del instrumento se obtiene una puntuación de 99.4 de validez, 99.2 de pertinencia y 99.4 de coherencia, en su totalidad de 298 dándonos como resultado final de 99.3 % de confiabilidad. Conclusión: el instrumento ha sido aprobado por su confiabilidad y validez, quedando apto para ser aplicado a la muestra que representa esta investigación(AU)

Investigation and analysis of fertility intention and psychological pressure of women of childbearing age / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the fertility intention and psychological pressure of women of childbearing age in Yanshan County, Jiangxi Province, and to provide data support for the targeted promotion of fertility.Methods:Using the method of random sampling, women of childbearing age in 10 communities in Yanshan County, Jiangxi Province were given questionnaires and psychological stress rating tables to understand the basic information, the status of marriage and childbearing, childbearing intentions, and the Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS) score, and explore the related factors that may affect childbearing intentions and psychological stress of women of childbearing age.Results:In this survey, 1 500 questionnaires were distributed to women of childbearing age, 913 of which were returned, and 65.0%(593/913) of them were willing to have children. The CPSS score of women of childbearing age was 8-28(16.84±2.75). The CPSS scores of women of childbearing age in different occupations were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Public officials (including civil servants and employees of public institutions) had the least psychological pressure, while self-employed and other (unemployed) had the most psychological pressure. There was no significant difference in CPSS scores among women of childbearing age with different education levels, annual income levels, marital status and willingness to have children (all P>0.05). The correlation analysis showed that there was a statistical significance between the psychological pressure of women of childbearing age and their occupation ( r=0.230, P<0.05), and there was no significant correlation between other factors such as education level, annual income, fertility desire, fertility status, etc. and psychological pressure (all P>0.05). Conclusions:The fertility intention desire of women of childbearing age in Yanshan County, Jiangxi Province is basically normal, and the desire to have more children is not strong. There is no significant correlation between fertility intention and psychological pressure. The psychological pressure of women of childbearing age is significantly related to their occupation.

Genetic Analysis and Prenatal Diagnosis of Thalassemia in Couples of Childbearing Age in Quanzhou Region Fujian Province, China / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genotypes and prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia in couples of childbearing age in Quanzhou, Fujian Province.@*METHODS@#Blood routine and hemoglobin electrophoresis were performed for initial thalassemia screening in 76 328 couples in Quanzhou region from July 2017 to July 2020. The couples with positive initial screening results further underwent thalassemia gene test. Couples carrying homotypic thalassemia genes underwent prenatal diagnosis in the second trimester.@*RESULTS@#Among 76 328 couples of childbearing age, 1 809 couples of positive initial thalassemia screening were identified, with the positive rate about 2.37%. Further results of genetic detection of the 1 809 couples showed that 985 cases were diagnosed as α- thalassemia, of which --sea/αα was the most frequency, followed by -α3.7/αα and ααQS/αα; 296 cases were diagnosed as β-thalassemia, the most frequency mutations were 654M/N and 41-42M/N; 26 cases of compound α and β-thalassemia were detected. In addition, 3 rare cases of thalassemia were detected, including --THAI/αα, SEA-HPFH, and -α6.9/--sea. Among them, 108 couples were confirmed as homologous thalassemia, with the detection rate about 5.97%, including 96 couples of homologous α-thalassemia, 9 couples of homologous β-thalassemia, and 3 couples with one had compound α- and β-thalassemia. Among them, 17 couples with homologous α-thalassemia underwent prenatal diagnosis in the second trimester, of which 1 case of Hb Bart's Hydrops Syndrome, 3 cases of HbH disease, 9 cases of silent thalassemia or α-thalassemia minor, and 4 cases of healthy fetuses were detected. Fetal chromosome karyotype analysis showed that 16 cases were normal and 1 case diagnosed as Down syndrome.@*CONCLUSION@#Thalassemia screening in pre-marital and pre-pregnancy, and prenatal diagnosis can effectively reduce the birth of children with thalassemia intermediate and thalassemia major. It is necessary to perform chromosome karyotype analysis at the same time as prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia gene in order to avoid fetus with abnormal chromosome.

Total mercury exposure risk and selenium content measuring on fishery products consumed by women of childbearing age from Bogota, Colombia / Riesgo de exposición a mercurio total y medición del contenido de selenio en productos de la pesca consumidos por mujeres en edad fértil de Bogotá, Colombia

Background: Dietary exposure to mercury in women of childbearing age could result in neurological effects on the fetus. A health risk assessment of total mercury by fishery products intake has not been conducted in this population group in Bogota, Colombia. On the other hand, it has been suggested that selenium content on fishery products may have a protective effect against mercury toxicity. Nevertheless, selenium content on fish species marketed in Bogota has not been determined. Objective: Exposure risk to total mercury and selenium content on fishery products consumed by women of childbearing age from Bogota, Colombia, were assessed. Methods: Total mercury and selenium concentrations for products available at fish stores and supermarkets were determined. The exposure risk to total mercury was estimated considering the intake of these products by women of childbearing age group. Results: Total mercury highest concentrations were 0.8166 mg/kg in mota (Calophysusmacropterus), and 0.6275 mg/kg in catfish (Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum). On the other hand, the highest selenium concentration was 0.6471 mg/kg in nicuro (Pimelodus blochii). Finally, it was established that for women of childbearing age group, health risk of exposure to total mercury due to mota intake exceeded by 8.56-fold the reference dose. Conclusions:Mota intake considerably increases exposure risk to total mercury on women of childbearing age from Bogota, Colombia. The selenium levels established in the fishery products assessed, except for catfish and mota, are theoretically suggestive of a protective effect of selenium against mercury toxicity. Consequently, continuous total mercury concentrations monitoring is required to protect health of women of childbearing age and the general population from Bogota, Colombia

Antecedentes: La exposición dietética al mercurio en mujeres en edad fértil podría provocar efectos neurológicos en el feto. En Bogotá, Colombia no se han realizado evaluaciones de riesgo por la exposición al mercurio total debido a la ingesta de productos de la pesca en este grupo de la población. Por otro lado, ha sido sugerido que el contenido de selenio en los productos de la pesca podría tener un efecto protector frente a la toxicidad por mercurio, sin embargo, el contenido de selenio en las especies de peces comercializadas en Bogotá, Colombia no ha sido determinado. Objetivo: Evaluar el riesgo de exposición al mercurio total y el contenido de selenio en los productos de la pesca consumidos por las mujeres en edad fértil de Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: Se determinaron las concentraciones de mercurio total y selenio en distintos productos de la pesca disponibles en pescaderías y supermercados. El riesgo de exposición a mercurio total se estimó considerando la ingesta de estos productos por parte de un grupo de mujeres en edad fértil. Resultados: Las concentraciones más altas de mercurio total fueron de 0.8166 mg/kg en mota (Calophysus macropterus) y 0.6275 mg/kg en bagre (Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum). Por otro lado, la concentración más alta de selenio fue de 0.6471 mg/kg en nicuro (Pimelodus blochii). Finalmente, se estableció que el riesgo de exposición a mercurio total, debido a la ingesta de mota, excedió en 8.56 veces la dosis de referencia en el grupo de mujeres en edad fértil. Conclusiones: La ingesta de mota aumenta el riesgo de exposición al mercurio total en las mujeres en edad fértil de Bogotá, Colombia. Por otro lado, los niveles de selenio identificados en los productos evaluados, excepto en bagre y mota, teóricamente sugieren un posible efecto protector del selenio contra la toxicidad por mercurio. Considerando lo indicado, es necesario realizar un monitoreo continuo de las concentraciones de mercurio total en los productos de la pesca, con el fin de proteger la salud de las mujeres en edad fértil y de la población general de Bogotá, Colombia

Relación entre ingesta dietética y estado nutricional del hierro en mujeres chilenas en edad fértil de una comunidad universitaria

RESUMEN Propósito: Relacionar la ingesta dietaria de hierro con el estado nutricional de éste en una muestra de mujeres en edad fértil de Santiago de Chile. Método: A 51 mujeres entre 18 - 35 años se aplicó una Encuesta de Tendencia de Consumo para estimar el aporte de hierro dietario, junto con la medición de los biomarcadores bioquímicos a modo de determinar el estado de los depósitos de hierro. Mediante prueba estadística de Mann-Whitney se analizaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos según estado nutricional del hierro y sus parámetros sanguíneos. Resultados: Treinta y siete de las participantes (72,5%) no cumple con la ingesta recomendada de hierro diario. Dos de las mujeres presentaron anemia, 2 deficiencia de hierro sin anemia y 12 tenía los depósitos de hierro depletados. Tres de las mujeres que presentaron depósitos deficientes tuvieron una ingesta de hierro adecuada, mientras que el 71% de las mujeres con depósitos normales presentaron una ingesta de hierro insuficiente. Conclusiones: Hay un bajo cumplimiento de los requerimientos diarios de hierro y no se observan mejores valores hematológicos a mayor ingesta de hierro, a pesar de presentar un alto porcentaje con depósitos normales de hierro. Se requiere mayor análisis de la alimentación de este grupo de la población para identificar el tipo de hierro que se está aportando principalmente y si hay otros factores dietarios y no dietarios afectando los depósitos de hierro.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To relate dietary intake of iron with iron status in a sample of women of childbearing age from Santiago de Chile. Methods: A Food Frequency Survey was applied to 51 women between 18 - 35 years of age to estimate intake of dietary iron, together with the measurement of biochemical biomarkers to determine iron stores. Using the Mann-Whitney statistical test, significant differences were analyzed between the groups according to nutritional status of iron and its blood parameters. Results: Thirty seven of the participants (72.5%) do not meet the recommended daily iron intake. Two had anemia, 2 had iron deficiency without anemia, and twelve had depleted iron stores. Three women with deficient iron stores had an adequate iron intake, while 71% of women with normal iron stores showed an insufficient iron intake. Conclusions: We observed a low compliance with the daily iron requirements and no better hematological values were associated with higher iron intake, despite a high percentage of women with normal iron stores. To identify the type of iron mainly contributed by the diet and if there are other dietary and non-dietary factors affecting iron stores, further analysis of this population group is required.

Knowledge about clinical presentation, prevention strategies and sexual transmission of Zika virus infection among women of reproductive age in an endemic area

ABSTRACT Background The recognition of the causal association between Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy and congenital abnormalities including microcephaly underlines the importance of preventing this disease in pregnant women (PW) and women of childbearing age (WCA). Although Brazil and other Latin American countries reported a significant reduction in the number of ZIKV infections in recent years, epidemic waves can recur in settings with previous outbreaks as conditions for transmission remain optimal and susceptible populations are continuously replenished. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 64 PW and 260 non-pregnant WCA attending routine medical appointments in two primary care units in São Paulo, Brazil, and assessed knowledge and attitudes about ZIKV infection and prevention. Results: Most women reported knowing that ZIKV is transmitted through the bite of Aedes mosquitos, and most knew that acute symptoms are similar to those seen in Dengue infection. Furthermore, most participants correctly described that ZIKV infection during pregnancy may cause detrimental outcomes for the newborn. However, most ignored that ZIKV infection can be asymptomatic, and only 15% knew about the risk of ZIKV sexual transmission. We found no statistically significant differences between PW and WCA regarding knowledge about ZIKV sexual transmission. Knowledge about ZIKV sexual transmission was significantly associated with education; among participants with ≤12 schooling years, only 9.0% (95%CI 3.4-18.5%) correctly answered that ZIKV can be sexually transmitted, compared to 12.9% (95%CI 8.2-18.8%) among participants with 12-14 schooling years, and to 24.4% (95%CI 15.9-34.9%) of participants with ≥15 schooling years (p = 0.015). Education remained independently associated with knowledge about sexual transmission of ZIKV in a multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for age, race and pregnancy status (p = 0.022). Conclusion: Our findings underscore the urgent need of educational and family planning programs that may help prevent detrimental outcomes of ZIKV infection in an endemic area of Brazil.

Epidemiological analysis of human papillomavirus infection in women of childbearing age in Shaanxi / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To explore the epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection in women of childbearing age in Shaanxi Province. Methods A stratified random sampling method was used to select 16705 patients under childbearing age in Shaanxi from January 2015 to January 2020, and 857 healthy patients who had physical examination during the same period were selected as the control group. The general information of patients was obtained through questionnaire survey, and the risk factors were analyzed by single factor and multivariate logistic analysis. Results The detection rate of human papillomavirus infection in 16705 cases was 2570 (15.38%), of which 1972 cases of high-risk type (11.80%) were higher than 598 cases (3.58%) of low-risk type (χ2: 795.77, P 2: 259.08, P <0.001).The proportions of younger than 30 years old, sexual life ≥3 times/week, no condoms, cervical erosion, and smoking were higher in high-risk human papillomavirus infection group than the control group (P<0.05). After multivariate logistic regression analysis, the results showed that the frequency of sexual life and the greater degree of cervical erosion were independent risk factors for high-risk human papillomavirus infection [OR (95% CI): 3.112 (1.607~7.702), 4.209 (2.338~ 12.526, P<0.05], the use of condoms is a high-risk protective factor for human papillomavirus infection [OR(95%CI): 0.674 (0.578~0.699, P<0.05]) Conclusion The frequency of sexual life and the degree of cervical erosion are high in women of childbearing age in Shaanxi. The use of condoms can effectively prevent human papillomavirus infection. Reasonably formulating effective intervention measures and vigorously publicizing the knowledge of human papillomavirus prevention and treatment is the key to reducing human papillomavirus infection in women of childbearing age in Shaanxi.

The association of abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone levels with elevated blood pressure among females of child-bearing potential / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To explore the association between abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and elevated blood pressure among females of child-bearing potential.Methods:A total of 294 674 females of child-bearing age who participated in pre-pregnancy health examination in Shenzhen from 2013 to 2019 were selected. Demographic characteristics, blood pressure, TSH, fasting blood glucose and other indexes were collected. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between abnormal TSH levels and elevated blood pressure (including prehypertension and hypertension).Results:This study showed that females of child-bearing potential with prehypertension and hypertension accounted for 21.77% and 2.41%, respectively. Compared with females of child-bearing potential with normal TSH, the risk of prehypertension and hypertension increased by 34.0% ( OR=1.340, 95% CI 1.248-1.438) and 59.6% ( OR=1.596, 95% CI 1.301-1.938) among those with decreased TSH, respectively, whereas the risk of prehypertension and hypertension increased by 13.6% ( OR=1.136, 95% CI 1.076-1.198) and 38.0% ( OR=1.380, 95% CI 1.198-1.581) among those with elevated TSH, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that abnormal TSH levels in most subgroups, such as age, ethnicity, educational level, occupation, spouse smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index, and fasting blood glucose, were associated with the risk of elevated blood pressure. Heterogeneity test showed that the association between decreased TSH and elevated blood pressure was higher in females with high school and below or alcohol drinking, and the association between elevated TSH and elevated blood pressure was higher in females with college/bachelor′s degree and above or non-smoking spouse. Conclusion:There is a significant association between abnormal TSH levels and the risk of prehypertension and hypertension in females of child-bearing potential, and the association should be explored with stratified educational level, alcohol drinking, and spouse smoking status.

Establishing reference intervals of serum anti-Müllerian hormone in women of childbearing age (20-34 years old) in Henan area / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective:To analyze the serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in women of childbearing age in different age groups in Henan, and establish the medical reference intervals based on measurement results from this population.Methods:From January to June 2017, 620 healthy women of childbearing age (20-34 years old), who underwent pre-pregnancy eugenics and pre-marital checkups in 13 project sites in Henan, were included in this study. Participants were divided into 3 age groups: 20-24 years group ( n=210), 25-29 years group ( n=207), and 30-34 years group ( n=203). Spearman correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between serum AMH level and age; Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the serum AMH levels of different age groups; Wilcoxon test was used for comparison between pairs; the percentile method ( P2.5, P97.5) was used to establish medical reference interval of serum AMH in women of childbearing age for the whole population and different age groups, respectively. Results:The correlation coefficient between serum AMH and age in women of childbearing age (20-34 years old) is -0.17 ( P<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the overall frequency distribution of serum AMH levels among the three different age groups ( H=21.978, P<0.05). Among them, there is a statistically significant difference between the 20-24 years group and the 30-34 years group ( Z=4.292, P<0.05). There is a statistically significant difference between the 25-29 years group and the 30-34 years group ( Z=3.803, P<0.05). The reference range of serum AMH is 0.281-9.693 μg/L in this cohort; the reference range of serum AMH is 0.524-10.760, 0.229-9.200, 0.115-8.200 μg/L for women of childbearing age at 20-24, 25-29 and 30-34 years, respectively. Conclusion:The serum AMH level of women of childbearing age (20-34 years old) decreases with age. It is of great significance to establish the serum AMH reference interval for women of childbearing age in different age groups in Henan.

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and perceived practices on the importance of folate among Filipino women of child-bearing age in the Province of Batangas

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objectives:</strong> Folate is an essential nutrient associated with healthy pregnancy outcomes. Women of child-bearing age (WOCBA) are advised to maintain optimum blood folate status through adequate dietary folate intakes and folic acid from supplements. This study was aimed at assessing the level of knowledge, attitude, and perceived practice (KAP) among WOCBA on the importance of folate periconceptionally.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 184 healthy WOCBA in the Province of Batangas. The level of KAP was expressed as percent mean scores and were interpreted as poor, moderate, or high for knowledge and perceived practices and negative, neutral, or positive for attitude. Pearson's correlation of coefficient was used to measure the linear correlation between variables at a 95% level of significance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Results:</strong> About 70% of respondents have heard of folate. The study showed a moderate level of knowledge, positive attitude, and moderate perceived practices related to folate among WOCBA. Age and civil status were associated with KAP. A significantly weak positive association (r=0.4, p<0.000) between the level of attitude and perceived practice related to folate was observed. Further, the level of knowledge showed significantly positive moderate association to attitude (r=0.7, p<0.000) and perceived practice (r=0.5, p<0.000).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Increasing the level of knowledge on folate suggests a positive attitude and a higher level of perceived practice. The findings of the study suggest a need to increase knowledge on folate among WOCBA, especially, in younger women. Also, there is a need to emphasize the importance of adequate folate intakes from food and folic acid supplements, periconceptionally.</p>

Demanda de atención obstétrica y densidad de recursos en salud para mujeres mexicanas en edad fértil / Demand for obstetric care and density of health resources for childbearing age Mexican women

Resumen Introducción: México registra aumento de las cesáreas e inequidad y desigualdad en la distribución de recursos para la atención obstétrica. Objetivo: Identificar las entidades y municipios en México que concentran la demanda de atención obstétrica y tasas de cesáreas y su relación con los recursos en salud y mujeres en edad fértil (MEF). Método: Se registraron los nacimientos del periodo 2008-2017, agrupados en cinco estratos municipales, y los recursos en salud y MEF de 2017. Resultados: La tasa nacional de cesáreas 2008-2017 fue de 45.3/100 nacimientos; 95 y 97 % de los nacimientos y cesáreas se concentraron en el estrato “muy alto” (470 municipios), en el cual se utilizó 80 % o más de los recursos en salud y destacó la sobreutilización. La densidad de recursos en salud destinados a las MEF reflejó inequidad y desigualdad. Conclusiones: La alta concentración de la demanda obstétrica y oferta de los recursos en salud pudiera conllevar mayor recurrencia a la cesárea. En las políticas de reducción de cesáreas es necesario considerar la organización y administración adecuadas de los recursos en salud.

Abstract Introduction: In Mexico, there is an increase in the number of C-sections, as well as inequity and inequality in the distribution of resources for obstetric care. Objective: To identify the states and municipalities in Mexico that concentrate the demand for obstetric care and the C-section rates and their relationship with health resources and women of childbearing age (WCBA). Method: Births of the 2008-2017 period were recorded, grouped into five municipal strata, as well as 2017 health resources and WCBA. Results: The 2008-2017 national rate of C-sections was 45.3/100 births; 95 and 97 % of births and C-sections were concentrated in the “very high” stratum, where 80 % or more of health resources were used, with overuse standing out. The density of health resources assigned to WCBAs reflected inequity and inequality Conclusions: The high concentration of obstetric demand and health resources supply could entail a higher recurrence of C-sections. Policies for C-section reduction should consider proper organization and administration of health resources.

Childbearing Motivation Questionnaire: adaptação e evidências de validade para o Brasil / Childbearing Motivation Questionnaire: adaptación y evidencias de validez en Brasil / Childbearing Motivation Questionnaire: adaptation and validity evidences for Brazilian context

O presente artigo objetiva descrever os procedimentos de adaptação e evidências iniciais de validade do Childbearing Motivation Questionnaire (CBQ) para o Brasil. O CBQ está constituído por duas escalas. A primeira avalia a motivação positiva geral para ter filhos (PCM) e cinco fatores específicos; a segunda avalia a motivação negativa geral (NCM) e quatro fatores específicos. A adaptação do CBQ foi realizada em cinco etapas: (i) tradução; (ii) síntese das versões traduzidas; (iii) avaliação por juízes experts; (iv) avaliação pelo público-alvo; e (v) tradução reversa. Para a avaliação da estrutura fatorial de ambas as escalas do CBQ, realizou-se análise fatorial exploratória e análises fatoriais confirmatórias em modelos de segunda ordem e bifactor em uma amostra de 1894 brasileiros de 18 a 68 anos de 25 estados do Brasil. A escala PCM apresentou excelente ajuste tanto para a uma solução fatorial de segunda ordem quando para o modelo bifactor, mas os índices complementares indicam que a escala é primariamente unidimensional. Já a NCM apresentou uma estrutura unifatorial com boas propriedades psicométricas. Os resultados mostram o CBQ como um instrumento válido para a mensuração das motivações positivas e negativas gerais para ter filhos na população brasileira.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir los procedimientos de adaptación y evidencias iniciales de validez del Childbearing Motivation Questionnaire (CBQ) para Brasil. El CBQ consta de dos escalas. La primera evalúa la motivación positiva general para tener hijos (PCM) y cinco factores específicos y la segunda evalúa la motivación negativa general (NCM) y cuatro factores específicos. El CBQ se adaptó en cinco etapas: (i) traducción; (ii) síntesis de las versiones traducidas; (iii) evaluación por jueces expertos; (iv) evaluación por parte del público objetivo y (v) traducción inversa. Para la evaluación de la estructura factorial de ambas escalas del CBQ, se realizaron análisis factoriales explorato-rios y análisis factoriales confirmatorios en modelos de segunda orden y bifactor en una muestra de 1894 brasileños de 18 a 68 años de 25 estados de Brasil. La escala PCM mostró un ajuste excelente tanto para una solución factorial de se-gunda orden como para el modelo bifactorial, pero los índices complementarios indican que la escala es principalmente unidimensional. El NCM, presentó una estructura unifactorial con buenas propiedades psicométricas. Los resultados muestran CBQ como un instrumento válido para medir las motivaciones positivas y negativas generales para tener hijos en la población brasileña.

Detection of parvovirus B19 viral DNA in serum of women of childbearing age in Xiangyang City / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the infection of human parvovirus B19 among women of childbearing age in Xiangyang City, and to provide a reference for pregnant women's health care. Methods A total of 303 women of childbearing age in Xiangyang City from 2018 to 2019 were selected as the research subjects. B19 virus DNA in serum of the subjects was detected by nested PCR technology. The differences in the detection rate of B19 viral DNA among normal pregnancy, abnormal pregnancy, and infertility serum were statistically analyzed. The differences in the detection rate of B19 virus DNA among women of childbearing age at different ages were compared. Results The detection rate of B19 viral DNA in all 303 women of child-bearing age was 27.72%. The detection rate of B19 virus DNA in 26-35 year old women was higher than that in other age groups. The detection rate of B19 virus DNA in abnormal pregnancy group was significantly higher than that in normal pregnancy group (P <0.05). Conclusion The detection rate of B19 virus DNA in abnormal pregnancy and infertility group was significantly higher than that in normal pregnancy group, with the detection rate of B19 virus in 26-35 year old women of childbearing age being the highest among all age groups. It is necessary to strengthen the screening of B19 virus in pregnant women of childbearing age in this region to reduce its impact on fetal abortion.