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Background: The mouse model of high-fat diet-induced cholesterol gallstone is widely used in researches of pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of gallstones. Aims: To investigate the characteristics and hepatic transcriptomics of the mouse model of high-fat diet-induced cholesterol gallstone. Methods: Twenty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated into chow diet (control) group and lithogenic diet (LD) group. After 8 weeks, the occurrence of gallstone was observed; the serum lipids and gallbladder bile lipids were detected; and the differentially expressed hepatic genes between the two groups were identified with Illumina NovaSeq sequencing systems. The enrichment analysis was mapped in GO and KEGG pathway databases. Real-time PCR was used to detect the expressions of genes related to bile acid synthesis in the liver. Results: The cholesterol gallstone formation rate was 100% in LD group, whereas no gallstone was observed in control group. Hepatomegaly and steatosis were obvious in mice of LD group. The serum levels of total cholesterol and triacylglycerol, as well as the cholesterol content and cholesterol saturation index of the gallbladder bile in LD group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). A total of 1 330 differentially expressed genes were identified by high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. KEGG analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in lipid metabolism, bile secretion, and insulin secretion pathways. GO analysis showed that fatty acid metabolic process-related pathways were significantly enriched. Both hepatic transcriptomics analysis and real-time PCR showed that the expression levels of genes related to bile acid synthesis, including CYP7A1, CYP8B1 and CYP7B1 decreased significantly in the liver of LD group as compared with those of control group (P<0.05). Conclusions: The metabolism of cholesterol, bile acids and fatty acids is significantly disordered in mice with cholesterol gallstone. Transcriptomics analysis can screen out the differentially expressed genes that play roles in the formation of cholesterol gallstone, so as to provide references for studies focusing on these topics.
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Background And Objectives: In India, it has been recognised that gallstones and gallbladder cancer are common in the Gangetic belt comprising of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam. States in South India do not have a high incidence of these diseases. Aim: The present study was done to describe an extensive quantitative chemical analysis of gallstones and to find the association of gallstones with age distribution and also to compare this finding with previous workers. In this study we analysis the cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, bilirubin, bile acids, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,and oxalates in 3 different types of gallstones. Methods: Total 43 gallstones were collected from surgical operation and quantative analysis of these gallstones was done in the department of Biochemistry. The stones were classified into cholesterol (CS), pigment (PS), and mixed stones (MS). Total cholesterol was estimated by CHOD-PAP, total bilirubin by Diazo method, triglycerides by GPO-PAP method, oxalate by the method described by Satyapal and Pundir based on colorimetric enzymatic method (21), calcium by O-Cresolphthalein-Complexone method, Phospholipid and inorganic phosphate were determined according to Fiske and Subba Rao. Magnesium was measured by Calmagite method. Results: In our study, the incidence of gallstones was highest in age group of 37-46 years and Male : Female ratio was 1: 3.8. Out of 43 gallstones, 16 were pigment stones, 15 were mixed stones and 12 were cholesterol stones. Total cholesterol was a major component of all gall stones and triglycerides, total bilirubin, phospholipids, bile acids, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate and oxalate were found in all types of gallstones. The cholesterol stones had higher content of total cholesterol, phospholipids, inorganic phosphate as compared to mixed and pigment stones. The mixed stones had higher content of triglycerides than to cholesterol and pigment stones. The pigment stones were richer in total bilirubin, bile acids, calcium, oxalate, and magnesium compared to cholesterol and mixed stones. Interpretation And Conclusion : Pigment stone was the most common type of gallstones in our studies and common age group for gallstone development was 37-46 years. The content of the total cholesterol and other metabolites in different gall stones indicating their different mechanism of formation. High cholesterol and triglyceride content in CS and MS suggests that dyslipidemic changes contribute to etiology.
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PURPOSE: Approximately 10% of the general population in western countries have gallstones. The compositions of gallstones, however, vary with location and ethnicity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the gallbladder stones of patients in Chungbuk and mainly to compare the compositions of the gallstones with those in other reports. METHODS: The patients in this study included gallbladder stone patients (N=318) who were operated on in Chungbuk National University Hospital from January 1992 to December 1997. By gross inspection of their cut surface structures, the gallstones were classified as pure cholesterol stones, mixed stones, brown stones, and black pigment stones. The chemical compositions of the stones (N=35) that were collected during January and February 1997 were analyzed using high- pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: By inspection, 31 (9.7%) stones were classified as pure cholesterol stones, 54 (17%) as mixed stones, 27 (8.5%) as brown stones, and 206 (64.8%) as black pigment stones. The results of HPLC analysis were as follows; 5 (15%) stones had cholesterol contents higher than 90% of their composition, 5 (15%) stones 50 to 90%, and 25 (70%) stones less than 20%. CONCLUSION: Of the galldder stones of patients in Chungbuk 73.3% were pigment stones. This result was compatible with the HPLC results (70% of the stones have less than a 20% cholesterol content). The classification of the gallbladder stones of the patients in Chungbuk shows that the incidence of black pigment stones is very high while that of cholesterol stones is low. The difference is even greater when compared with the data in other papers published in Korea. The causes of the difference be remained to be clarified.