Study causes of chronic energy deficiency of pregnant in the rural areas

Background: Chronic energy deficiency (CED) is one of the malnutrition problems that often occurs in pregnant, caused by lack of energy in a long period of time. One of the effects of pregnant suffering from CED is to increase the risk of maternal and short baby mortality.Method: The study was conducted in 8 villages of Kemranjen Subdistrict, Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia in 2019. A cross sectional research design with population is that has pregnant. A sample of 130 pregnant was taken incidentally, with inclusion criteria that be able to do interviews and anthropometric measurements, while as the exclusion criterion was that pregnant were suffering from illness that could not be measured.Results: Most of the age was over 30 years and 9.2% suffered from CED. Nutrient intake is mostly less than 80.0% of the nutrition adequacy rate (RDA). The average intake of macro nutrients is 28.05%, the average micronutrient intake is 27.70%. Most graduated were from high school, worked as housewives, consumed supplements, additional food, and added blood tablets and drank milk, suffered from upper respiratory infections (ARI), high blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus, did not get complete immunizations.Conclusion: There were no significant differences in CED based on energy intake (p=1.00), protein intake (p=1.00), fat intake (p=0.179) and carbohydrate intake (p=0.460), work status (p=0.216) and education (p=0.553) and consuming additional food (p=0.225).

Cambios en el estado nutricional de la población cubana adulta de diferentes regiones de Cuba / Changes in the nutritional status of adult cuban population from different regions of Cuba

Introducción: La situación epidemiológica que presentan los países desarrollados y gran parte de los que se encuentran en vías de desarrollo se caracteriza por una alta prevalencia de enfermedades no transmisibles. El estado nutricional de la población juega un importante papel en el mantenimiento del estado de salud. Objetivo: Analizar los cambios ocurridos en la prevalencia de la obesidad y la deficiencia energética crónica en las diferentes regiones cubanas. Métodos: Se analizaron los resultados de la deficiencia energética crónica y del sobrepeso y la obesidad obtenidos en muestras estratificadas y por conglomerados polietópicos procedentes de la Primera y Segunda Encuestas Nacionales de Factores de Riesgo y Enfermedades no Transmisibles, realizadas en individuos de uno y otro sexos, mayores de 15 años de edad, en los años 1995 y 2001, respectivamente. Se calculó la prevalencia del sobrepeso y la deficiencia energética crónica para las regiones occidental, central y oriental del país en ambos períodos y las razones de disparidad ajustadas por edad y sexo para evaluar el efecto del tiempo en la aparición del sobrepeso y la obesidad y para comprobar el efecto de residir en diferentes regiones del país sobre la aparición de sobrepeso y la deficiencia energética crónica. Resultados: Se observó una disminución de la deficiencia energética crónica en las tres regiones del país y un aumento del sobrepeso y la obesidad del año 1995 al 2001. El mayor incremento de la obesidad se apreció en la región occidental y se muestra que el año 1995 fue protector para la obesidad en relación con el 2001....

Introduction: The epidemiologic situation of the developed countries and most of developing ones is characterized by a high prevalence of non-communicable diseases. The nutritional status of population plays a significant role in the maintenance of health status. Objective: To analyze the changes occurred in the obesity prevalence and chronic energy deficiency in Cuban regions. Methods: Authors analyzed the results of the chronic energy deficiency and of excess weight and obesity obtained from stratified samples and from polihepatitis conglomerates from the First and the Second National Survey of Risk Factors and Non-Communicable Diseases carried out in subjects of both sexes, aged over 15 during 1995 and 2001, respectively. The excess weight was estimated as well as the chronic energy deficiency for western, central and eastern regions of our country in both periods and the reasons of ratios adjusted by age and sex to assess the effect of time on the appearance of excess weight and obesity and to verify the effect of live in different regions of the country on the appearance of excess weight and chronic energy deficiency. Results: There was a decrease of chronic energy deficiency in the study regions and also an increase of excess weight and obesity from 1995 to 2001. The great increment of obesity was obvious in the western region demonstrating that 1995 year was protector of obesity in relation to 2001 (OR = 0.64; CI = 0.59-0.69), whereas for the chronic energy deficiency there was not a significant association (OR = 0.93; CI = 0.81-1.06). Conclusions: Data found suggest that the excess weight and obesity frequency is increasing in Cuban population and that there is a worsening of this problem in Cuba. There are marked geographic variations whose determinants are not fully known yet

Application of Factor Analysis to Identify Dietary Patterns and Use of Factor Scores to Study Their Relationship with Nutritional Status of Adult Rural Populations.

The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) among one-third of the Indian population is attributed to inadequacy of consumption of nutrients. However, considering the complexity of diets among Indians, the relationship between a particular dietary pattern and the nutritional status of the population has not been established so far. A community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess estimates, at district level, of diet and nutritional status in Orissa State, India. Factor analysis was used for exploring the existence of consumption pattern of food and nutrients and their relationship with the nutritional status of rural adult population. Data on 2,864 adult men and 3,525 adult women in Orissa state revealed that there exists six patterns among food-groups explaining 59% of the total variation and three patterns among nutrients that explain 73% of the total variation among both adult men and women. The discriminant function analysis revealed that, overall, 53% of the men were correctly classified as either with chronic energy deficiency (CED) or without CED. Similarly, overall, 54% of the women were correctly classified as either with CED or without CED. The sensitivity of the model was 65% for both men and women, and the specificity was 46% and 41% respectively for men and women. In the case of classification of overweight/ obesity, the prediction of the model was about 75% among both men and women, along with high sensitivity. Using factor analysis, the dietary patterns were identified from the food and nutrient intake data. There exists a strong relationship between the dietary patterns and the nutritional status of rural adults. These results will help identify the community people with CED and help planners formulate nutritional interventions accordingly.

Biosocial Correlates of Nutrition and Chronic Energy Deficiency among Adult Females of two Ecological Zones in Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand, India

The paper aims to draw out biosocial correlates of nutrition through body mass index (BMI) and chronic energy deficiency (CED). The findings are based on cross-sectional data of 446 women aged 18-60 years from six different endogamous groups of two ecological zones. The mean age of studied women varied from 31 to 36 years. The mean age at menarche was found to be 14.50±1.32 years. Similarly mean age at menopause was found to be 46.22±4.00 years. The mean of reproductive life span varied from 27 to 35 years. Average number of pregnancies per women was 4.44±2.52, average foetal loss was 0.11, children surviving per women was 3.61, whereas average child loss per women was found to be 0.62 and average family size was 9.51. Variations in mean BMI kg/m2 between populations ranged between 18.56 and 20.71. Prevalence of CED was highest among the Brahmin women of Uttarakhand (58.3%) followed by Ahirwar of Madhya Pradesh (47.1%). Incidence of CED was found lowest among Brahmin women of Madhya Pradesh (24.0%). Linear regression coefficient (b ± standard error) of BMI on Cormic Index for these women was 33.1 ± 8.1 (t=4.0, p=0.001), and correlation coefficient (R) was 0.189. Out of 6 anthropometric variables considered for regression analysis, 5, namely weight, hip circumference, waist circumference, mid arm circumference and sitting height showed significant correlations with BMI. Significant differences in sitting height and Cormic Index of women from the hills and plains indicate the role of ecology in shaping its habitants. Out of 9 demographic variables, only age of respondent and family size were found to have a significant impact on low BMI status. The present study postulates that the nutritional status of women has improved over the last decades.

Population, health and nutrition in central India: A situational analysis

India is the second most populous in the world, having crossed the population mark of 1 billion in the year 2000. The different geographical regions exhibit different levels of health and nutritional status. Out of 35 states, some are identified as demographically lagging behind, called BIMARU. Central India falls in this category and the present paper provides a situational analysis of the region with respect to population growth, socio-economic condition, health scenario and level of nutrition in the region. The level of socio-economic development is relatively poor in this part when compared to other parts of the country. The population growth is higher than the national average. The Infant mortality rate (IMR) continues to be higher in Central India, varying from 70 to 164 across the districts in the region. Regression analysis shows a negative correlation between Human development index (HDI) and infant mortality rate. Considering 18.5 as a cut-off point for screening the individuals into normal and chronic energy deficiency (CED) groups, it is found that the prevalence of CED is lower among the populations of non-backward districts (50.5 %) than that in the backward districts (53.6 %). It is suggested that the overall socio-economic development should be accelerated and infant mortality controlled in order to improve the health and nutritional status of the people in Central India.