Chemical constituents and their pharmacological activities of plants from Cichorium genus / 中草药·英文版

Plants of genus Cichorium are famous due to their therapeutic and medicinal properties. They are used as traditional medicine and edible food. To date, several scholars concentrated on compounds belonging to coumarins, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, organic acids and other chemical constituents. Pharmacological effects such as photo-protective, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic and lipid lowering, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antifungal, antimalarial, increased bone mineral density, as well as vasorelaxant and antitumour activity were wildly reported. In this study, botanical resources, ethnopharmacological application, chemical constituents and bioactivities, as well as safety and toxicity of clinical applications of genus Cichorium were reviewed, which may provide a reliable basis for further development and utilization of Cichorium genetic resources.

Advance in studies on chemical constituents of Cichorii Herba and their pharmacological effects / 中草药

Cichorium intybus which is widely distributed in China, has been used as Uygur folk medicines for years. From the phytochemical view, the second metabolites such as polysaccharides, triterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and sesquiterpene lactone had been reported from this species. The pharmacological research mainly focused on their hepatoprotective, antibacterial, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antihyperuricemic activities. The present paper reviews the phytochemistry and biological activities of C. intybus through accessing Web of Science and multiple databases for biomedical sciences.

Spectrum-effect relationships on uric acid lowering effect of Cichorium intybus / 中草药

Objective: To study the relationships between HPLC fingerprint of Cichorium intybus extract and the uric acid lowering efficacy and to reveal the material basis of C. intybus. Methods: Quail were used in the experiment and high purine diet was used to induce hyperuricemia; In addition, the quail were administered with C. intybus water extract. The partial least squares (PLS) method was used to study the spectrum-effect relationships and to find out the material basis of uric acid lowering efficacy. Results: The aerial part of C. intybus has good uric acid lowering effect, and the contribution of various components in C. intybus with uric acid lowering effect was determined according to the variable importance in projection value. Among them, chlorogenic acid, chicory acid, and peaks of 3,6,7, and 8 have lager contribution degree than others. Conclusion: The PLS analysis on the spectrum-effect relationships indicates that uric acid lowering effect of C. intybus is related to the various components in C. intybus.

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Cichorium intybus against some Pathogenic Bacteria.

The root and leaf extracts of Cichorium intybus were investigated for antibacterial activity against gram negative pathogenic bacteria viz. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The sensitivity was analyzed using Disk diffusion method at various concentrations where zone of inhibition was compared with the standard drug Cephotaxime. The extracts showed a wide spectrum of inhibition against the test pathogens. Methanolic extract of root and leaf proves to have the strongest antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of the test extracts at different inhibitory concentration varied significantly at 0.05 level of significance. The maximum activity was recorded at 200mg/ml concentration, the activity decreased with the decrease in the concentration of the extract. The present study reveals that the root and leaf extracts of Cichorium intybus would exert several beneficial effects by virtue of their antibacterial activity and could potentially be exploited as a source of natural antibacterial.

First report of phytophagous stink bug in chicory crop / Primeiro registro de percevejo fitófago em cultura de almeirão

This study reports the first occurrence of the stink bug Edessa meditabunda (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on chicory in Pará State, Brazil (7°7'45.59"S 55°23'20.99"W). Samples were taken at Florentino Farm, municipality of Novo Progresso from a plot of plants (5mx1,25m). Sixty-eight chicory plants were sampled and 1.649 adults, 636 nymphs and 1.012 egg masses were obtained.

Esta nota relata a primeira ocorrência do percevejo Edessa meditabunda (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) na cultura de almeirão, no Estado do Pará (7°7'45.59"S 55°23'20.99"W). Na Fazenda Florentino, município de Novo Progresso, em um canteiro (5mx1,25m), foram coletados percevejos adultos, ninfas e posturas. Em 68 plantas de almeirão, coletaram-se 1.649 adultos, 636 ninfas e 1.012 posturas.

ITS sequence analysis and gene pattern recognition of Cichorium intybus from different habitats / 中草药

Objective: To analyze the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA-ITS) sequence of Cichorium intybus and C. glandulosum from different habitats, and to provide DNA molecular marker for the identification of chicory. Methods: The total DNA was extracted from the samples of C. intybus and C. glandulosum from 14 habitats by rapid broad spectrum of plant genomic DNA extraction kit. The ITS sequence was amplified by PCR with universal primer of ITS and then sequenced. The two kinds of ITS sequences were compared by DNAMAN V6 software. The cluster analysis was adopted by SPSS 17.0 after the different ITS bases from all the samples were mathematically treated. Results: The intraspecies identity of ITS sequence was above 99.2% in C. intybus, and that in C. glandulosum was above 99.8%, while the interspecies identity of ITS sequence was below 99.2%. There were various specific information sites in the ITS sequences of the two kinds of chicory. Conclusion: The ITS sequence is an available molecular marker for the identification of C. glandulosum and C. intybus.

Produção de almeirão em função de níveis de fertirrigação nitrogenada e disposição de mangueiras gotejadoras nos canteiros / Chicory yield under levels of nitrogen fertirrigation and position of drip hoses on the ridge

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de fertirrigação nitrogenada na produtividade e nas características agronômicas de plantas de almeirão, irrigadas por gotejamento. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo avaliadas nas parcelas duas formas de disposição das mangueiras gotejadoras (superficialmente sobre o solo do canteiro e subsuperficialmente) e nas subparcelas seis doses de nitrogênio: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150kg ha-1. A forma de disposição das mangueiras afetou a produção apenas da massa fresca, com o melhor resultado sendo obtido com a irrigação subsuperficial. A produção e as características agronômicas do almeirão foram influenciadas pelas doses de nitrogênio aplicadas na água de irrigação nas duas formas de disposição das mangueiras nos canteiros. A maior eficiência financeira da adubação foi obtida com a dose de 30kg ha-1 de N nas duas formas de disposição das mangueiras gotejadoras.

In this research the objective was to evaluate the effects of different levels nitrogen fertirrigation on yield and agronomic characteristics of chicory plants irrigated by drip.The experimental design was a randomized block in split plot with two ways of using drip hoses on the ridge (on the surface and subsurface of soil) and six levels of nitrogen, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150kg ha-1.The hose layout affected the yield fresh weight only with better results obtained with subsurface irrigation.The yield and agronomic characteristics of chicory were influenced by nitrogen levels applied in irrigation water in the two forms of hoses disposition in the beds. The best economic efficiency of fertilization was obtained with 30kg N ha-1 in both forms of drip hoses disposition.

Effect of calcium against salinity-induced inhibition in growth, ion accumulation and proline contents in Cichorium intybus L.

This study assesses the effect of NaCl (80 and 160 mM) and CaCl2 (10 mM) solutions, alone and in combination, to 30-day-old seedlings of Cichorium intybus L. Observations were made at 30 day intervals from the time of treatment till harvest (180 days after sowing). Application of NaCl resulted in significant decreases in lengths of root and stem, in dry weights of root, stem and leaves and in the leaf area, as compared with control. The reduction was less with the combined application of NaCl and CaCl2 than with the NaCl treatment alone. On the contrary, treatment of CaCl2 alone promoted the above variables. Proline content in the leaves was enhanced with NaCl and CaCl2 alone as well as with the NaCl + CaCl2 treatments; the maximum (six-fold) enhancement was observed with the combined treatments, compared with NaCl (four-fold increase) and CaCl2 (two-fold increase) alone. The sodium (Na+) and Chloride (Cl) contents in different plant parts increased both with NaCl and with NaCl + CaCl2 treatments. The maximum accumulation was observed in leaves, followed by that in stem and root. The potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) contents decreased under NaCl stress, but increased with CaCl2 treatment. Thus, calcium ameliorated the deleterious effects of NaCl stress and stimulated the plant metabolism and growth.

Tolerance to salinity of chicory plants grown in hydroponics / Tolerância do almeirão à salinidade em cultivo hidropônico

Chicory plants, cv. 'Amarelo' and 'Pão de Açúcar', were grown hydroponically under four NaCl concentrations in the nutrient solution to determine its tolerance to salinity. Sowing was made in rows placed 0.05m apart, on a 0.15m deep sand growing bed placed over fibber cement tiles. After emergence, plants were thinned to a plant density of 1,600plants m-2. A standard nutrient solution was used, with the main composition of, in mmol L-1, 13.5 NO3-; 2.5 NH4+; 1.5 H2PO4-; 1.5 SO4--; 7.5 Ca++; 10.0 K+ and 1.5 Mg++. The control (T1) was the standard nutrient solution, without addition of NaCl. Four salinity levels were compared, by adding 0.697 (T2), 1.627 (T3), 2.556 (T4) and 3.485 (T5)g L-1 of NaCl. The nutrient solution was delivered to plants four times a day, in a closed system. A completely split plot randomised experimental design was used, with four replications. Plants were harvested at 31 days after sowing, by cutting the shoot at 0.02m height. Fresh and dry mass of both cultivars decreased linearly by effect of salinity. For similar values of electrical conductivity, the decrease in fresh mass was stronger in plants of the Amarelo cultivar. Adding NaCl to the nutrient solution is a technique that may be used to reduce the water content of chicory plants grown hydroponically.

Quatro concentrações de NaCl na solução nutritiva foram empregadas para determinar a tolerância das cultivares de almeirão "Amarelo" e "Pão de Açúcar" à salinidade da solução nutritiva. A semeadura foi feita em fileiras distanciadas de 0,05m, em uma camada de areia de 0,15m de profundidade, distribuída sobre telhas de fibrocimento. Após a emergência foi efetuado o desbaste, mantendo-se uma densidade de 1.600plantas m-2. Foi empregada uma solução nutritiva com a composição de, em mmol L-1, 13,5 NO3-; 2,5 NH4+; 1,5 H2PO4-; 1,5 SO4--; 7,5 Ca++; 10,0 K+ e 1,5 Mg++. A testemunha (T1) foi a solução nutritiva descrita anteriormente, sem adição de NaCl. Quatro níveis salinos foram comparados, mediante adição de 0,697 (T2), 1,627 (T3); 2,556 (T4) e 3,485 (T5)g L-1 de NaCl. A solução nutritiva foi fornecida quatro vezes ao dia, em sistema fechado. O delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado foi empregado com quatro repetições em parcelas subdivididas. A colheita foi realizada aos 31 dias após a semeadura, mediante corte da parte aérea das plantas a 0,02m de altura. A massa fresca e seca de ambas as cultivares decresceu por efeito da salinidade. Para níveis similares de condutividade elétrica, o decréscimo na massa fresca foi maior nas plantas da cultivar Amarelo. A adição de NaCl na solução nutritiva é uma técnica que pode ser empregada para reduzir o teor de água das plantas de almeirão em cultivo hidropônico.