Avaliação da qualidade de águas de chuva armazenadas em cisternas de placas e de polietileno em um município do semiárido do estado da Paraíba / Evaluation of rainwater quality stored in cisterns of concrete plates and polyethylene in a municipality in the semi-arid of the Paraíba State

RESUMO Neste trabalho é apresentada uma avaliação das águas de chuva armazenadas em cisternas no semiárido do estado da Paraíba. Foram coletadas e analisadas amostras de água de cisternas de placas de concreto (CPLA) e de polietileno (CPOL), buscando-se verificar se há diferenças entre os parâmetros de qualidade da água nos dois tipos de cisternas. Foram aplicados testes estatísticos para detectar se há diferenças entre os parâmetros físico-químicos pH, temperatura, turbidez, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos, oxigênio dissolvido, alcalinidade, cor, dureza, cloreto, amônia, sulfato, salinidade e nitrato. Também foram feitas análises da variabilidade dos parâmetros e verificações de conformidade de acordo com a Portaria n° 5/2017 do Ministério da Saúde que estabelece os padrões de potabilidade da água. Entre os parâmetros analisados nas amostras de água provenientes das CPLA e CPOL, os que apresentaram confirmação da hipótese de igualdade de médias foram cloreto, oxigênio dissolvido e sulfato. Houve maior variabilidade da alcalinidade e da salinidade nas águas das CPLA em relação às das CPOL. Quase todos os parâmetros físico-químicos apresentaram-se em conformidade com a portaria, com exceção de cor, pH e turbidez.

ABSTRACT An evaluation of rainwater stored in cisterns in the semiarid region of the state of Paraíba is presented in this paper. Water samples from concrete plates cisterns (CPLAs) and polyethylene ones (CPOLs) were collected and analyzed in order to verify whether there are differences between water quality parameters in the two types of cisterns. Statistical tests were applied to detect whether there are differences between the physical and chemical parameters pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, color, hardness, chloride, ammonia, sulfate, salinity, and nitrate. Analyses of the variability of the parameters and verifications of compliance were also carried out in accordance with the Ministry of Health Consolidation Ordinance 05/2017, which establishes water potability standards. Among the parameters analyzed in the water samples from the CPLAs and CPOLs, those that confirmed the hypothesis of equality of means were chloride, dissolved oxygen, and sulfate. There were higher alkalinity and salinity variability in CPLAs waters in relation to these parameters in CPOLs. Almost all physicochemical parameters were in compliance with the ordinance, and the exception were color, pH, and turbidity.

Prognostication in Traumatic Brain Injury- A Prospective Study of 100 Patients in Tertiary Care Hospital in Rural Area.

Traumatic brain injury is a major health issue responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity worldwide especially in subjects under the age of 40 yrs. It is important to assess and grade the TBI as soon as possible to guide management and decrease the comorbidities. Various guidelines have been issued by the neurosurgical societies to immediately assess and intervene when ever required. In this study, we have tried to assess the role of basal cisternal effacement in the management and prognosis of RTA patients, and hence tried to simplify the prognostication process and improve the patient management.METHODS100 subjects were studied who were having history of traumatic head injury. NCCT was done for all the patients using 128 slice Multidetector CT- Ingenuity (Philips Medical Systems, USA). Other parameters like pupillary reaction, GCS at the time of presentation, midline shift and associated fractures and bleed were assessed. All the patients were followed up till the time of discharge. The data so obtained was analysed.RESULTSParameters like age, pupillary reflex, GCS at presentation, associated intracranial bleed, associated cranial vault fractures and presence or absence of midline shift correlated well with the final outcome with p value consistently <0.05. We analysed that the degree of obliteration of perimesencephalic cistern was a good prognostic marker in traumatic head injury patients. 36% of patients had favourable outcome out of which none of the patients had obliterated perimesencephalic cistern or interpeduncular cisterns. 64% patients had unfavourable outcome out of which 60% and 48% had obliterated or partially obliterated perimesencephalic cisterns and interpeduncular cisterns respectively, and only 4% and 16% had normal perimesencephalic cisterns and interpeduncular cisterns respectively.CONCLUSIONSIt is important to investigate, grade and prognosticate traumatic head injury patients at the earliest. Our study and various other studies prove that various clinical predictors including age, Glasgow coma scale, and pupil reactivity correlate with outcome of patient. Presence of midline shift, intraventricular haemorrhage, and obliteration of cisterns in patients of traumatic brain injury also correlate with the outcome and can be used; thus, making the prognostication process much easier. These findings can be used on the first day of admission itself.

Análise dos métodos de dimensionamento de reservatórios de águas pluviais sugeridos pela NBR 15527/07 com base na simulação diária / Analysis of the rainwater tank sizing methods suggested by NBR 15527/07 through daily simulation

RESUMO A fim de superar o problema de disponibilidade de água e preservar os recursos hídricos, têm sido buscadas fontes alternativas de água para satisfazer as atividades humanas. Entre as soluções encontradas, está a captação da água de chuva. Essa técnica é possível através da captação da precipitação em áreas impermeáveis e de seu armazenamento em reservatórios para viabilizar seu uso. O reservatório é, em geral, a parte mais dispendiosa da implantação desse sistema. O dimensionamento dessa estrutura pode ser realizado através de diferentes métodos, por isso, é necessário avaliar qual deles é o mais adequado. Para tanto, este trabalho analisou os métodos de dimensionamento de reservatórios sugeridos pela Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), apresentados na norma NBR 15527/07, em relação aos seus desempenhos. A análise foi feita com base nos níveis de garantia de abastecimento alcançados de acordo com o método utilizado. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi constatado que os métodos Rippl Diário e Mensal se destacam por gerarem reservatórios associados a garantias de abastecimento elevadas (entre 98 e 100%).

ABSTRACT To overcome the problem of water availability and to preserve water resources, there have been sought alternative sources of water to supply human activities. Among the available solutions, there is rainwater harvesting. This technique is based on capturing rainfall from impermeable areas and storing it in tanks to enable its use. The tank is, usually, the most expensive part of such a system. This structure design is possible through different methods, hence the need to evaluate which of those is the most appropriate one. Therefore, this paper analyzed the sizing methods suggested by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas - ABNT), presented in the technical standard NBR 15527/07, concerning their performance levels. The analysis was based on the guarantee levels of supply achieved according to the method used. From the results obtained, the Daily and Monthly Rippl methods for producing tank capacities associated with the higher supply reliability (98 to 100%).

SIMCAP: ferramenta computacional para auxiliar a tomada de decisão sobre a implantação de sistemas de captação de águas pluviais / SIMCAP: computational tool to assist decision-making on the implementation of rainwater harvesting systems

RESUMO Uma das soluções encontradas para superar o problema de disponibilidade de água e preservar os recursos hídricos é o uso de água pluvial. Isso é possível por meio da captação da precipitação em áreas impermeáveis e de seu armazenamento em reservatórios que viabilizem seu uso. Essa nota técnica apresenta uma ferramenta eletrônica denominada SIMCAP, que auxilia na tomada de decisão em relação ao volume de uma cisterna a ser implantada em edificações de municípios do estado de São Paulo. Para utilizar a ferramenta é necessário fornecer: um volume de reservatório, o município onde o sistema será instalado, a categoria da edificação e a demanda de água pluvial. A ferramenta traz como resultados informações técnicas relativas ao volume de reservatório sugerido pelo usuário quanto à garantia de abastecimento, além da economia de água e financeira que resultam da implantação do sistema.

ABSTRACT One of the possible solutions to overcome the problem of availability of water and to preserve water resources is the rainwater use. This technique consists on capturing rainfall in impermeable areas and storing it in reservoirs to enable its use. This technical note presents an electronic tool, named SIMCAP, created to assist decision-making concerning the volumes of reservoirs implanted in buildings of towns of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Therefore, the tool requires: a reservoir capacity suggestion, the municipality the system will be implemented, the building category and the rainwater demand. The tool brings results regarding the technical information about the volume of reservoir suggested by the user as guarantee of rainwater supply, water and economical savings resulted from the system.

Avaliação higienicossanitária da água de restaurantes universitários da cidade de São Luís - MA

Objetivou-se no presente artigo avaliar a qualidade da água de dois restaurantes universitários da cidade de São Luís - MA, por meio da pesquisa de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli, utilizando Método Rápido Colilert® (Substrato Cromogênico Enzimático). Quanto à água empregada no preparo de alimentos (oriundas de pontos de água como: cisternas, torneiras) e nos bebedouros nos dois Restaurantes Universitários avaliados, seis (54,54%) foram positivas para Coliformes totais e três (27,27%) positivas para E. coli no restaurante A e dez (100%) no restaurante B mostraram-se impróprias para o consumo humano.

The objective of this article is to evaluate the water quality of two university restaurants in São Luís - MA, through the research of total coliforms and Escherichia coli by Colilert Quick Method (Chromogenic Enzyme Substrate). As for the used in food preparation (derived from water points as cisterns, taps) and troughs in University Restaurants evaluate, six (54.54%) were positive for total coliform and three (27.27%) positive for E. coli in the restaurant and ten 100% B at the restaurant proved to be unfit for consumption.

Microbiological quality of drinking rainwater in the inland region of Pajeú, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil / Qualidade microbiológica da água potável no interior, região de Pajeú, Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil

Despite all efforts to store and reduce its consumption, water is becoming less inexhaustible and its quality is falling faster. Considering that water is essential to animal life, it is necessary to adopt measures to ensure its sanitary conditions in order to be fit for consumption. The aim of this study was to analyze the microbiological quality of drinking rainwater used by rural communities of Tuparetama, a small town located in Northeast Brazil. The study covered seven rural communities, totaling 66 households. In each household two samples were collected, one from a tank and the other from a clay pot located inside the home, resulting in 132 samples (tank plus clay pot). Approximately 90 percent of samples were below the standard recommended by the current legislation, being considered unfit for human consumption. Part of this high microbiological contamination of drinking rainwater could be related to the lack of sanitary education and of an adequate sewerage sanitation system.

Apesar de todos os esforços para armazenar e diminuir o seu consumo, a água está se tornando, cada vez menos, inesgotável e sua qualidade vem se reduzindo cada vez mais rápido. Sendo a água imprescindível à vida animal, é necessário que se adotem medidas para garantir sua qualidade higiênico-sanitária a fim de que seja própria para o consumo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a qualidade microbiológica da água da chuva utilizada pelas comunidades rurais da cidade de Tuparetama, localizada no nordeste do Brasil. O estudo envolveu sete comunidades rurais, totalizando 66 residências. Em cada residência foram coletadas duas amostras, uma da água armazenada na cisterna e outra da água armazenada no pote de barro localizado no interior da residência, resultando em 132 amostras (cisterna mais pote de barro). Aproximadamente, 90 por cento das amostras estavam em desacordo com a Legislação vigente, sendo consideradas impróprias para o consumo humano. Parte dessa elevada contaminação microbiológica da água da chuva armazenada para consumo pode dever-se à falta de educação sanitária e de um sistema de esgotamento sanitário adequado.

Observación del sistema ventricular y espacio subaracnoideo de la base del cráneo por neuroendoscopia flexible: Estructuras normales / Observation of the ventricular system and subarachnoid space in the skull base by flexible neuroendoscopy: normal structures

En las últimas dos décadas a nivel mundial y en la última década en Latinoamérica, especialmente en México, la endoscopia cerebral como parte de la cirugía neurológica de mínima invasión ha sido un paso de gran importancia para el tratamiento de enfermedades neurológicas T4 como hidrocefalia congénita o adquirida, malformaciones Chiari, neurocisticercosis, enfermedad vascular cerebral, tumores o quistes ventriculares y paraventriculares, quistes aracnoideos e hidrocefalias secundarias a disfunciones valvulares. Entre las regiones más inaccesibles al sistema nervioso central se encuentran los ventrículos laterales, el tercer ventrículo, el acueducto cerebral, el cuarto ventrículo y el espacio subaracnoideo de la base del cráneo. Gracias a los sistemas de fibra óptica y luz en combinación con la experiencia de nueve años consecutivos y más de 600 endoscopias realizadas, en su mayoría endoscopias cerebrales flexibles, presentarnos el abordaje por medio de neuronavegación con endoscopía cerebral flexible de la anatomía normal y sus variantes de todo el sistema ventricular y el espacio subaracnoideo de la base del cráneo, incluyendo el espacio subaracnoideo de la médula cervical. También presentamos las estructuras relacionadas a estos sitios como: venas, arterias, nervios craneales, glándula pituitaria y plexos coroideos.

Worldwide in the last two decades, in Latin America in the last decade, and Mexico in particular cerebral endoscopy as part of the minimally invasive neurological surgery, has constituted a significant advance for the treatment of neurological diseases such as congenital or acquired hydrocephalus, Chiari malformation, neurocysticercosis, stroke, ventricular and paraventricular tumors and cysts, arachnoidal cyst and hydrocephalus secondary to shunt malfunction. The lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, the cerebral aqueduct, the fourth ventricle, and the subarachnoid basal cisterns are among the most non accessible regions of the central nervous system. Due to light rand fiber optic systems in combination with the experiences of nine consecutive year's and more than 600 endoscopies, most of them flexible neuroendoscopies, we present the neuroendoscopic approach with flexible cerebral endoscope to the anatomy and its normal variants of the whole ventricle system and the subarachnoid basal cisterns including the subarachnoid space of the cervical spine. We also describe their site related structures including veins, arteries, cranial nerves, pituitary gland, choroidal plexus and their normal anatomic variants.

States of Basal Cisterns on CT Scan and Outcome Prediction in Severe Diffuse Head Injury

The author studied the relationship of age, Glasgow coma scale, Glasgow outcome scale and appearance of basal cisterns as seen on intial computerized tomography on 95 patients with severe diffuse head injury. The results were as follows : 1) The poor outcome rates were 76.8%, 41.2% and 16.6% among those absent, compressed, and normal basal cisterns, respectively. 2) The correlation with the initial GCS score and the status of basal cistern indicated significant difference of poor outcome rate in the patients with absent or compressed basal cisterns between GCS score 3-5 group and GCS 6-8 group while the patients with normal basal cisterns indicated significantly reduced poor outcome rate regardless of GCS score. 3) When outcome was observed in connection with the patient's age and the status of the basal cisterns, a good recovery was significantly increased in the children with normal basal cisterns while the poor outcome rate was very high in the elderly patients even if the basal cisterns were normal. Therefore, the status of the basal cisterns on CT Scan should be used as non-invasive method for predicting the outcome of severe diffuse head injured patients.