Tumores del sistema nervioso central. Clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud 2021. Hacia un cambio de paradigma / Tumors of the central nervous system. Classification of the World Health Organization 2021. Towards a paradigm shift

El estudio de los tumores del sistema nervioso central (SNC) resulta ser un tema de gran consideración y su conocimiento reviste una alta importancia en la práctica médica. Las clasificaciones de las neoplasias del SNC comenzaron a mediados del siglo XIX hasta que en 1979 la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) publicó la primera edición de una sistemática útil con el objetivo de establecer un lenguaje común para todas las especialidades médicas. Al día de hoy, 5 ediciones actualizaron la taxonomía neoplásica. La quinta edición del año 2021 consolida el cambio de paradigma dado por los avances moleculares, si bien todavía la transición se encuentra en proceso entre la caracterización morfológica y la biológica molecular. En este artículo, se analizan las nuevas modificaciones incorporadas en las diferentes familias tumorales más frecuentes en pediatría haciendo hincapié en aquella información de utilidad para el médico pediatra en su práctica diaria y la consulta multidisciplinaria.

The study of central nervous system (CNS) tumors is a subject of great interest and such knowledge is of great importance in medical practice. The classifications of CNS neoplasms began in the mid-19 th century, until the World Health Organization (WHO) published, in 1979, the first edition of a useful systematic review for the purpose of establishing a common language for all medical specialties. To date, 5 updated editions of neoplastic taxonomy have been published.The fifth edition, from 2021, consolidates the paradigm shift brought about by molecular advances, although the transition between morphological and molecular biological characterization is still in progress. In this article, the new modifications introduced in the different most frequent families of tumors in pediatrics are analyzed, emphasizing useful information for pediatricians in their daily practice and multidisciplinary consultations.

Resumen: Consenso internacional para la nomenclatura y clasificación de la válvula aórtica bicúspide congénita y su aortopatía, con fines clínicos, quirúrgicos, intervencionistas y de investigación / Summary: International consensus statement on nomenclature and classification of the congenital bicuspid aortic valve and its aortopathy, for clinical, surgical, interventional and research purposes

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Abstract This consensus of nomenclature and classification for congenital bicuspid aortic valve and its aortopathy is evidence-based and intended for universal use by physicians (both pediatricians and adults), echocardiographers, advanced cardiovascular imaging specialists, interventional cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons, pathologists, geneticists, and researchers spanning these areas of clinical and basic research. In addition, as long as new key and reference research is available, this international consensus may be subject to change based on evidence-based data1.

Correlation between postoperative cardiac risks factors, functionality and hospital length of stay / Correlação entre os fatores de risco cardíaco pós-operatórios, funcionalidade e tempo de internação

INTRODUÇÃO: Cardiac surgery (CS) may be associated with several organic repercussions responsible for the appearance of cardiac risk factors during the postoperative period. These, associated with prolonged hospital length of stay (LoS), may trigger critical manifestations in individuals undergoing this surgical procedure. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships between postoperative cardiac risk factors, LoS, and changes in functioning state. METHODS: Patients undergoing reconstructive, substitutive, or corrective cardiac surgeries were evaluated. The presence of postoperative cardiovascular risks was assessed using the InsCor score, while LoS and functionality were collected from medical records. RESULTS: One-hundred patients with a mean age of 59.2±12.3 years were included. Significant correlations between functionality and both the hospital and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) LoS (p<0.0001, ρ=0.56; p=0.002, ρ=0.29, respectively), as well as between hospital LoS and the number of comorbidities (p=0.003, ρ=0.28) were found. No significant relationships were observed between the number of postoperative risk factors and LoS. CONCLUSION: Functionality and comorbidities are associated with increased hospital and ICU LoS in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

INTRODUÇÃO: A cirurgia cardíaca (CC) pode estar associada a diversas repercussões orgânicas responsáveis pelo surgimento de fatores de risco cardíaco no pós-operatório. Estas, associadas ao tempo de internação hospitalar (TIH) prolongado, podem desencadear manifestações críticas em indivíduos submetidos a esse procedimento cirúrgico. OBJETIVO: Investigar a correlação entre os fatores de risco cardíaco pós-operatórios em CC, funcionalidade e o (TIH). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados pacientes submetidos a CC reconstrutivas, substitutivas ou corretivas. A presença de riscos cardiovasculares pós-operatórios foi avaliada pelo escore da InsCor, enquanto o TIH e a funcionalidade foram coletados em prontuários médicos. RESULTADOS: Cem pacientes com idade média de 59,2±12,3 anos foram incluídos. Correlações significativas entre funcionalidade e TIH total e na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) (p<0.0001, ρ=0.56; p=0.002, ρ=0.29, respectivamente), bem como entre o TIH e o número de comorbidades (p=0.003, ρ=0.28) foram encontradas. Não foram observadas correlações significativas entre o número de fatores de risco pós-operatórios e o TIH. CONCLUSÃO: O número de alterações funcionais e o número de comorbidades estão associados ao aumento do TIH total e na UTI em pacientes submetidos à CC.

Funcionalidade familiar por meiodo instrumento APGAR: avaliaçãodas produções / Family functionality through the APGAR instrument: evaluation of productions

Objetivo: Sintetizar e descrever o que há produzido referente a funcionalidade familiar por meio do uso do instrumento APGAR familiar. Método: O estudo se sustenta na revisão do tipo integrativa de literatura de cunho narrativo, possibilitando a análise do conhecimento científico já produzido sobre o tema investigado. Resultados: A partir dos resultados da revisão integrativa, foi possível a formação de 02 (duas) categorias, como: Categoria 1-APGAR familiar na avaliação das relações cuidadores/familiares do idoso (60 a 100 anos). Categoria 2-Função familiar no cuidado a portadores de situações crônicas, como patologias oncológicas e patologias psiquiátricas. Conclusão: O estudo conseguiu concluir seus objetivos uma vez que os achados sugerem questões significativa concernente à família, pois, detém notoriedade, propiciando a conservação da integridade do ser humano em seus profusos aspectos.(AU)

Objective: To synthesize and describe what has been produced regarding family functionality through the use of the family APGAR instrument. Method: The study is based on an integrative review of narrative literature, enabling the analysis of scientific knowledge already produced on the topic investigated. Results: Based on the results of the integrative review, it was possible to form 02 (two) categories, such as: Category 1-Family APGAR in the assessment of caregiver/family relationships of the elderly (60 to 100 years old). Category2-Family role in caring for people with chronic conditions, such as oncological pathologies and psychiatric pathologies. Conclusion: The study managed to complete its objectives since the findings suggest significant issues concerning the family, as it holds notoriety, enabling the conservation of the integrity of the human being in its profuse aspects.(AU)

Objetivo: Sintetizar y describir lo producido sobre la funcionalidad familiar mediante el uso del instrumento APGAR familiar. Método: El estudio se basa en una revisión integradora de la literatura narrativa, posibilitando el análisis del conocimiento científico ya producido sobre el tema investigado. Resultados: Con base en los resultados de la revisión integradora, fue posible formar 02 (dos) categorías, tales como: Categoría 1-APGAR Familiar en la evaluación de las relaciones cuidador/familiar del anciano (60 a 100 años). Categoría2-Papel familiar en el cuidado de personas con enfermedades crónicas, como patologías oncológicas y patologías psiquiátricas. Conclusión: El estudio logró cumplir sus objetivos ya que los hallazgos sugieren cuestiones significativas relativas a la familia, ya que ésta goza de notoriedad, permitiendo la conservación de la integridad del ser humano en sus aspectos profusos.(AU)

Adição da Troponina Ultrassensível à Avaliação de Risco Perioperatório Melhora a Capacidade Preditiva de Morte em Pacientes Submetidos à Cirurgia Não Cardíaca / Addition of High-Sensitivity Troponin to Perioperative Risk Assessment Improves the Predictive Ability of Death in Non-Cardiac Surgery Patients

Resumo Fundamento A estratificação ode risco é uma importante etapa na avaliação perioperatória. No entanto, os principais escores de risco não incorporam biomarcadores em seus conjuntos de variáveis. Objetivo Avaliar o poder incremental da troponina à estratificação de risco tradicional. Métodos Um total de 2230 pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva após cirurgia não cardíaca foram classificados de acordo com três tipos de risco: Risco Cardiovascular (RCV), Índice de Risco Cardíaco Revisado (IRCR), e Risco Inerente da Cirurgia (RIC). O principal desfecho foi mortalidade por todas as causas. A regressão de Cox foi usada, assim como a estatística C antes e após a adição de troponina ultrassensível (pelo menos uma medida até três dias após a cirurgia). Finalmente, o índice de reclassificação líquida e a melhoria de discriminação integrada foram usadas para avaliar o poder incremental da troponina para a estratificação de risco. O nível de significância usado foi de 0,05. Resultados A idade média dos pacientes foi 63,8 anos e 55,6% eram do sexo feminino. A prevalência de lesão miocárdica após cirurgia não cardíaca (MINS) foi 9,4%. Pacientes com um RCV elevado apresentaram uma maior ocorrência de MINS (40,1% x 24,8%, p<0,001), bem como pacientes com alto RIC (21,3 x 13,9%, p=0,004) e aqueles com IRCR≥3 (3,0 x 0,7%, p=0,009). Pacientes sem MINS, independentemente do risco avaliado, apresentaram taxa de mortalidade similar. A adição de troponina à avaliação de risco melhorou a capacidade preditiva de mortalidade em 30 dias e de mortalidade em um ano em todas as avaliações de risco. Conclusão A prevalência de MINS é mais alta na população de alto risco. No entanto, sua prevalência na população de risco mais baixo não é desprezível e causa um maior risco de morte. A adição da troponina ultrassensível melhorou a capacidade preditiva da avaliação de risco em todos os grupos.

Abstract Background Risk stratification is an important step in perioperative evaluation. However, the main risk scores do not incorporate biomarkers in their set of variables. Objective Evaluate the incremental power of troponin to the usual risk stratification Methods A total of 2,230 patients admitted to the intensive care unit after non-cardiac surgery were classified according to three types of risk: cardiovascular risk (CVR), Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI); and inherent risk of surgery (IRS). The main outcome was all-cause mortality. Cox regression was used as well as c-statistics before and after addition of high-sensitivity troponin (at least one measurement up to three days after surgery). Finally, net reclassification index and integrated discrimination improvement were used to assess the incremental power of troponin for risk stratification. Significance level was set at 0.05. Results Mean age of patients was 63.8 years and 55.6% were women. The prevalence of myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) was 9.4%. High CVR-patients had a higher occurrence of MINS (40.1 x 24.8%, p<0.001), as well as high IRS-patients (21.3 x 13.9%, p=0.004) and those with a RCRI≥3 (3.0 x 0.7%, p=0.009). Patients without MINS, regardless of the assessed risk, had similar mortality rate. The addition of troponin to the risk assessment improved the predictive ability of death at 30 days and at 1 year in all risk assessments. Conclusion The prevalence of MINS is higher in the high-risk population. However, its prevalence in lower-risk population is not negligible and causes a higher risk of death. The addition of high-sensitivity troponin increased the predictive ability of risk assessment in all groups.

Escoliosis idiopática del adolescente / Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

La escoliosis idiopática del Adolescente (EIA) es una deformidad tridimensional de la columna vertebral que aqueja de diversas formas la condición de vida de quien la padece, afectando el desarrollo físico y psicológico del paciente. Proponemos evaluar el resultado clínico, radiológico y el componente de calidad de vida de pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente con EIA, en el servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Jesús Yerena del Lídice. Se evaluó patrón de la curva, clasificación según Lenke, ángulo de Cobb pre y postquirúrgico, edad de tratamiento quirúrgico, gradode corrección, calidad de vida según cuestionario SRS-22 pre y postquirúrgica, valoración funcional mediante la escala de discapacidad de Oswestry (ODI) y complicaciones postoperatorias. Se estudiaron 22 casos (95 % femenino), el principal grupo etario fue de 11-14 años (55 %), la escoliosis tipo 1 fue la predominante (60 %), el ángulo de Cobb inicial fue mayor a 50° (50 %) y la madurez esquelética principal fue Risser 3 (55 %). La edad de resolución quirúrgica predominante fue entre 15-18 años (60 %), el grado de corrección postoperatorio fue de 75-100 % (73 %) y la densidad de los tornillos pediculares fue de 1.4-1.7 (64 %). En el cuestionario SRS-22, hubo mayor afectación en las dimensiones de autoimagen con una media de 1.8 y la valoración por ODI mostró un índice de incapacidad mínima, que fue mejorando en los controles sucesivos. Nuestra principal complicación fueron las infecciones (36 %). Concluimos que la cirugía correctiva temprana en la EIA ofrece a una mejoría clínica, radiológica y de la calidadde vida de estos paciente(AU)

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine that affects the living condition of those who suffer from it in various ways, affecting the physical and psychological development of the patient. We propose to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome and the quality-of-life component of patients treated surgically with EIA, in the Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Jesús Yerena del Lídice. Curve pattern, Lenke classification, pre-and post-surgical Cobb angle, age at surgical treatment, degree of correction, quality of life according to pre-and post-surgical SRS-22 questionnaire, functional assessment using the Oswestry Disability Scale (ODI) and postoperative complications were evaluated. 22 cases were studied (95% female), the main age group was 11-14 years (55%), type 1 scoliosis was predominant (60%), the initial Cobb angle was greater than 50° (50%) and the main skeletal maturity was Risser 3 (55%). The predominant age of surgical resolution was between 15-18 years (60%), the degree of postoperative correction was 75-100% (73%) and the density of pedicle screws was 1.4-1.7 (64%). In the SRS-22 questionnaire, there was greater impairment in the self-image dimensions with a mean of 1.8 and the ODI assessment showed aminimal disability index, which improved in successive controls. Our main complication was infections (36%). We conclude that early corrective surgery in AIS offers clinical, radiological and quality of life improvement for these patient(AU)

Lesiones de la vía biliar

La finalidad de esta revisión es mostrar el estado actual de las lesiones de vía biliar (LVB), producidas especialmente durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Revisaremos la etiopatogenia, los grados de compromiso biliar, las lesiones vasculares asociadas, las clasificaciones utilizadas y los factores de riesgo. Además la forma como evaluar oportunamente la magnitud de la lesión, tanto en la misma cirugía como en el postoperatorio. Igualmente se muestran las diversas alternativas terapéuticas empleadas. Todo con la finalidad de evitar graves complicaciones.

The purpose of this review is to show the current status of bile duct injury, specially produced during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We will review etiopathogenesis, degrees of bile commitment, associated vascular lesions, classifications used and risk factors. In addition, how to assess the extent of the injury in a timely manner, both in the same surgery and in the postoperative surgery. The various therapeutic alternatives used are also shown. All in order to avoid serious complications.

Mapping of Neck Disability Index domains linked to the international classification of functioning and disability / Mapeamento dos domínios do neck disability index vinculados à classificação internacional de funcionalidade e incapacidade

Objective: This study aims to link NDI items to CIF using specific and up-to-date linking rules. Methods: It is a measurement properties analysis study in which two evaluators performed the link between NDI and CIF, both with experience in CIF taxonomy and NDI application. Thus, ten binding rules developed and updated specifically for binding the ICF to other instruments were applied. Results: The Kappa coefficient determined the level of agreement between the evaluators with a confidence interval of 95%. All NDI items were linked to ICF codes; there was no need to use the term "non-definable." The degree of agreement between the evaluators about the domains and the categories of the ICF's first, second, and third levels was almost perfect. Conclusion: Therefore, the NDI is well linked to the codes related to the ICF domains' Activity, Participation, Functions, and Structure. However, no concepts related to contextual factors were identified.

Objetivo: Este estudo visa vincular itens da NDI ao CIF usando regras de vinculação específicas e atualizadas. Métodos: É um estudo de análise de propriedades de medição no qual dois avaliadores realizaram a ligação entre NDI e CIF, ambos com experiência em taxonomia CIF e aplicação de NDI. Assim, foram aplicadas dez regras de vinculação desenvolvidas e atualizadas especificamente para vincular a ICF a outros instrumentos. Resultados: O coeficiente Kappa determinou o nível de concordância entre os avaliadores com um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Todos os itens do NDI estavam vinculados a códigos ICF; não havia necessidade de utilizar o termo "não definível". O grau de concordância entre os avaliadores em relação aos domínios e às categorias do primeiro, segundo e terceiro níveis da ICF foi caracterizado como quase perfeito. Conclusão: Portanto, o NDI está bem ligado aos códigos relacionados à Atividade, Participação, Funções e Estrutura dos domínios da ICF. Entretanto, não foram identificados conceitos relacionados a fatores contextuais.

Femoral fracture in the elderly: dependence on nursing care

Introduction: Due to the aging of the population, nursing processes have been adapted to these patients, who require a high level of care and guidance. Objective: Analyzing the degree of dependence on nursing care by elderly patients (65 years or older) with femur fractures. Materials and Methods: retrospective, with a quantitative approach, carried out in a private hospital from April 2021 to April 2022. The sample comprehends 41 patients, analyzed epidemiological data and degree of dependence Study of nursing care during hospitalization, environment of hospitalization and discharge, according to the SCP. Results: Composed of 41 patients, mean age of 84 years and female predominance (75.61%). With regard to fractures, there was a greater occurrence due to falls from standing height and predominance of neck fractures, with an average time until surgery of less than 16 hours. Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus were predominant. The average of the SCP estimates presented 24.26 in the 1st, 26.12 in the 2nd and 26.24 in the 3rd. The length of hospital stay was 7 days and no deaths were reported. Discussion: The findings on sociodemographic data, reasons for falls, location, comorbidities, degree of dependence and length of hospital stay are similar to those available in databases. They differ, in better quality, under time until surgery and clinical. Conclusions: The study presents specific knowledge to carry out the care of the intra-hospital nursing process, thus allowing the systematization of the team's assistance.

Avaliação de incapacidade em pessoas com doença falciforme / Disability assessment in people with sickle cell / Evaluación de la discapacidad en personas con enfermedad de células falciformes

A expectativa de vida das pessoas com doença falciforme (DF) é baixa, e o agravamento da condição de saúde é frequente, gerando incapacidades. Todavia, pouco é conhecido sobre tais incapacidades com base na Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi descrever as incapacidades de adultos com DF. Realizou-se um estudo transversal descritivo, com 60 adultos com DF, de ambos os sexos. Informações sociodemográficas, fatores clínicos relacionados ao tipo de DF foram autorreferidos pelos participantes. As incapacidades foram avaliadas por meio da Escala de Avaliação de Incapacidade da Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHODAS 2.0) nos seguintes domínios: cognição, mobilidade, autocuidado, relações interpessoais (convivência com as pessoas), atividades de vida e participação na sociedade. Em cada domínio, foi definida incapacidade quando o sujeito relatou dificuldade leve, moderada, grave ou extrema de desempenhar a tarefa. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva (frequências relativas). Os resultados mostraram valores elevados em todos os domínios avaliados, com destaque para dificuldades de concentração (90%) e desempenho nas tarefas domésticas (93,3%) e impacto da situação de saúde nas finanças do sujeito/família (96,7%). Os dados deste estudo mostraram que adultos com DF apresentam elevados índices de incapacidade, especialmente no domínio cognitivo, nas atividades de vida e na participação social.

Life expectancy of people living with sickle cell disease (SCD) is in general low and the worsening of their health condition is frequent, resulting in disabilities. However, knowledge about those disabilities based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is scarce. Thus, this study aimed to describe the disabilities of adults with SCD. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with 60 adults with SCD of both sexes. Sociodemographic and clinical factors related to the type of SCD were self-reported by the participants. Disabilities were assessed by the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0), in the following domains: cognition, mobility, selfcare, getting along with people, life activities, and participation in society. In each domain, disability was defined when the participant self-reported light, moderate, severe, extreme difficulty, or inability to perform the task. Data analysis included descriptive statistics (relative frequencies). The results showed high values in all domains evaluated, with emphasis on difficulties on concentrating (90%) and performing household chores (93.3%) and on the impact of health condition on subject/family's financial situation (96.7%). The data from this study shows that adults with SCD present high disability levels, especially on the cognitive domain, on life activities, and on social participation.

Las personas con enfermedad de células falciformes (ECF) tienen una baja esperanza de vida, y el empeoramiento de su estado de salud es frecuente, generando discapacidades. Sin embargo, estas discapacidades son poco conocidas según la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y de la Salud (CIF). El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las discapacidades de adultos con ECF . Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, con 60 adultos con ECF, de ambos sexos. Los factores sociodemográficos y clínicos relacionados con el tipo de ECF fueron autoinformados. Las discapacidades se evaluaron mediante la Escala de Evaluación de la Discapacidad de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (WHODAS 2.0), en los dominios de cognición, movilidad, autocuidado, convivencia con personas, actividades de la vida y participación en la sociedad. La discapacidad se definió mediante un reporte de dificultad o incapacidad leve, moderada, grave, extrema del individuo para realizar una tarea. Los datos fueron analizados por estadística descriptiva (frecuencias relativas). Los resultados mostraron altos valores de discapacidad en todos los dominios evaluados, con énfasis en las dificultades de concentración (90%), el desempeño en las tareas domésticas (93,3%) y el impacto de la situación de salud en las finanzas del sujeto/familia (96,7%). Los datos de este estudio mostraron que los adultos con ECF tienen altas tasas de discapacidad, especialmente en los dominios cognitivo, actividades de la vida y participación social.

Reflexiones para optimizar el triaje en cirugía / Reflections to optimize triage in surgery

Introducción: La categorización de las urgencias quirúrgicas es una necesidad en razón al continuo desequilibrio entre la oferta y la demanda de servicios quirúrgicos en la mayoría de las instituciones donde se encuentra habilitada la prestación del servicio. Hay abordajes en el tema, con estrategias de priorización de los casos quirúrgicos, que consideran escalas y flujogramas, pero su ausente validez externa y las particularidades de las instituciones y aseguradores, han limitado una generalización de los resultados. Métodos: Se efectúa una conceptualización del triaje de las urgencias quirúrgicas con planteamientos críticos y reflexivos soportados en la evidencia. Se identifican, asimismo, las posibles oportunidades para la investigación. Discusión: Los beneficios potenciales de un triaje quirúrgico en situaciones de urgencia, son extensivos a todos los actores del sistema de salud, disminuyen la posibilidad de desenlaces y repercusiones económicas negativas para las instituciones y los aseguradores. La teoría de las colas ofrece el soporte para un entendimiento del tema y contribuye en las soluciones. Su adopción es escasa como parte de una estrategia local de priorización quirúrgica en un contexto de urgencia. Conclusión:La creación de estrategias que establezcan el triaje para el paciente con una urgencia quirúrgica están influenciadas por la participación continua y efectiva de los actores involucrados en el proceso y en su impacto en los desenlaces clínicos

Introduction: Categorizing surgical emergencies is necessary due to the continued imbalance between the supply and demand of surgical services in most institutions where the service is enabled. There are approaches to the subject, with strategies for prioritizing surgical cases, which consider scales and flowcharts, but their lack of external validity and the particularities of the institutions and insurers have limited the generalization of the results. Methods: A conceptualization of the triage of surgical emergencies is carried out with critical and reflective approaches supported by evidence. Potential research opportunities are also identified. Discussion: The potential benefits of surgical triage in emergent situations are extensive to all health system actors, reducing the possibility of adverse outcomes and economic repercussions for institutions and insurers. Queuing theory offers support for understanding the issue and contributes to solutions. However, its adoption is scarce in an emergency as part of a local surgical prioritization strategy. Conclusion: The creation of strategies that establish triage for the patient with a surgical emergency is influenced by the continuous and effective participation of the actors involved in the process and its impact on clinical outcomes

Evaluation of condylar position in patients with malocclusion and changes in condylar position before and after orthodontic treatment using cone beam computed tomography / 口腔疾病防治

@#The functional health and stability of the oral and maxillofacial system is one of the basic goals of orthodontic treatment. Currently, it is believed that, in general, the condyle is located in the center of the joint fossa when the mandible is in an intercuspal position (ICP) in healthy normal people. At this time, the function of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is stable. Due to orthodontic tooth movement and subsequent occlusal changes, patients with malocclusion may experience related remodeling of the temporomandibular joint, especially changes in the position of the condyle. The position of the mandibular condyle is traditionally evaluated using a condylar position indicator. However, this method lacks consistency in obtaining condylar position changes. In recent years, in the clinical application of orthodontic treatment, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has become the first choice for examination. CBCT can accurately measure the interarticular space and determine changes in condylar position. This article reviews the CBCT assessment of condylar position and related research on condylar position changes in patients with malocclusion before and after orthodontic treatment. The literature review results indicate that there are differences in the condylar position of patients with different malocclusions, and the condylar position may also change before and after orthodontic treatment. With a lower radiation dose, CBCT has higher accuracy in evaluating the condylar position in patients with malocclusion who undergo orthodontic treatment, thus promoting further study of the mechanism of condylar position changes in patients with malocclusion in the future and providing more accurate and personalized guidance for patient treatment.

Application of the plasmatrix in alveolar ridge preservation / 口腔疾病防治

@#After tooth extraction, significant absorption occurs in the soft and hard tissues of the alveolar ridge. The goal of alveolar ridge preservation is to maintain the volume and shape of the alveolar ridge's soft and hard tissues as much as possible so as to provide suitable conditions for implant placement. Currently, there are challenges in classifying the socket for alveolar ridge preservation, such as the difficulty in directly guiding the selection of graft materials and clinical procedures and the insufficient space for particle xenograft maintenance, resulting in poor bone regeneration. Plasmatrix is an autologous blood derivative that effectively enhances tissue regeneration. This article introduced the characteristics of soft and hard tissue defects after tooth extraction and the primary applications of plasmatrix for alveolar ridge preservation (liquid plasmatrix, solid plasmatrix membrane/plug, and plasmatrix bone blocks) as well as the proposed methods for the reclassification of sockets for alveolar ridge preservation based on soft and hard tissue defects at the extraction site to facilitate the creation of clinical recommendations. The proposed classifications are as follows: Class I, extraction socket without bone defect, with or without soft tissue defect; Class Ⅱ, extraction socket with bone defect, both sides with bone wall defect less than 50%, with or without soft tissue defect; Class Ⅲ, extraction socket with bone tissue defect, at least one side with bone wall defect greater than 50%, with or without soft tissue defect. For the Class I socket, a solid plasmatrix membrane or plug is inserted, followed by injection of liquid plasmatrix, using a double-layer solid plasmatrix membrane for socket closure; for the ClassⅡ socket, plasmatrix bone blocks are inserted, followed by injection of liquid plasmatrix and secondary solidification, using absorbable collagen membrane and double-layer solid plasmatrix membrane for socket closure; for the ClassⅢ socket, tenting screws are used to maintain height, followed by implantation of plasmatrix bone blocks, injection of liquid plasmatrix and secondary solidification, using absorbable collagen membrane and double-layer solid plasmatrix membrane for socket closure. The aim of this article is to provide comprehensive knowledge of plasmatrix for oral clinicians to serve as a reference to simplify the clinical decision-making process and procedures for alveolar ridge preservation.

A new classification of left apicoposterior segmental bronchus and its clinical significance / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To analyze a new classification of the left apicoposterior segmental bronchus and summarize its clinical significance. Methods     We accessed the computed tomography imaging data of the inpatients treated in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital between January and November 2021. We observed and classified the branching pattern of the left apicoposterior segmental bronchus (B1+2) using three-dimensional computed tomography bronchography and angiography (3D-CTBA) technique. And we filtered out the patients who underwent thoracoscopic left apicoposterior segmentectomy and analyzed their clinical data retrospectively to summarize the instructing significance of different bronchial classification in the accurate and safe operation of left apicoposterior segmentectomy. Results     Finally 240 patients were collected, including 131 males and 109 females with a median age of 51.0 (19.0-77.0) years. The anatomical pattern of the left apicoposterior segmental bronchus was divided into four main types based on the branching pattern of the outer subsegmental bronchi (B1+2c): type Ⅰ 10% (24 patients), type Ⅱ 54% (130 patients) , type Ⅲ 17% (40 patients) , type Ⅳ 18% (43 patients) and other variations 1% (3 patients). Thirty-two patients smoothly underwent thoracoscopic left apicoposterior segmentectomy, including 23 patients of type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ receiving LS1+2 resection, the other 9 patients of type Ⅲ and type Ⅳ receiving LS1+2 resection (3 patients), LS1+2c resection (4 patients) and LS1+2(a+b) resection (2 patients). Conclusion     This new classification systematically and concisely elucidates the branching characteristics of the left apicoposterior bronchus. Different branching types are instructive to the left apicoposterior segmentectomy.

The value of POSSUM score system in predicting postoperative complications in elderly patients and its correlation with Clavien-Dindo classification / 重庆医学

Objective To explore the value of the Physiology and Surgical Severity Score(POSSUM)scoring system in predicting postoperative complications in elderly patients with thoracic surgery,and to ana-lyze its correlation with Clavien-Dindo classification.Methods The data of 182 elderly patients who under-went thoracic surgery in this hospital from October 2019 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.They were divided into the complication group and the non-complication group according to whether there were complications after surgery.The baseline data and POSSUM score of the two groups were analyzed,and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was drawn to analyze the predictive value of POSSUM for post-operative complications in elderly patients.POSSUM of patients with different Clavien-Dindo classification was compared,and the correlation between POSSUM and Clavien-Dindo classification analyzed.Results The incidence of pulmonary infection was the highest in the complication group,followed by hypoproteinemia.POSSUM in the complication group was higher than that in non-complication group before operation,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The ROC curve showed that the area under curve(AUC)value of POSSUM was 0.829;In the complication group,according to Clavien-Dindo classification,there were 5 cases of grade Ⅰ,47 cases of grade Ⅱ,8 cases of grade Ⅱ Ⅲ,7 cases of grade Ⅳ and 8 cases of grade V,the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The correlation analysis showed that POSSUM score was positively correlated with Clavien-Dindo classification(r＞0.513,P＜0.05).Conclusion The POSSUM scoring system has a high value in predicting postoperative complications in elderly patients with thoracic surgery.

Research progress on the clinical classification correlation between liver cirrhosis and liver failure / 解放军医学杂志

The essence of cirrhosis is the over-repairing reaction of liver tissue damage in the process of chronic liver disease.During repair,the liver parenchyma is gradually replaced by fibrosis tissue,resulting in changes in liver tissue morphology,followed by portal hypertension and other related manifestations.Liver failure are serious disorder of liver functions(synthesis,metabolism,transformation,regeneration,etc.)caused by various factors,often mainly manifested as jaundice,coagulation disfunction,hepatic encephalopathy,ascites,etc.The naming and typing of the two are different,and they can exist independently of each other or intersect with each other.In recent years,with the in-depth exploration of cirrhosis and liver failure,many new definitions and classification methods have been put forward in the research.However,due to the confusion of classification methods,there is still a lack of summary,so this article briefly reviews the current progress of clinical classification of liver cirrhosis and liver failure and their differences and intersections.

Application of WHO molecular classification in endometrial cancer(2020)and its clinicopathological significance / 临床与实验病理学杂志

Purpose To explore the application and clini-copathological significance of molecular classification in endome-trial cancer(EC)of WHO(2020)tumors of the female repro-ductive system.Methods Sixty-two EC patients were collected and categorized into four subgroups,namely POLE mutation type,mismatch repair deficient(MMRd)type,non-specific molecular spectrum(NMSP)type,and p53 mutation type,based on WHO molecular classification tested by PCR and im-munohistochemistry.The correlation among four molecular sub-groups and their clinicopathological features were analyzed.Re-sults The molecular classification was distributed as follows:3(4.8％)cases were POLE-mutated,15(24.2％)cases MMRd,36(58.1％)cases NSMP and 8(12.9％)cases p53 abnormal expression.There were no significant differences a-mong POLE-mutated and infiltration depth,grade,lymph vascu-lar space invasion and other pathological factors such as lymph node metastasis and FIGO stage(P＞0.05).Among 15 patients with MMRd,the proportion of FIGO stage Ⅱ+Ⅲ significantly increased.One case showed abnormal overexpression of p53 pro-tein,while two cases showed complete loss of expression in MMRd subgroup.36 cases of NSMP were associated with low histopathological grade(Grade Ⅰ+Ⅱ)(P＜0.05),and no significant differences were observed among NSMP and other clinicopathological factors(P＞0.05).The p53 abnormal ex-pression in 8 cases was related to high histopathological grade(Grade Ⅲ)(P＜0.05),and the rate of lymph node metastasis and FIGO stage Ⅱ+Ⅲ significantly increased in patients with p53 abnormal expression,and although the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Conclusion The molecu-lar subgroups of EC have certain clinical application value,the cases with MMRd and p53 abnormal expression may have poor prognosis than these with POLE-mutated and NSMP.

Multiparametric CT features for prediction of the risk classification of gastric stromal tumor / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To investigate the value of multiparametric CT features for predicting the risk classification of gastric stro-mal tumor(GST).Methods The clinical data from 139 patients with GST were retrospectively collected.According to the patho-logical risk results,the patients were divided into two groups:a low-risk GST group(including very low-and low-risk)with 75 patients and a high-risk GST group(including medium and high-risk)with 64 patients.The CT features between low-risk GST group and high-risk GST group were compared using chi-squared test or t-test.The risk factors of high-risk GST were identified by univariate analysis.The prediction models were built by multivariate logistic regression.The performance of models were evaluated by receiver oper-ating characteristic(ROC)curve.Results There were significant differences in the maximum tumor diameter,minimum tumor diameter,arterial phase enhancement degree,venous phase enhancement rate,arterial phase enhancement degree rate,venous phase enhance-ment degree rate,cystic,and necrosis between low-risk GST group and high-risk GST group,which were associated with the risk classification of GST.The area under the curve(AUC)of the quantitative features-based model that combined maximum tumor diam-eter,minimum tumor diameter,arterial phase enhancement degree,venous phase enhancement rate,arterial phase enhancement degree rate and venous phase enhancement degree rate,showed a significantly higher performance than the qualitative features-based model that incorporated cystic and necrosis(0.981 vs 0.850,P<0.001).Conclusion Maximum tumor diameter,minimum tumor diameter,arterial phase enhancement degree,venous phase enhancement rate,arterial phase enhancement degree rate,venous phase enhance-ment degree rate,as well as cystic and necrosis,are associated with the risk classification of GST and can predict the high-risk GST.

Effect of different locations of necrotic focus on the natural course of non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:For non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head,if the femoral head collapses,it will have a great impact on the normal life of the patients.Thus,it is necessary to use an appropriate way to evaluate the risk of femoral head collapse and then to take targeted measures to delay the process of femoral head collapse. OBJECTIVE:To analyze the natural course of early osteonecrosis of the femoral head(without collapse)under different locations of necrotic lesions. METHODS:121 patients(191 hips)with early non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head who were treated in the Outpatient Department of Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University from October 2016 to October 2017 were enrolled in this study.The clinical data of all patients were followed up for 5 years to observe the collapse of osteonecrosis of the femoral head and the risk coefficient of femoral head collapse among different JIC types.The collapse rate of osteonecrosis of the femoral head was calculated during the follow-up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)A total of 191 hips were included in this study.The femoral head collapsed in 86 hips during follow-up,with a total collapse rate of 45.0%.Among the influencing factors,age,ARCO stage and JIC classification were the main influencing factors of femoral head collapse(P<0.05),but body mass index,sex,incidence side and pathogenic factors were not the main influencing factors(P>0.05).(2)Among 191 hips,in JIC classification,the total collapse rates of type A,type B,type C1 and type C2 were 11.1%(2/18),30.2%(16/53),52.4%(43/82),and 65.8%(25/38),respectively.There were significant differences in the total collapse rate of the femoral head among all types(P<0.05).The collapse risk results showed that the collapse risk of type B,type C1 and type C2 was 2.41,5.22 and 7.89 times higher than that of type A,respectively.(3)Both JIC classification and ARCO stage were correlated with femoral head collapse(P<0.01).There was no significant difference in the collapse rate of the femoral head among all JIC types in ARCO I stage hips(P>0.05).In the hips with ARCO II stage,the collapse rates of the femoral head of JIC types A,B,C1 and C2 were 1.2%,19.5%,50.0%and 29.3%,respectively,and there were significant differences in the collapse rates among different types(P<0.05).(4)During follow-up,the collapse rates of the femoral head in the first to fifth years were 29.3%,7.9%,4.7%,2.6%and 0.5%,respectively.(5)Results showed that for early non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head,the risk of collapse of osteonecrosis of the femoral head is high within one year,and the location of the focus of osteonecrosis affects the risk of collapse of the femoral head.The effect of the location of the focus on the prognosis of the disease should be considered in clinical treatment.