Infusiones controladas por objetivo y sistemas de circuito cerrado. Límites en expansión / Target-controlled infusions and closed-loop systems: expansion limits

Introducción: La administración manual en bolo ha evolucionado desde la infusión volumétrica basada en regímenes farmacológicos estandarizados, hasta los sistemas de infusión controlada por objetivo y los más sofisticados sistemas de circuito cerrado. Objetivo: Describir los principios tecnológicos y aplicaciones clínicas extendidas de la infusión controlada por objetivo y los sistemas de circuito cerrado. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión no sistemática de la literatura, en bases de datos científicas como Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Pubmed/Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, Science Direct, OVID y el buscador académico Google Scholar, en el mes de septiembre del año 2020. Desarrollo: La disponibilidad y portabilidad de dispositivos electrónicos con capacidad de procesamiento avanzado a precios relativamente accesibles, el perfeccionamiento del aprendizaje automático e inteligencia artificial aplicado a las decisiones médicas, y las iteraciones tecnológicas complejas incorporadas en los sistemas de circuito abierto y cerrado, desarrollados originalmente en el campo de la Anestesiología, han posibilitado su expansión a otras especialidades y entornos clínicos tan disímiles como el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus, administración de fármacos antineoplásicos, ventilación mecánica, control de las variables hemodinámicas y la terapia antimicrobiana en pacientes críticos. Conclusiones: La infusión controlada por objetivo y los sistemas de circuito cerrado se han convertido en tecnologías maduras, seguras y viables, aplicadas clínicamente en múltiples naciones y escenarios, con un desempeño superior a los sistemas manuales tradicionales(AU)

Introduction: Manual bolus administration has evolved from volumetric infusion based on standardized pharmacological regimens to target-controlled infusion systems and the most sophisticated closed-loop systems. Objective: To describe the technological principles and extended clinical applications of target-controlled infusion and closed-loop systems. Methods: A nonsystematic review of the literature was carried out, during September 2020, in scientific databases such as Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Pubmed/Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, Science Direct, OVID and the academic search engine Google Scholar. Development: The availability and portability of electronic devices with advanced processing capacity at relatively affordable prices, the refinement of machine learning and artificial intelligence applied to medical decisions, as well as the complex technological iterations incorporated into open and closed-loop systems, originally developed in the field of anesthesiology, have enabled their expansion to other specialties and clinical settings so diverse as treatment of diabetes mellitus, administration of antineoplastic drugs, mechanical ventilation, control of hemodynamic variables and antimicrobial therapy in critical patients. Conclusions: Target-controlled infusion and closed-loop systems have become mature, safe and viable technologies, applied clinically in multiple nations and settings, with superior performance compared to traditional manual systems(AU)

Development of Electrical Neural Stimulator Generating Periodic and Non-periodic Signals and Supporting Closed-loop Experimental System

It is essential to build a system to generate proper neural stimulus signals with adjusting parameters. We developed a stimulator with up to four channels for separate settings in periodic and non-periodic modes. The device can support a closed-loop experimental system which utilizes neural information in real time as a feedback for controlling stimuli. To confirm whether stimulating signals are properly produced and delivered inside the brain, two experiments with rats were conducted. We observed that the change of firing rates and the cross-power spectral density increased after stimulation which meant that electric signals were transferred well and that they affected the neurons' activities. Thus, it is expected that the stimulator can be utilized to produce appropriate stimulation signals in accordance with various objectives.

Study on control information network and its real-time property / 药物分析学报

The control network is an important developmental orientation in the remote control system. As the control network and information network are comparatively alike in the framework and technology, we can build a control network which is similar to the common information network. In the era when the information network is becoming increasingly mature, it is a royal road to construct or rebuild a control information network in the development of the control network by relying on the achievements made in the information network or current information resources. This paper expounds the construction idea of the control information network, gives the idiographic realization method and then researches into the real-time problem encountered in the control information network, and presents a three-closed-loop control system based on virtualized reality. The feasibility of the idea is validated via experiments and simulations separately.

Study on control information network and its real-time property / 西安交通大学学报·英文版

The control network is an important developmental orientation in the remote control system. As the control network and information network are comparatively alike in the framework and technology, we can build a control network which is similar to the common information network. In the era when the information network is becoming increasingly mature, it is a royal road to construct or rebuild a control information network in the development of the control network by relying on the achievements made in the information network or current information resources. This paper expounds the construction idea of the control information network, gives the idiographic realization method and then researches into the real-time problem encountered in the control information network, and presents a three-closed-loop control system based on virtualized reality. The feasibility of the idea is validated via experiments and simulations separately.

EFFICIENT STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS METHOD FOR CLOSED-LOOP PWM SWITCHING CONVERTERS / 药物分析学报

An analysis technique of steady state and stability for closed-loop PWM DC/DC switching converters is presented. Using this method, the closed-loop switching converter is transformed into an open-loop system. By means of the fact that in steady state, the two boundary values are equal in one switching period. The exponential matrix is evaluated by precise time-domain-integration method, and then the related curve between feedback duty cycle and the input one is obtained. Not only can the steady-state duty cycle be found from the curve, but also the stability and stable domain of the system. Compared with other methods, it features with simplicity and less calculation, and fit for numerical simulation and analysis for closed-loop switching converters. The simulation results of examples indicate the correctness of the presented method.

Simple Method of Silicone Tube Intubation with Pigtail Probe and Maintenance for Lacrimal Canalicular Repair

Silicone tube intubation with pigtail probe is one of the popular methods for lacerated canalicular repair. One of the major problems in this method is the difficulty of silicone tube insertion into the lumen of the lacerated canaliculus due to the large tip diameter of silicone tube itself, Also, long-term maintenance of silicone tube may cause conjunctival irritation and cosmetic problems. We could minimize the difficulty of silicone tube insertion by suture connection between a round-tip eyed pigtail probe and a silicone tube tip prepared like syringe needle tip for patients with lower lacrimal canalicular laceration. We could keep the silicone tube safely and effectively by inserting the anastomosis site of closed loop system into the upper punctum.