Influence of triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio on the onset of primary liver cancer / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of triglyceride （TG）/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） ratio on the onset of primary liver cancer. MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted. Physical examination data were collected from 99 750 cases of on-the-job and retired employees of Kailuan Group who participated health examination from July 2006 to December 2007， and they were followed up till December 31， 2021 to observe the onset of primary liver cancer. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between multiple groups， and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of continuous data with skewed distribution between multiple groups； the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. According to the tertiles of TG/HDL-C ratio， the subjects were divided into Q1， Q2， and Q3 groups， and the incidence density of primary liver cancer was calculated for each group. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative incidence rate of primary liver cancer in each group， and the log-rank test was used to compare the difference in cumulative incidence rate between groups. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the influence of TG/HDL-C ratio on the onset of primary liver cancer. ResultsThere were significant differences between the three groups in age， proportion of male subjects， waist circumference， body mass index， fasting blood glucose， systolic pressure， diastolic pressure， triglyceride， total cholesterol， HDL-C， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol， alanine aminotransferase， high-sensitivity C-reactive protein， chronic liver diseases， hypertension， diabetes， the family history of malignant tumor， drinking， smoking， physical exercise， and educational level （P<0.05）. During the mean follow-up time of 14.06±2.71 years， there were 484 cases of new-onset liver cancer， among whom there were 446 male subjects and 38 female subjects. The incidence density of primary liver cancer was 0.39/1 000 person-years in the Q1 group， 0.35/1 000 person-years in the Q2 group， and 0.30/1 000 person-years in the Q3 group， and the cumulative incidence rates of primary liver cancer in the three groups were 6.03‰， 5.28‰， and 4.49‰， respectively， with a significant difference between the three groups based on the long-rank test （χ2=6.06， P=0.048）. After adjustment for the confounding factors considered， the Cox proportional hazards model showed that compared with the Q3 group， the Q1 group had a hazard ratio of 2.04 （95% confidence interval ［CI］： 1.61‍ ‍—‍ ‍2.58， Pfor trend<0.05）， and the Q2 group had a hazard ratio of 1.53 （95%CI： 1.21‍ ‍—‍ ‍1.92， Pfor trend<0.05）. ConclusionThe reduction in TG/HDL-C ratio is associated with an increase in the rask of primary liver cancer， especially in people with chronic liver diseases.

Relationship between physical activity levels and depressive symptoms in college students: a cohort study / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the association between physical activity levels and depressive symptoms among college students, so as to provide evidence for promoting physical and mental health of college students.@*Methods@#Using a cohort study design,a baseline survey of 1 415 college students in Shenyang Normal University in 2017 followed for three years from 2018 to 2020. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and Selfrating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to evaluate the physical activity levels and depressive symptoms of college students. According to the level of physical activity at baseline (MET ·h/week), participants were divided into three groups [T1 (≤36.4), T2 (>36.4-89.3) and T3 (>89.3)]. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between baseline physical activity levels and the incidence of depressive symptoms during the school years.@*Results@#In the 3year followup (2018-2020), 852 (60.2%) participants exhibited depressive symptoms. The numbers of individuals with depressive symptoms in the T1, T2, and T3 groups were 324, 268, and 260, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that college students who participated in higher levels of physical activity decreased the risk of depressive symptoms by 34.2% [T2: OR(95%CI) = 0.658 (0.500-0.866)] and 38.9% [T3:OR(95%CI)=0.611(0.465-0.804)] compared with T1 group after adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, healthrelated factors, and baseline depressive symptoms as covariates. The sexstratified analysis showed a negative correlation between physical activity levels and the incidence of depressive symptoms in female college students. Compared with T1 group, higher levels of physical activity reduced the incidence of depressive symptoms by 39.6% [T2: OR(95%CI)=0.604(0.445-0.820)] and 37.7% [T3: OR(95%CI)=0.623(0.459-0.846)], respectively (P<0.01). However, there was no significant correlation between physical activity levels and depressive symptoms in male college students (P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#There is an inverse relationship between physical activity levels and depressive symptoms. The findings suggest that schools should reduce the risk of depressive symptoms by promoting physical activity levels among college students.

Efeito dos transtornos mentais comuns na gestação e seis a nove anos pós-parto para a tentativa de suicídio em mulheres / The effect of common mental disorders on suicidal attempts by women, during pregnancy and six to nine years after birth

Resumo Há escassez de dados globais sobre as tentativas de suicídio (TS). A maior frequência de adoecimento mental coloca as mulheres em maior risco de TS. Os transtornos mentais (TM) estão em primeiro lugar na carga global de doenças em termos de anos vividos com incapacidade (AVI). Entre os problemas de saúde mental que mais acometem mulheres estão os transtornos mentais comuns (TMC). O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar o impacto dos TMC na gravidez e seis a nove anos após o parto para a TS em mulheres cadastradas na Estratégia de Saúde da Família no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. O estudo engloba duas etapas de uma coorte prospectiva. Foram incluídas 643 mulheres adultas. A prevalência de TMC na etapa I (gestação) e sua incidência na etapa III (seis a nove anos após o parto) foram, respectivamente, 19,3% e 12,6%. A incidência da TS foi de 10,9%. A análise multivariada demonstrou efeito cumulativo dos TMC para a TS: TMC só na gestação (OR 5,4; IC95% 2,2-13,3); só na terceira etapa (OR 5,8; IC95% 2,3-14,9); e em ambas (OR 6,0; IC95% 2,5-14,4). O acúmulo dos TMC em mulheres aumenta a chance de TS, sendo importante a implementação de políticas públicas para a saúde das mulheres, principalmente com histórico de doença mental, hábitos não saudáveis e que sofrem violência.

Abstract There is scarcity of global data on suicide attempts (SA). The higher frequency of mental disorders places women at a higher risk for SA. Mental disorders (MD) are ranked first in the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) in terms of years lived with disability (YLD) and common mental disorders (CMD) affect women the most. IN this light, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of CMD during pregnancy, as well as 6 to 9 years after birth, on SA in women who were registered in the Family Health Strategy from the town of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. This study consisted of two stages of a prospective cohort. 643 adult women were included. The prevalence of CMD in stage I (pregnancy) and in stage III (six to nine years after birth) were, respectively, 19.3% and 12.6%. The incidence of SA was 10.9%. The multivariate analysis demonstrated a cumulative effect of CMD for SA: only during pregnancy (OR 5.4; 95%CI 2.2-13.3); only in the third stage (OR 5.8; 95%CI 2.3-14.9); and in both stages (OR 6.0; 95%CI 2.5-14.4). The increase of CMD in women increases the chances of SA, hence the importance of implementing public policies for women's health, especially for those with a history of mental disorders and unhealthy habits, and those who suffer violence.

Association between sleep duration and latency, nocturnal awakenings, and body mass index among infants / Associação entre duração e latência do sono, despertares noturnos e índice de massa corporal de lactentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between sleep duration, nocturnal awakenings, and sleep latency with body mass index (BMI) at six and 12 months of age. Methods: 179 children from a birth cohort were enrolled. At six and 12 months of age, anthropometric data were obtained using standardized techniques and infants' mothers answered the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire for sleep data. The association of BMI with the independent variables (sleep duration, latency, and nocturnal awakenings) was assessed by linear regression models. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders and a p-value<0.05 was adopted to define statistical significance. Results: For each additional hour of sleep duration, BMI was reduced by 0.15 kg/m² (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.28; -0.01; p=0.03) and each additional minute of sleep latency increased BMI by 0.01 kg/m² (95%CI -0.00; 0.03; p=0.02). These associations were independent of gestational age, child sex, birth weight, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, smoking during pregnancy, and mother's BMI, education, and marital status. Nocturnal awakenings showed no association with the outcome. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sleep duration and sleep latency time are associated with BMI in the first year of life. Insights into the influence of sleep early in life on weight status may be helpful to complement future nutritional recommendations and prevent and treat obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre duração do sono, despertares noturnos e latência do sono com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) aos seis e 12 meses de idade. Métodos: foram incluídas 179 crianças de uma coorte de nascimentos. Aos seis e 12 meses de idade, dados antropométricos foram obtidos por meio de técnicas padronizadas e as mães dos lactentes responderam ao Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire para dados do sono. A associação do IMC com as variáveis independentes (duração do sono, latência e despertares noturnos) foi avaliada por modelos de regressão linear. As análises foram ajustadas para potenciais fatores de confusão e o p-valor<0,05 foi adotado para definir a significância estatística. Resultados: Para cada hora adicional de duração do sono, o IMC foi reduzido em 0,15 kg/m² (intervalo de confiança [IC]95% -0,28; -0,01; p=0,03) e cada minuto adicional no tempo de latência resultou em aumento de 0,01 kg/m² (IC95% -0,00; 0,03; p=0,02) no IMC. Essas associações foram independentes da idade gestacional, sexo da criança, peso ao nascer, duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo, tabagismo durante a gravidez e IMC, escolaridade e estado civil da mãe. Os despertares noturnos não apresentaram associação com o desfecho. Conclusões: Nossos achados sugerem que a duração e a latência do sono estão associadas ao IMC no primeiro ano de vida. Informações sobre a influência do sono no início da vida sobre o status do peso podem ser úteis para complementar futuras recomendações nutricionais e prevenir e tratar a obesidade.

Cancer mortality in workers at risk of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation in a company in the nuclear sector headquarters in São Paulo / Mortalidade por câncer em trabalhadores com risco de exposição ocupacional à radiação ionizante em empresa do setor nuclear sediada em São Paulo

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare cancer mortality among workers exposed to gamma and X radiation and the general population of the city of São Paulo, as well as that of the subgroup monitored with those not monitored for gamma and X radiation in a work unit with ionizing radiation based in the city of São Paulo. Methods: Between 2016 and 2021, a retrospective open cohort study was carried out with workers who were employed from 08/31/1956 to 12/31/2016 based on data collected at the company and in official institutions. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated by sex, age and calendar period of cancers grouped according to type, risk factor and organ system in two analyses: in the external analysis, the mortality of the study population was compared with that of the general population of the city of São Paulo; In the internal analysis, the mortality of the monitored subgroup was compared with that of the subgroup not monitored for gamma and X radiation. Results: The external mortality analysis showed SMR=0.224 (95%CI 0.208-0.240) and the healthy worker effect, while the internal mortality analysis showed SMR=0.685 (95%CI 0.618-0.758). Conclusion: This study showed lower cancer mortality among exposed workers when compared to mortality in the general population and the healthy worker effect. Among workers monitored for gamma and X radiation, cancer mortality was lower when compared to those not monitored.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a mortalidade por câncer entre trabalhadores expostos à radiação gama e X e a população geral do município de São Paulo, bem como a do subgrupo monitorado com o não monitorado para radiação gama e X em uma unidade de trabalho sediada no município de São Paulo. Métodos: Entre 2016 e 2021 foi realizado estudo de coorte aberta retrospectiva com trabalhadores que tiveram vínculo empregatício desde 31/08/1956 até 31/12/2016 a partir de dados coletados na empresa e em instituições oficiais. Foram calculadas as razões de mortalidade padronizadas (RMP) por sexo, idade e período calendário de cânceres agrupados segundo o tipo, o fator de risco e o sistema orgânico em duas análises: na análise externa, comparou-se a mortalidade da população de estudo com a da população geral do município de São Paulo; já na análise interna, comparou-se a mortalidade do subgrupo monitorado com a do subgrupo não monitorado para radiação gama e X. Resultados: A análise externa de mortalidade mostrou RMP=0,224 (IC95% 0,208-0,240) e o efeito do trabalhador sadio, enquanto a análise interna de mortalidade mostrou RMP = 0,685 (IC95% 0,618-0,758). Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou menor mortalidade por câncer entre os trabalhadores expostos quando comparada com a mortalidade da população geral e o efeito do trabalhador sadio. Entre os trabalhadores monitorados para radiação gama e X, a mortalidade por câncer foi menor quando comparada com a dos não monitorados.

Immunization against covid-19 and mortality in hospitalized patients: a retrospective cohort / Imunização contra covid-19 e mortalidade em pacientes hospitalizados: coorte retrospectiva

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines developed against covid-19 in reducing mortality in people hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS-CoV-2. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort that evaluated risk factors and the effectiveness of the two-dose vaccination schedule in reducing the mortality of people hospitalized for covid-19 in the state of Paraíba from February to November 2021. The explanatory variables were vaccination status, presence of comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Descriptive analyses and bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were performed. RESULTS Most hospitalizations and deaths occurred until May 2021. The percentage of patients with a complete vaccination schedule was similar across patients admitted to public and private hospitals and higher in residents of less developed municipalities. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that women (OR = 0.896; 95%CI 0.830-0.967) and people admitted to private hospitals (OR = 0.756; 95%CI 0.679-0.842) were less likely to die. Presence of any comorbidity (OR = 1.627; 95%CI 1.500-1.765) and age ≥ 80 years (OR = 7.426; 95%CI 6.309-8.741) were risk factors for death. Patients with complete vaccination schedule at the time of admission were 41.7% less likely to die (OR = 0.583; 95% CI 0.501-0.679) from covid-19 in the adjusted analysis, as compared to unvaccinated patients. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals that immunization was effective in reducing the likelihood of death from covid-19. The results suggest that greater vaccination coverage in the first half of 2021 would prevent thousands of deaths in the country.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a efetividade das vacinas desenvolvidas contra a covid-19 na redução da mortalidade em pessoas internadas com síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) causada pelo SARS-CoV-2. MÉTODOS Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva que avaliou fatores de riscos e a efetividade do esquema vacinal com duas doses na redução da mortalidade de pessoas internadas por covid-19 no estado da Paraíba entre fevereiro e novembro de 2021. As variáveis explicativas foram situação vacinal, presença de comorbidades, características socioeconômicas e demográficas. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e regressão logística bivariada e multivariável. RESULTADOS A maior parte das internações e óbitos ocorreram até maio de 2021. O percentual de pacientes com esquema vacinal completo foi similar entre pacientes internados em hospitais públicos e privados e superior em residentes de municípios com menor desenvolvimento. A análise multivariável demonstrou que mulheres (OR = 0,896; IC95% 0,830-0,967) e pessoas internadas em hospitais privados (OR = 0,756; IC95% 0,679-0,842) apresentaram menor chance de morte. A presença de alguma comorbidade (OR = 1,627; IC95% 1,500-1,765) e idade ≥ 80 anos (OR = 7,426; IC95% 6,309-8,741) foram fatores de risco de óbito. Pacientes com esquema vacinal completo no momento da internação apresentaram uma chance 41,7% menor de morte (OR = 0,583; IC95% 0,501-0,679) por covid-19 na análise ajustada, quando comparados com pacientes não vacinados. CONCLUSÕES O estudo revela que a imunização foi efetiva na redução da chance de óbito por covid-19. Os resultados sugerem que uma maior cobertura vacinal no primeiro semestre de 2021 evitaria milhares de mortes no país.

Aseguramiento y control de la calidad de los datos en un estudio de cohorte en Colombia

Introducción: La calidad de los datos facilita garantizar la fiabilidad de los estudios observacionales. Objetivo: Describir el aseguramiento y el control de calidad para mantener la fiabilidad y la validez del dato en un estudio de cohorte. Métodos: Presentar el manejo de datos implementado dentro de un seguimiento de enfermos renales crónicos cuya exposición fue un programa de protección renal comparado con el tratamiento convencional y su asociación con desenlaces clínicos. Se evaluó el cambio en la frecuencia de errores después de implementar el plan y la reproducibilidad del ingreso de registros a las bases de datos. Resultados: Se documentó una disminución progresiva en los errores cometidos en la captación de datos. El valor de Kappa entre los recolectores de la información para las variables clínicas más importantes fue 0,960 para la depuración de creatinina 150 mg/dL; 0,730 para la alteración del sedimento urinario; 0,956 para la asignación de estadio al ingreso. Los coeficientes de correlación intraclase para la identificación de las cifras de presión arterial sistólica fue 0,996; para la de presión arterial diastólica 0,993 y para los niveles de creatinina sérica al diagnóstico 0,995. Discusión: La calidad de los datos comienza con el reconocimiento de los retos y dificultades que implica su responsable captación, de ahí el aporte de la estandarización de los procesos y el personal que los lleve a cabo en forma idónea. Estudios evidencian que muchos procesos de mejora surgen en el desarrollo de la investigación sin protocolos preestablecidos. Conclusión: La reducción en la proporción y el tipo de error durante el proceso de captación de datos se debe a su identificación temprana y la corrección de instructivos, del instrumento de control de diligenciamiento y de la capacitación continua del personal. El análisis mostró una buena concordancia interevaluador.

Introduction: Data quality makes it easier to ensure that observational studies are reliable. Objective: To describe assurance and quality control to maintain data reliability and validity in a cohort study. Methodology: We present the data management strategies implemented in a study that followed patients of chronic kidney disease who were in a renal protection program and compared them with those undergoing conventional treatment to observe its association with clinical outcomes. We assessed the changes in error frequency after implementing the plan along with the reproducibility of the strategies for entering records into the databases. Results: We documented a progressive decrease of data collection errors. The Kappa values among data collectors for the most important variables were: 0.960 for creatinine clearance 150 mg/dl; 0.730 for urinary sediment alteration and 0.956 for stage allocation upon admission. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the identification of systolic blood pressure was 0.996; for diastolic blood pressure, the coefficient was 0.993 and for serum creatinine levels at diagnosis, the value was 0.995. Discussion: Data quality begins with the recognition of the challenges and difficulties involved in responsible data collection, hence the contribution of standardized processes and personnel to carry them out in a suitable manner. Studies show that many improvement processes arise in the development of research without pre-established protocols. Conclusion: The reduction in error ratio and type during the data collection process are the result of the early identification of erroneously entered or missing data, the correction of the guidelines for completing forms as well as of the instruments for detecting errors and continuous training of the staff. The analysis showed good inter-rater reliability.

Respuesta inmune humoral por exposición a antígenos de SARS-CoV-2 en adultos con riesgo cardiovascular: The COmmunity Cohort / SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune response in patients with cardiovascular risk factors: The COmmunity Cohort Study

A partir de las recomendaciones emanadas del Comité Asesor en Vacunas y el Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones, Chile implementó precozmente un proceso de vacunación de la población con vacunas provenientes de diferentes laboratorios. El estudio de los niveles de anticuerpos neutralizantes en diferentes subgrupos poblacionales, contribuye al establecimiento de los correlatos de protección frente a infección por SARS-CoV-2. En 2022 y 2023 establecimos una cohorte comunitaria de 914 adultos con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. En esta cohorte estamos midiendo la respuesta inmune humoral frente a exposición a antígenos de SARS-CoV-2, ya sea por vacunas o por infección, así como la incidencia de COVID-19 y otros eventos adversos. Esta cohorte, que llamamos, nos está entregando valiosa información sobre los niveles de anticuerpos neutralizantes en estas personas y su grado de protección frente al COVID-19.

Based on the recommendations of the Vaccine Advisory Committee and the National Immunization Program, Chile implemented an early vaccination process of the population with vaccines from different laboratories. The study of neutralizing antibody levels in different population subgroups contributes to the establishment of correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In 2022 and 2023 we set up a community cohort of 914 adults with cardiovascular risk factors. In this cohort we are measuring the humoral immune response to exposure to SARS-CoV-2 antigens, either by vaccines or infection, as well as the incidence of COVID-19 and other adverse events. This cohort, which we call The COmmunity Cohort, is providing us with valuable information on the levels of neutralizing antibodies in these individuals and their degree of protection against COVID-19.

Comparación de la mortalidad en pacientes en quimioterapia o inmunoterapia durante y antes de la pandemia de COVID-19. Estudio multicéntrico de cohortes emparejadas en Argentina / Comparison of mortality in patients on chemotherapy or immunotherapy during and before COVID-19 pandemic. Multicenter matched cohort study in Argentina

RESUMEN Objetivos. Comparar la mortalidad por todas las causas de pacientes oncológicos no vacunados que recibieron quimioterapia o inmunoterapia durante la pandemia, con aquellos tratados antes de la pandemia. Materiales y métodos. Realizamos un estudio de cohortes en cuatro hospitales terciarios en Argentina. Pacientes ambulatorios con una neoplasia sólida de cualquier estadio en tratamiento citotóxico o inmune intravenoso fueron elegibles. La cohorte pandémica se enroló durante la fase inicial del brote y se comparó con una cohorte de un período anterior a la pandemia utilizando emparejamiento por puntuación de propensión (PSM, por sus siglas en inglés). Los sujetos se emparejaron por edad, sexo, seguro de salud, factores de riesgo para complicaciones graves por COVID-19, estado funcional, tipo de cáncer y tratamiento, línea de tratamiento e índice de masa corporal. La mortalidad por todas las causas se estimó en ambas cohortes después de seis meses de seguimiento. Resultados. 169 pacientes fueron reclutados entre abril y agosto de 2020 para la cohorte pandémica y 377 para la cohorte prepandémica en el mismo período de 2019, 168 pacientes fueron emparejados. Luego de la PSM, la mortalidad por todas las causas fue del 17,9% en la cohorte pandémica y del 18,5% en la cohorte prepandémica, Riesgo Relativo: 0,97 (intervalo de confianza al 95 %: 0,61-1,52; p=0,888). En la cohorte pandémica, 30/168 pacientes fallecieron, ninguno por infección por COVID-19. Conclusiones. No hemos observado un aumento de mortalidad en pacientes ambulatorios no vacunados en tratamiento oncológico endovenoso activo durante la pandemia por COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To compare all-cause mortality of unvaccinated oncology patients who received chemotherapy or immunotherapy during the pandemic with those treated before the pandemic. Materials and methods. We conducted a cohort study in four tertiary hospitals in Argentina. Outpatients with a solid neoplasm of any stage under-going cytotoxic or intravenous immunotherapy were eligible. The pandemic cohort was enrolled during the initial phase of the outbreak and compared with a pre-pandemic cohort using propensity score matching (PSM). Subjects were matched for age, sex, health insurance, risk factors for severe COVID-19 complications, performance status, cancer type and treatment, line of treatment, and body mass index. All-cause mortality was estimated for both cohorts after 6 months of follow-up. Results. A total of 169 patients were recruited between April and August 2020 for the pandemic cohort and 377 for the pre-pandemic cohort in the same months of 2019; 168 patients were matched. After PSM, all-cause mortality was 17.9% in the pandemic cohort and 18.5% in the pre-pandemic cohort; the Relative Risk was 0.97 (95 % confidence interval: 0.61-1.52; p=0.888). In the pandemic cohort, 30/168 patients died, but none from COVID-19. Conclusions. Our findings show that the mortality rate of unvaccinated ambulatory patients on active intravenous oncology treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic did not increase.

Racial discrimination predicts the increase in body weight and BMI in Black individuals from ELSA-Brasil cohort / Discriminação racial prediz o aumento do peso corporal e do IMC em indivíduos pretos da coorte ELSA-Brasil

Abstract We investigated whether racial discrimination accelerates the weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) gain in Blacks and Browns participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) in four years of follow-up. We compared body weight and BMI between the 1st (2008-2010) and 2nd visit (2012-2014) of 5,983 Blacks and Browns participants. Exposure to racial discrimination and covariates (age, sex, education, and research center) were obtained at the 1st visit. Linear mixed effects models stratified by race/skin color were used. Report of racial discrimination was more frequent among Blacks (32.1%) than Browns (6.3%). During the follow-up period, Blacks and Browns gained an average of 1.4kg and 1.2kg, respectively. This increase was greater among those who reported discrimination when compared to those who did not, both in Blacks (2.1kg vs.1.0kg, p < 0.001) and Browns (1.9kg vs. 1.1kg, p < 0.05). The results of the interaction between racial discrimination and time showed that Blacks, but not Browns, who reported racial discrimination had greater weight and BMI gains between visits. Our results suggest that reducing racial discrimination would contribute to prevent and/or control obesity increase in the country.

Resumo Investigou-se se a discriminação racial acelera o ganho de peso corporal e o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) em pretos e pardos participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) em quatro anos de seguimento. Comparou-se o peso corporal e o IMC entre a 1ª (2008-2010) e a 2ª visita (2012-2014) de 5.983 participantes pretos e pardos. A exposição à discriminação racial e às covariáveis ​​(idade, sexo, escolaridade e centro de pesquisa) foram obtidas na 1ª visita. Foram utilizados modelos lineares de efeitos mistos estratificados por raça/cor da pele. O relato de discriminação racial foi mais frequente entre pretos (32,1%) do que em pardos (6,3%). Durante o período de acompanhamento, pretos e pardos ganharam uma média de 1,4kg e 1,2kg, respectivamente. Esse aumento foi maior entre os que relataram discriminação, quando comparados aos que não relataram, tanto em pretos (2,1 kg vs. 1,0 kg, p < 0,001) quanto em pardos (1,9kg vs. 1,1kg, p < 0,05). Após ajustes, os pretos, mas não os pardos, que relataram discriminação racial apresentaram maiores ganhos de peso e IMC entre as visitas. Nossos resultados sugerem que a redução da discriminação racial pode contribuir para prevenir e/ou controlar o aumento da obesidade no país.

Incidence of cardioembolic stroke related to atrial fibrillation in Joinville, Brazil / Incidência de acidente vascular encefálico relacionado à fibrilaçao atrial em Joinville, Brasil

Abstract Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an important cause of cardioembolic stroke, and population aging has increased its prevalence. Objective To evaluate the incidence of cardioembolic stroke caused by AF in the city of Joinville, Brazil, as well as previous diagnoses and use of medication. Methods Between 2017 and 2020 we extracted data from the population-based Joinville Stroke Registry. Demographic characteristics, diagnosis of AF, and patterns of medication use were collected, and the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) system was used to classify the etiology. Results There were 3,303 cases of ischemic stroke, 593 of which were cardioembolic, and 360 had AF. Of the patients with AF, 258 (71.6%) had a previous diagnosis of the disease, and 102 (28.3%) were newly diagnosed after the stroke. Among patients with a previously-diagnosed AF, 170 (47.2%) were using anticoagulants, and 88 (24.4%) were using other medications. Conclusion During the analyzed period, ischemic stroke caused by AF was a significant burden on the population of Joinville, and a considerable number of patients had undiagnosed or untreated AF.

Resumo Antecedentes A fibrilação atrial (FA) é uma importante causa de acidente vascular cebebral (AVC) cardioembólico, e o envelhecimento populacional aumentou a sua prevalência. Objetivo Avaliar a incidência de AVC cardioembólico causado por FA em Joinville, além dos diagnósticos prévios e do uso de medicamentos. Métodos Entre 2017 e 2020, foram extraídos dados do registro de base populacional de AVC de Joinville. Características demográficas, diagnóstico de FA e padrões de uso de medicamentos foram coletados, e o sistema Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) foi utilizado para classificar a etiologia. Resultados Houve 3.303 casos de AVC isquêmico, sendo 593 cardioembólicos e 360 com FA. Dos pacientes com FA, 258 (71,6%) tinham diagnóstico prévio da doença, e 102 (28,3%) foram recém-diagnosticados após o AVC. Entre os pacientes com FA previamente diagnosticada, 170 (47,2%) estavam em uso de anticoagulante, e 88 (24,4%), em uso de outra medicação. Conclusão Durante o período analisado, o AVC isquêmico causado por FA foi um ônus significativo para a população de Joinville, e um número considerável de pacientes apresentava FA não diagnosticada ou não tratada.

Adesão dos enfermeiros à avaliação de risco de lesão por pressão com escala munro / Nurses' adherence to the munro scale pressure injury risk assessment / Adherencia de los enfermeros a la evaluación del riesgo de lesión por presión según la escala munro

RESUMO: Objetivo: medir a taxa de adesão ao registro eletrônico da escala Munro no perioperatório. Método: estudo de coorte retrospectivo baseado na análise de prontuários no ano de 2022, em hospital privado, filantrópico de grande porte no município de São Paulo -BR. Os dados de preenchimento foram extraídos em um relatório em Excel e analisados quanto ao preenchimento da escala. Resultados: 22.743 registros de escala Munro foram analisados, correspondendo a 11.892 prontuários eletrônicos. A taxa de adesão foi de 98,45% na fase pré-operatória, 61,73% na intraoperatória e 90,14% na pós-operatória, sendo a taxa média de 83,44%. As falhas de registro estavam relacionadas à ausência ou preenchimento parcial de itens da escala e execução da fase intra ou pós-operatória sem avaliação da fase anterior. Conclusão: este estudo contribui para a prática profissional, mostrando a necessidade de intervenções educativas e melhorias de processos no intraoperatório para aumentar a adesão à avaliação de risco.

ABSTRACT Objective: To measure the rate of adherence to the electronic recording of the Munro scale in the perioperative period. Method: Retrospective cohort study based on the analysis of medical records in 2022 in a large private philanthropic hospital in the city of São Paulo -BR. The completion data was extracted into an Excel report and analyzed for compliance with the scale. Results: 22,743 Munro scale records were analyzed, corresponding to 11,892 electronic medical records. The adherence rate was 98.45% in the preoperative phase, 61.73% in the intraoperative phase, and 90.14% in the postoperative phase, with an average rate of 83.44%. Failures to record were related to the absence or partial completion of items on the scale and carrying out the intraor post-operative phase without evaluating the previous phase. Conclusion: This study contributes to professional practice by showing the need for educational interventions and improvements in intraoperative processes to increase adherence to risk assessment.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Medir la tasa de adherencia al registro electrónico de la escala Munro en el periodo perioperatorio. Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo basado en el análisis de historias clínicas en el año 2022, en un gran hospital privado filantrópico de la ciudad de São Paulo -BR. Los datos de cumplimentación se extrajeron en un informe de Excel y se analizaron en función de si se había cumplimentado la escala. Resultados: Se analizaron 22.743 registros de la escala Munro, correspondientes a 11.892 historias clínicas electrónicas. La tasa de adherencia fue del 98,45% en la fase preoperatoria, del 61,73% en la intraoperatoria y del 90,14% en la postoperatoria, con una tasa media del 83,44%. Los fallos en el registro estaban relacionados con la ausencia o cumplimentación parcial de los ítems de la escala y con la realización de la fase intra o postoperatoria sin evaluar la fase anterior. Conclusión: Este estudio contribuye a la práctica profesional al mostrar la necesidad de intervenciones educativas y mejoras en los procesos intraoperatorios para aumentar el cumplimiento de la evaluación de riesgos.

Baseline survey of psychosocial factors levels and their health effects in a cohort study of natural gas field workers / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate the level of psychosocial factors in workplace and their health effects among workers in a natural gas field. Methods: A prospective and open cohort of natural gas field workers was established to study the level of workplace psychosocial factors and their health effects, with a follow-up every 5 years. In October 2018, a cluster sampling method was used to conduct a baseline survey of 1737 workers in a natural gas field, including a questionnaire survey on demographic characteristics, workplace psychosocial factors and mental health outcomes, physiological indicators such as height and weight, and biochemical indicators such as blood routine, urine routine, liver function and kidney function. The baseline data of the workers were statistically described and analyzed. The psychosocial factors and mental health outcomes were divided into high and low groups according to the mean score, and the physiological and biochemical indicators were divided into normal and abnormal groups according to the reference range of normal values. Results: The age of 1737 natural gas field workers was (41.8±8.0) years old, and the length of service was (21.0±9.7) years. There were 1470 male workers (84.6%). There were 773 (44.5%) high school (technical secondary school) and 827 (47.6%) college (junior college) graduates, 1490 (85.8%) married (including remarriage after divorce), 641 (36.9%) smokers and 835 (48.1%) drinkers. Among the psychosocial factors, the detection rates of high levels of resilience, self-efficacy, colleague support and positive emotion were all higher than 50%. Among the mental health outcomes evaluation indexes, the detection rates of high levels of sleep disorder, job satisfaction and daily stress were 41.82% (716/1712), 57.25% (960/1677) and 45.87% (794/1731), respectively. The detection rate of depressive symptoms was 22.77% (383/1682). The abnormal rates of body mass index (BMI), triglyceride and low density lipoprotein were 46.74% (810/1733), 36.50% (634/1737) and 27.98% (486/1737), respectively. The abnormal rates of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, uric acid, total cholesterol and blood glucose were 21.64% (375/1733), 21.41% (371/1733), 20.67% (359/1737), 20.55% (357/1737) and 19.17% (333/1737), respectively. The prevalence rates of hypertension and diabetes were 11.23% (195/1737) and 3.45% (60/1737), respectively. Conclusion: The detection rates of high level psychosocial factors in natural gas field workers are high, and their effects on physical and mental health remain to be verified. The establishment of a cohort study of the levels and health effects of psychosocial factors provides an important resource for confirming the causal relationship between workplace psychosocial factors and health.

Growth and intelligence development among a cohort of low birth weight infants / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore growth and intelligence development of low birth weight infants (LBWI) at 24 and 36 months of age, so as to provide reference for early monitoring and intervention of the development of LBWI.@*Methods@#A total of 100 LBWI born and managed in Hefei Maternal and Child Health Care Institution were selected from 2012 October 1 to 2015 December 30, and 99 normal birth weight infants (NBWI) under child health management in the same sitinstitution were selected as controls. According a prospective cohort study method, and based on the establishment of a cohort and monitoring of childhood growth and development, a unified method was used to longitudinally follow up and observe the physical fitness of two groups of infants at the determined time points. The development of LBWI and NBWI at 24 and 36 months of age was surveyed using the Gesell Development Scale.@*Results@#Weight, length and head circumference of LBWI children at the age of 15-36 months were significantly lower than those of NBWI children ( P <0.05). In addition, 117 children (43.98%) completed the full assessment of intelligent development scale, including 62 LBWI and 55 NBWI. The scores of Gesell in NBWI group was higher than that in LBWI group at 24 and 36 months of age, including adaptability, gross motor, fine metor skills, language and personal social functions ( t =-4.17, -3.82, -3.21 , -3.03, -2.61; -4.23, -3.16, -3.07, -3.13, -3.99, P <0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis found that birth weight was positively correlated with adaptability, gross motor, fine motor skills, language functions at 24 and 36 months of age and personal social function at 36 months of age ( β =0.004, 0.010; 0.003, 0.008; 0.003, 0.007; 0.004, 0.009; 0.011, P ＜0.05).@*Conclusion@#The growth and development of LBWI children are significantly delayed compared to NBWI children. The scores of LBWI children are lower than those of NBWI children in all functional areas. Weight is the main factor affecting children s intellectual development. Early monitoring and intervention of low birth weight infants should be carried out to avoid or mitigate adverse consequences.

Association between pregnancy-related factors and stillbirth: a retrospective cohort study based on 500 000 pregnant residents in Wuhan / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To analyze the incidence of stillbirth and the associated factors in pregnancy among pregnant residents in Wuhan.Methods:A previous birth cohort was retrospectively reviewed. The cohort was based on Wuhan Maternal and Child Information System, and the perinatal information of pregnant residents in Wuhan from January 1, 2011, to September 30, 2017 and information of selected cases was collected, including socio-demographic characteristics, pregnant history, and healthcare information during pregnancy and labor. Data on stillbirth, including fetal death in uterus and in labor, were selected for this study. Chi-square test was adopted for comparing the differences in pregnancy-related factors between live birth and stillbirth, and binary logistic regressions for exploring the influencing factors associated with the occurrence of stillbirth. Results:A total of 509 057 deliveries in Wuhan were included in this study, including 505 839 live births and 3 218 stillbirths (3 155 after exclusion of fetal death in labor), with an overall incidence of stillbirth of 6.32‰(3 218/509 057), and an annual incidence between 4.90‰ to 8.11‰. Statistically significant differences were found between the live birth and stillbirth group in the following items: maternal age [<25 years old: 19.28% (97 544/505 839) vs 19.36% (623/3 218); 25-30 years old: 48.45% (245 077/505 839) vs 45.15% (1 453/3 218); 30-35 years old: 26.09% (131 952/505 839) vs 26.29% (846/3 218); >35 years old: 6.18% (31 266/505 839) vs 9.20% (296/3 218)], educational background [middle school or below: 22.90% (115 833/505 839) vs 22.03% (709/3 218); high school: 36.37% (183 978/505 839) vs 38.72% (1 246/3 218); college or above: 40.73% (206 028/505 839) vs 39.25% (1 263/3 218)], occupation [brainworker or professionals: 33.51% (169 514/505 839) vs 31.54% (1 015/3 218); manual or freelance worker: 66.38% (335 763/505 839) vs 68.34% (2 199/3 218)], residential area [urban area: 70.00% (354 365/505 839) vs 76.32% (2 456/3 218); rural area: 30.00% (151 474/505 839) vs 23.68%(762/3 218)], and time of conception [spring (March to May): 24.27% (122 746/505 839) vs 24.08% (775/3 218); summer (June to August): 24.09% (121 867/505 839) vs 23.87% (768/3 218); fall (September to November): 26.69% (135 012/505 839) vs 25.08% (807/3 218); winter (December to next February): 24.95% (126 214/505 839) vs 26.97% (868/3 218)] (all P<0.05), but no significant difference was found in fetal gender ( P>0.05). Besides, gravidity [once: 49.32% (249 484/505 839) vs 47.02% (1 513/3 218); over twice: 50.68% (256 355/505 839) vs 52.98% (1 705/3 218)], parity [once: 73.60% (372 316/505 839) vs 77.07% (2 480/3 218); over twice: 26.40% (133 523/505 839) vs 22.93% (738/3 218)], history of stillbirth [0.33% (842/256 355) vs 0.65% (11/1 705)], hypertensive disorders in pregnancy [3.25% (16 464/505 839) vs 5.59% (180/3 218)], first trimester vaginal bleeding [2.02% (10 251/505 839) vs 2.61% (84/3 218)], placenta previa [0.98% (4 963/505 491) vs 2.64% (53/2 009)], and oligohydramnios [2.52% (12 764/505 839) vs 1.90% (61/3 218)] differed significantly between the two groups (all P<0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the proportion of women with gestational diabetes mellitus and previous spontaneous abortion (both P>0.05). After exclusion of fetal death in labor from the 3 218 stillbirths, the same results were achieved. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that women who were over 30 years old (30-35 years old: OR=1.42, 95% CI: 1.30-1.56; >35 years old: OR=2.59, 95% CI: 2.25-2.98), with a high school degree or below (middle school or below: OR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.21-1.55; high school: OR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.16-1.42), manual or freelance worker ( OR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.07-1.31), in the urban area ( OR=1.43, 95% CI:1.31-1.57), and gravidity ≥ 2 times ( OR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.21-1.43), primiparity ( OR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.58-1.96), gestational hypertension ( OR=2.80, 95% CI: 2.40-3.27), vaginal bleeding in the first trimester ( OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.08-1.68), placenta previa ( OR=10.86, 95% CI: 8.84-13.35) and history of stillbirth ( OR=2.27, 95% CI: 1.30-3.98) were all risk factors of stillbirth. Conclusion:Pregnant women who were over 30 years old, less educated, manual worker or freelance or with a history of adverse pregnancy, vaginal bleeding in the first trimester, hypertension in pregnancy, and placenta previa are at higher risk of stillbirth

Effects of peripartum treatment on delivery outcomes in women with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a prospective cohort study / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of peripartum administration of low-dose corticosteroids or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) on delivery outcomes in pregnant patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).Methods:This prospective cohort study involved pregnant women (≥34 gestational weeks) who were diagnosed with ITP in Peking University People's Hospital from January 2017 to December 2021. Their platelet counts were between 20×10 9/L to 50×10 9/L without bleeding and none of them had been treated with any medications. All patients were divided into medication group (prednisone or IVIG) and platelet transfusion group based on their preference. Differences in vaginal delivery rate, postpartum hemorrhage rate and platelet transfusion volume between the two groups were compared using t-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Chi-square test. Binary logistic regression was used to investigate the factors influencing the rates of vaginal delivery and postpartum hemorrhage. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the factors influencing the platelet transfusion volume. Results:A total of 96 patients with ITP were recruited with 70 in the medication group and 26 in the platelet transfusion group. The vaginal delivery rate in the medication group was higher than that in the platelet transfusion group [60.0% (42/70) vs 30.8% (8/26), χ 2=6.49, P=0.013]. After adjusted by the proportion of multiparae and the gestational age at delivery, binary logistic regression showed that the increased vaginal delivery rate in patients undergoing the peripartum treatment ( OR=4.937, 95% CI: 1.511-16.136, P=0.008). The incidence of postpartum hemorrhage in the two groups was 22.9% (16/70) and 26.9% (7/26), respectively, but no significant difference was shown ( χ 2=0.17, P=0.789). The median platelet transfusion volume was lower in the medication group than in the platelet transfusion group [1 U(0-4 U) vs 1 U(1-3 U), Z=－2.18, P=0.029]. After adjustment of related factors including the platelet count at enrollment, obstetrical complications and anemia, multiple linear regression showed that the platelet transfusion volume was also lower in the medication group (95% CI:0.053-0.911, P=0.028). Ninety-six newborns were delivered without intracranial hemorrhage. The overall incidence of neonatal thrombocytopenia was 26.0% (25/96). There was no significant difference in birth weight, and incidence of neonatal asphyxia or thrombocytopenia between the two groups. Conclusion:Peripartum therapy in ITP patients may increase vaginal delivery rate and reduce platelet transfusion volume without causing more postpartum hemorrhage.

Analysis of prognostic factors in 113 patients with tardive dyskinesia / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To explore the related factors affecting the prognosis of patients with tardive dyskinesia, in order to find the risk factors of poor prognosis.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was implemented to collect the data of 113 patients with tardive dyskinesia from the movement disorders clinic of the Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital by telephone follow-up. The main variables studied included gender, age, educational level, living environment, job, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, hypertension, diabetes, medication type, interval from taking medicine to dyskinesia, course of dyskinesia and intervention measures. The data were analyzed by the statistical software SPSS 25.0. The quantitative data analysis was done by normality test and descriptive statistics, and the qualitative data analysis was done by χ 2 test or Fisher exact probability test. The variables with P≤0.01 in univariate analysis were included in multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results:Among the 113 patients, 16 patients (14.16%) were cured, 27 patients (23.89%) had obvious improvement, 25 patients (22.12%) had slight improvement, 26 patients (23.01%) had no obvious change, 15 patients (13.27%) had slight deterioration, and 4 patients (3.54%) had obvious deterioration. The good prognosis rate was 60.18%, and the poor prognosis rate was 39.82%. In single factor analysis, the related factors for poor prognosis included age>52 years (χ 2=15.07, P<0.001), educational level in secondary schools and below (χ 2=8.58, P=0.003), physical labor (χ 2=4.66, P=0.031), hypertension (χ 2 = 16.38, P<0.001), diabetes mellitus (χ 2=6.06, P=0.011), dyskinesia caused by first-generation antipsychotics, calcium channel blocker or flupentixol/melitracen tablets ( P<0.001), and the duration of dyskinesia more than 2 years (χ 2 =7.05, P=0.008). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for poor prognosis of tardive dyskinesia included hypertension ( OR=3.60, 95% CI 1.17-11.05, P=0.025) and dyskinesia caused by first-generation antipsychotics, calcium channel blocker or flupentixol/melitracen tablets ( OR=3.14, 95% CI 1.21-8.16, P=0.019). Conclusions:Most patients with tardive dyskinesia have a good prognosis. Hypertension and dyskinesia caused by first-generation antipsychotics, calcium channel blocker or flupentixol/melitracen tablets are independent risk factors for poor prognosis.

Study on nomograph predicting the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Beijing community adults / 中华内科杂志

Objective:Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting the 4-year incidence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a Chinese population was attempted.Methods:This prospective cohort study was conducted in Shijingshan District Pingguoyuan Community (Beijing, China) from December 2011 to April 2012 among adults aged≥40 years not suffering from T2DM. Finally, 8 058 adults free of T2DM were included with a median duration of follow-up of 4 years. Participants were divided into a modeling group and verification group using simple random sampling at a ratio of 7∶3. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional risk models were applied to identify the independent risk predictors in the modeling group. A nomogram was constructed to predict the 4-year incidence of T2DM based on the results of multivariate analysis. The Concordance Index and calibration plots were used to evaluate the differentiation and calibration of the nomogram in both groups.Results:A total of 5 641 individuals were in the modeling group and 2 417 people were in the validation group, of which 265 and 106 had T2DM, respectively, at 4-year follow-up. In the modeling group, age ( HR=1.349, 95% CI 1.011-1.800), body mass index ( HR=1.347, 95% CI 1.038-1.746), hyperlipidemia ( HR=1.504, 95% CI 1.133-1.996), fasting blood glucose ( HR=4.189, 95% CI 3.010-5.830), 2-h blood glucose level according to the oral glucose tolerance test ( HR=3.005, 95% CI 2.129-4.241), level of glycosylated hemoglobin ( HR=3.162, 95% CI 2.283-4.380), and level of γ-glutamyl transferase ( HR=1.920, 95% CI 1.385-2.661) were independent risk factors for T2DM. Validation of the nomogram revealed the Concordance Index of the modeling group and validation group to be 0.906 (95% CI 0.888-0.925) and 0.844 (95% CI 0.796-0.892), respectively. Calibration plots showed good calibration in both groups. Conclusion:These data suggest that our nomogram could be a simple and reliable tool for predicting the 4-year risk of developing T2DM in a high-risk Chinese population.

Impact of the interaction between metabolic syndrome and smoking on the risk of cardiovascular events / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of the interaction between metabolic syndrome and smoking on the risk of subsequent cardiovascular events.Methods:Urban residents aged 40 and above in the Yunyan District of Guiyang City were selected from " Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese diabeTic Individuals: A lONgitudinal(REACTION) Study". The baseline survey started in 2011 and general information including gender, age, medical history, lifestyle habits, and smoking status were collected. Additionally, biochemical indicators related to metabolic syndrome(MS) were measured. The study participants were then followed up, and the first cardiovascular events occurring after the initial survey were recorded. The average follow-up period was 10.07±1.49 years. The interaction between metabolic syndrome and smoking on subsequent cardiovascular events was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models.Results:The study included a total of 7 275 individuals, among whom 639 experienced cardiovascular events. After adjusting for multiple variables, compared to non-smokers without metabolic syndrome(MS), smokers with MS showed a higher risk of cardiovascular events, with a hazard ratio( HR) of 6.54(95% CI 4.88, 8.78). This risk was higher than that of individuals with MS who never smoked [ HR 1.39(95% CI 1.11, 1.75)] and non-MS smokers [ HR 2.48(95% CI 1.77, 3.49)]. There was an additive interaction between MS and smoking on the occurrence of cardiovascular events, with a relative excess risk due to interaction(RERI) of 3.30(95% CI 1.89, 4.70), an attributable proportion(AP) of 0.55(95% CI 0.43, 0.59), and a synergy index(S) of 3.07(95% CI 1.94, 4.84). Furthermore, when stratifying the duration of smoking cessation, long-term quitters(≥8 years) showed a lower risk of cardiovascular events compared to current smokers, regardless of whether they had MS. The hazard ratios were 0.45(95% CI 0.26, 0.78) for individuals with MS and 0.42(95% CI 0.19, 0.95) for individuals without MS. Conclusions:There is an additive interaction between smoking and MS on the risk of cardiovascular events. The coexistence of both factors significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular events.

Statistical analysis logic and expression specifications of cohort and case-control studies / 中华麻醉学杂志

Cohort and case-control studies are important types of study design in clinical and epidemiological researches. Although they are both methods to study associations between an exposure and a disease, their core logic is completely different.In order to evaluate the association between an exposure and an outcome, cohort studies group the populations by the research factor (exposure or not), and compare the event rate of the outcome in exposure and control groups through follow-up. Cohort studies are sequential from cause to effect. On the contrary, case-control studies derive cause from effect. Case-control studies group the populations by the outcome (occurrence or not), and compare the distributions of the exposure in case and control groups through retrospective investigation or collection of exposure information from historical records. This paper declares the logic that should be followed in statistical analysis of these two types of studies, as well as the specifications that should be followed in formulating statistical analysis plans and reporting results. The aim of this paper is to enhance the scientific nature of the research and improve the readability of the literature.