Alteraciones del equilibrio acido base y electrolíticas en pacientes con crisis hiperglicémica atendidos en emergencia de un hospital general de Chiclayo / Electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities in patients with hyperglycemic crisis attended at emergency in a general hospital in Chiclayo

Resumen Objetivo: Describir las alteraciones del equilibrio ácido base y electrolíticas en pacientes con crisis hiperglicémica atendidos en la emergencia de un hospital general de Chiclayo. Material y métodos: Serie de casos, prospectivo y de corte transversal; se seleccionaron pacientes diabéticos con crisis hiperglicémica que fueron vigilados por 3 horas. Se registraron los datos clínicos, demográficos, gases arteriales, glicemia y electrolitos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 52 pacientes con una edad promedio 55,1 ± 16,9 y 29 (55,8%) de sexo femenino. El tiempo promedio de diagnóstico fue 4,3 ± 5,4 meses; 13 (25,0%) eran episodios debut, 4 (7,7%) fallecieron. El síntoma más frecuente fue confusión mental en 14 (26,9%), 30 (57,7%) tuvieron falla renal aguda. Las alteraciones electrolíticas más frecuentes fueron hiponatremia en 26 (50,0%) e hipokalemia en 18 (34,6%). La acidosis metabólica fue más frecuente en cetoacidosis que en coma hiperosmolar (85,0 vs 15,0%; p= 0,000). La falla renal aguda ocurrió en 76,7% en cetoacidosis diabética y en 23,3% en el coma hiperosmolar (p= 0,74). Conclusiones: La frecuencia y las complicaciones de la cetoacidosis diabética y del coma hiperosmolar, así como de las alteraciones electrolíticas, muestran grandes diferencias con los datos reportados en la literatura.

Summary Objective: To describe electrolyte and acid-base imbalances in patients with hyperglycemic crisis attended at emergency in a general hospital in Chiclayo. Methods: A case series of diabetic patients with hyperglycemic crisis that were followed for 3 hours. Clinical, demographic, blood gases, serum glucose and electrolytes were gathered from patient´s charts. Results: 52 patients were evaluated; mean age was 55.1 ± 16.9 years and 29 (55.8%) were females. Mean time to diagnosis was 4.3 ± 5.4 months; 13 (25.0%) occurred at onset of diabetes and 4 (7.7%) died. The most common symptom was mental confusion in 14 (26,9%) of patients, 30 (57,7%) had acute renal failure. Hyponatremia in 26 (50.0%) patients and hypokalemia in 18 (34.6%) were the most common electrolyte abnormalities found. Metabolic acidosis was more frequently found in patients with ketoacidosis than in hyperosmolar coma (85.0 vs 15.0%; p<0.0001). Acute renal failure occurred in 76.7% among patients with ketoacidosis and in 23.3% of patients with hyperosmolar coma (p=0.74). Conclusions: the frequency and complications of diabetic ketoacidosis and of hyperosmolar coma as well as the electrolyte abnormalities differed from those reported in the literature.

Coma hiperosmolar no cetósico, caso clínico / Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, clinic case

La diabetes mellitus (DM) es una enfermedad compleja que incluye varios síndromes caracterizados por hiperglicemia. A continuación se detalla el caso de un paciente de sexo femenino de 65 años, con diabetes II que desencadena un coma hiperosmolar no cetósico por infección de tracto urinario (ITU). El objetivo de la revisión de este caso es recordar esta patología, y crear un algoritmo diagnóstico terapéutico.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex illness which includes several syndromes characterized by hyperglycemia. We are detailing the case of a 65-year-old female patient, with diabetes II which triggered a nonketotic hyperosmolar coma because of an infection in urinary tract (IUT). The objective of the check-up in this case is to review this pathology, and to create a therapeutic diagnostic algorithm.

Coma hiperosmolar associado ao transplante de fígado / Hyperosmolar coma associated with liver transplantation

INTRODUÇÃO: O diagnóstico diferencial dos pacientes inconscientes sempre inclui o coma hiperosmolar hiperglicêmico não-cetótico.RELATO DE CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 22 anos, tipo sangüíneo O+, branca, natural e procedente do Recife - PE com queixa de icterícia e astenia há um mês. Ao exame físico, havia icterícia 3+/4+, desnutrição leve (IMC 17,5) e asterixis. Os exames laboratoriais sugeriram hepatite fulminante. Após 12 horas da inclusão na lista de espera pelo transplante, recebeu enxerto de fígado de doador cadáver, mediante o uso de técnica de piggback sem intercorrências. No 10º dia pós-operatório evoluiu com trombose de artéria hepática (TAH), diagnosticada por ultra-som com doppler de artéria hepática. Após 48 horas foi retransplantada sem intercorrências. A partir do 13º dia de pós-operatório, evoluiu com hiperglicemia grave (> 600 mg/dl) e alteração do nível de consciência (9 pontos na escala de coma de Glasgow). Osmolaridade sérica nesse momento igual a 309 mOsm/kgH2O. O nível sérico de tacrolimus nesse dia foi de 11 ng/dl. Coma hiperosmolar hiperglicêmico não-cetótico foi tratado clinicamente por 48 horas. Recebeu alta no 30º dia de pós-operatório do retransplante, sem diabete mellitus.CONCLUSÃO: O coma hiperosmolar é um evento raro no pós-operatório de transplante de fígado e pode modificar a evolução do paciente.

BACKGROUND: The literature described an increased incidence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. These tumors typically occur in the small intestine, and frequently are multiple. Often the behavior of the tumor in this association is more favorable than in sporadic cases.CASE REPORT: Incidental diagnosis of GIST was done in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 during treatment for acute abdomen. Trans-operatively was identified a retrocecal perforated appendicitis and a neoplastic mass in the proximal jejunum. The lesion occupied approximately 70% of the circumference of the organ and had no invasion of adjacent structures. Moreover, there were dozens of small nodules scattered throughout the length of the jejunum and ileum. The pathology revealed malignancy consistent with GIST, with moderate degree of atypia, low mitotic index (<5 / 50) and absence of necrosis. In immunohistochemical analysis, the neoplastic cells were positive for CD-34 and CD-117 (c-KIT), and negative for desmin. After surgery, the use of Imatinib chemotherapy was indicated. After a follow-up period of 12 months, the patient showed no signs of recurrence.CONCLUSION: GISTs should be considered in the presence of abdominal mass and neurofibromatosis type 1, affecting mainly small bowel. Sometimes Imatinib can be administered with good results in the control of the disease.