Consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e fatores associados no primeiro ano de vida em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brasil / Consumption of ultra-processed foods during the first year of life and associated factors in Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) e fatores associados no primeiro ano de vida. Trata-se da análise de dados do seguimento de um ano da coorte de nascimentos MINA-Brasil. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e obstétricos na maternidade e no seguimento de um ano (n = 774), investigando consumo alimentar do dia anterior à entrevista, a fim de avaliar o consumo de AUP. A razão de prevalência (RP) e o intervalo de confianças (IC 95%) para consumo ≥ 3 AUP foram estimados em modelo de regressão múltiplo de Poisson com variância robusta. A prevalência de consumo ≥ 1 AUP foi 87,5%; e ≥ 3 AUP de 40,5%, estando associado a: menor escolaridade materna (≤ 9 anos [RP: 1,97 IC 95% 1,38; 2,80] e entre 10-12 anos [RP: 1,58, IC 95% 1,13; 2,20) comparados com > 12 anos de escolaridade, índice de riqueza abaixo da média (RP: 1,26, IC 95% 1,04; 1,53) e ter mãe adolescente (RP: 1,28, IC 95% 1,06; 1,55). A ausência de diversidade da dieta foi inversamente associada ao desfecho (RP: 0,65, IC 95% 0,51; 0,81). O consumo ≥ 3 AUP se associou às características maternas de menores escolaridade, índice de riqueza e idade materna, e a diversidade da dieta ao maior consumo de AUP.

Abstract This article aims to assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) during the first year of life and associated factors. We analyzed data from the one-year follow-up of the MINA-Brazil birth cohort. Socioeconomic, demographic and obstetric data were collected in the baseline study and at one-year follow-up (n = 774). Dietary intake during the previous day was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire to determine UPF consumption. Multiple Poisson regression with robust variance was performed to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and confidence intervals (95%CI) for factors associated with the consumption of ≥ 3 UPFs. Prevalence of UPF consumption and consumption of ≥ 3 UPFs was 87.5% and 40.5%, respectively. Consumption of ≥ 3 UPFs was associated with lower maternal education (≤ 9 years of schooling [PR: 2.02 95%CI 1.42; 2.87] and between 10-12 years of schooling [PR: 1.55, 95%CI 1, 11; 2.14]), below-average wealth index (PR: 1.26, 95%CI 1.04; 1.53), and having a teenage mother (PR:1.19, 95%CI 1.00; 1.49). Lack of dietary diversity was inversely associated with the outcome (RP: 0,65, IC95% 0,51; 0,81). The consumption of ≥ 3 UPFs was associated with lower wealth index, education and maternal age. Dietary diversity was associated with higher levels of UPF consumption.

Ventana óptima de introducción de alimentos y prevención de alergias alimentarias en lactantes de alto riesgo / Optimal window of food introduction and prevention of food allergies in high-risk infants

En las últimas décadas, la introducción temprana de alimentos en la dieta de los lactantes se ha descrito como un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de ciertas patologías, entre las que destacan las alergias alimentarias. Debido a la creciente prevalencia de las alergias alimentarias, tanto en países en vías de desarrollo como en países desarrollados, resulta necesario identificar el momento óptimo de introducción de alimentos para la prevención de alergias en lactantes de alto riesgo. La evidencia más reciente, ha demostrado que las estrategias propuestas hasta el momento de retrasar la exposición a los alimentos alergénicos, no ha reducido el riesgo de desarrollar alergias. Esto ha producido un cambio de paradigma que ha derivado en la publicación de nuevas guías que recomiendan no retrasar la introducción de alimentos sólidos después de los 4-6 meses de edad, tanto en lactantes de bajo como de alto riesgo, para prevenir la alergia alimentaria. En la presente revisión, se describe la evidencia científica actual sobre la relación entre el momento de la introducción de alimentos alergénicos (maní, huevos, leche, cereales y pescado) en la dieta de los lactantes y el desarrollo de alergias alimentarias(AU)

In recent decades, the early introduction of foods in infants' diet has been described as a risk factor for developing specific pathologies, among which food allergies stand out. Due to the increasing prevalence of food allergies, both in developing and developed countries, it is necessary to identify the optimal time to introduce foods to prevent allergies in high-risk infants. The most recent evidence has shown that the strategies proposed to delay exposure to allergenic foods have not reduced the risk of developing allergies. Therefore, a paradigm shift has led to the publication of new guidelines that recommend not delaying the introduction of solid foods after 4-6 months of age, both in low-risk and high-risk infants, to prevent food allergy. In this review, we describe the current scientific evidence on the relationship between the timing of the introduction of allergenic foods (peanuts, eggs, milk, cereals, and fish) into infants' diet and the development of food allergies(AU)

Evaluation of Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Complementary Food from Selected Spices, Soy and Maize Blends

Aims: This study examined the nutritional composition and consumer acceptability of complementary food produced using selected spices and soy-maize blends. Study Design: The produce formulated complementary food using different proportions of maize, soybeans, turmeric and ginger powders and to evaluate the blends for their nutritive and Sensory qualities. Place and Duration: The Processing and preparations were done in the Department of Family Nutrition and Consumer Sciences kitchen. All analyses were done at the Central Laboratory, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The experiment was conducted between March and July 2018. Methodology: The blends were formulated by mixing maize flour, soybeans flour and ginger powder in the ratio of 85:10:5 and 70:20:10 respectively, and with turmeric powder in the same ratio. These blends were evaluated for their nutritive value using standard methods. Sensory evaluation was also carried out to assess the acceptability of the blends. Results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The proximate analysis showed that samples 85:10:5 and 70:20:10 (Maize-soybeans-ginger) contained protein (18.9 and 34.7)%, fat (4.7 and 10.6)%, crude fibre (1.6 and 1.49)%, ash (2.9 and 3.5)% while sample 85:10:5 and 70:20:10 (Maize- soybeans- turmeric) contained protein (21.5 and 29.0)%, fat (8.6 and 19.7)%, crude fibre (1.3 and 2.8)% and ash (3.9 and 5.6)% respectively. Sensory evaluation showed that blend 85:10:5 (Maize-soybeans-ginger) was more preferred in terms of taste, flavour, and general acceptability while sample 70:20:10 (Maize- soybeans- turmeric) was generally more acceptable in terms of colour and texture. Conclusion: The study has shown that nutrient dense complementary food can be produced from blends of turmeric, ginger, soybeans and maize, which are locally available and will help reduce the cost of the products and also minimise the outlay of foreign currency, which is an important economic consideration for developing countries like Nigeria.

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Young Children: Evaluation and Management / 임상소아혈액종양

Despite a sharp decline in the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during the past several decades owing to better nutrition and iron-fortified foods, IDA continues to remain the most common disorder in the world. From about 4 months of age, iron stores are insufficient to maintain the rapidly expanding blood volume associated with normal growth. If there is no steady dietary supply, iron stores become depleted and IDA develops. It is known that iron deficiency (ID) may impair not only physical activity but also mental functions such as learning. Children with ID are found to have more psychomotor deficits and achieve lower scores in aptitude tests than those with normal iron status. Therefore, the detection and treatment, or preferably prevention of ID and IDA is imperative during late infancy, when increased vulnerability to ID coincides with the rapid growth and differentiation of the brain. The diagnosis of IDA is confirmed by the findings of a hemoglobin level <11 g/dL and low iron stores (serum ferritin level <12 microg/L, transferrin saturation <16%). Iron status should be evaluated in children who have risk factors for IDA such as low birth weight, premature baby, exclusive breastfeeding beyond 6 months of life, and weaning to whole milk and complementary foods without iron-fortified foods. With the management of underlying cause, oral iron therapy should be given to replenish iron stores. Parenteral therapy may be used in children who cannot tolerate or absorb oral preparations.

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Young Children: Evaluation and Management / 임상소아혈액종양

Despite a sharp decline in the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during the past several decades owing to better nutrition and iron-fortified foods, IDA continues to remain the most common disorder in the world. From about 4 months of age, iron stores are insufficient to maintain the rapidly expanding blood volume associated with normal growth. If there is no steady dietary supply, iron stores become depleted and IDA develops. It is known that iron deficiency (ID) may impair not only physical activity but also mental functions such as learning. Children with ID are found to have more psychomotor deficits and achieve lower scores in aptitude tests than those with normal iron status. Therefore, the detection and treatment, or preferably prevention of ID and IDA is imperative during late infancy, when increased vulnerability to ID coincides with the rapid growth and differentiation of the brain. The diagnosis of IDA is confirmed by the findings of a hemoglobin level <11 g/dL and low iron stores (serum ferritin level <12 microg/L, transferrin saturation <16%). Iron status should be evaluated in children who have risk factors for IDA such as low birth weight, premature baby, exclusive breastfeeding beyond 6 months of life, and weaning to whole milk and complementary foods without iron-fortified foods. With the management of underlying cause, oral iron therapy should be given to replenish iron stores. Parenteral therapy may be used in children who cannot tolerate or absorb oral preparations.

Protein quality, hematological properties and nutritional status of albino rats fed complementary foods with fermented popcorn, African locust bean, and bambara groundnut flour blends

The objective of this study was to determine protein quality and hematological properties of infant diets formulated from local food materials. The food materials were obtained locally, fermented, and milled into flour. The flours were mixed as 70% popcorn and 30% African locust bean (FPA), 70% popcorn and 30% bambara groundnut (FPB), and 70% popcorn, 20% bambara groundnut, and 10% African locust bean (FPAB). Proximate analysis, protein quality, hematological properties, and anthropometric measurements of the animals fed with the formulations were investigated. The protein contents of the formulated diets were significantly higher than that of Cerelac (a commercial preparation) (15.75 +/- 0.01 g/100 g) and ogi (traditional complementary food) (6.52 +/- 0.31 g/100 g). The energy value of FPAB (464.94 +/- 1.22 kcal) was higher than those of FPA (441.41 +/- 3.05 kcal) and FPB (441.48 +/- 3.05 kcal). The biological value (BV) of FPAB (60.20%) was the highest followed by FPB (44.24%) and FPA (41.15%); however, BV of the diets was higher than that of ogi (10.03%) but lower than that of Cerelac (70.43%). Net protein utilization (NPU) of the formulations was 41.16-60.20%, whereas true protein digestibility was 41.05-60.05%. Metabolizable energy (232.98 kcal) and digestible energy (83.69 kcal) of FPAB were the highest, whereas that of FPA had the lowest values. The protein digestibility values corrected for amino acid score of the diets (0.22-0.44) were lower than that of Cerelac (0.52), but higher than that of ogi (0.21). The growth patterns and hematological properties (packed cell volume, red blood cells, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume) of the formulated diets were higher than those of ogi, but lower than those of Cerelac. In conclusion, we established that the FPAB food sample was rated best in terms of protein quality over the other formulated diets. Therefore, a FPAB blend may be used as a substitute for ogi.

Current feeding practices and maternal nutritional knowledge on complementary feeding in Korea / 소아과

PURPOSE: To evaluate current feeding practices and maternal nutritional knowledge on complementary feeding. METHODS: Mothers of babies aged 9-15 months who visited pediatric clinics of 14 general hospitals between September and December 2008 were asked to fill questionnaires. Data from 1,078 questionnaires were analyzed. RESULTS: Complementary food was introduced at 4-7 months in 89% of babies. Home-made rice gruel was the first complementary food in 93% cases. Spoons were used for initial feeding in 97% cases. At 6-7 months, <50% of babies were fed meat (beef, 43%). Less than 12-month-old babies were fed salty foods such as salted laver (35%) or bean-paste soup (51%) and cow's milk (11%). The following were the maternal sources of information on complementary feeding: books/magazines (58%), friends (30%), internet web sites (29%), relatives (14%), and hospitals (4%). Compared to the 1993 survey, the incidence of complementary food introduction before 4 months (0.4% vs. 21%) and initial use of commercial food (7% vs. 39%) had decreased. Moreover, spoons were increasingly used for initial feeding (97% vs. 57%). The average maternal nutritional knowledge score was 7.5/10. Less percentage of mothers agreed with the following suggestions: bottle formula weaning before 15-18 months (68%), no commercial baby drinks as complementary food (67%), considering formula (or cow's milk) better than soy milk (65%), and feeding minced meat from 6-7 months (57%). CONCLUSION: Complementary feeding practices have considerably improved since the last decade. Pediatricians should advise timely introduction of appropriate complementary foods and monitor diverse information sources on complementary feeding.