Development and validation of risk prediction model for new-onset cardiovascular diseases among breast cancer patients: Based on regional medical data of Inner Mongolia / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To develop and validate a three-year risk prediction model for new-onset cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among female patients with breast cancer.@*METHODS@#Based on the data from Inner Mongolia Regional Healthcare Information Platform, female breast cancer patients over 18 years old who had received anti-tumor treatments were included. The candidate predictors were selected by Lasso regression after being included according to the results of the multivariate Fine & Gray model. Cox proportional hazard model, Logistic regression model, Fine & Gray model, random forest model, and XGBoost model were trained on the training set, and the model performance was evaluated on the testing set. The discrimination was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC), and the calibration was evaluated by the calibration curve.@*RESULTS@#A total of 19 325 breast cancer patients were identified, with an average age of (52.76±10.44) years. The median follow-up was 1.18 [interquartile range (IQR): 2.71] years. In the study, 7 856 patients (40.65%) developed CVD within 3 years after the diagnosis of breast cancer. The final selected variables included age at diagnosis of breast cancer, gross domestic product (GDP) of residence, tumor stage, history of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease, type of surgery, type of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In terms of model discrimination, when not considering survival time, the AUC of the XGBoost model was significantly higher than that of the random forest model [0.660 (95%CI: 0.644-0.675) vs. 0.608 (95%CI: 0.591-0.624), P < 0.001] and Logistic regression model [0.609 (95%CI: 0.593-0.625), P < 0.001]. The Logistic regression model and the XGBoost model showed better calibration. When considering survival time, Cox proportional hazard model and Fine & Gray model showed no significant difference for AUC [0.600 (95%CI: 0.584-0.616) vs. 0.615 (95%CI: 0.599-0.631), P=0.188], but Fine & Gray model showed better calibration.@*CONCLUSION@#It is feasible to develop a risk prediction model for new-onset CVD of breast cancer based on regional medical data in China. When not considering survival time, the XGBoost model and the Logistic regression model both showed better performance; Fine & Gray model showed better performance in consideration of survival time.

Códigos QR y sus aplicaciones en las ciencias de la salud / QR codes and their uses in health sciences

El Código QR es un código bidimensional, fácilmente identificable por los tres cuadros ubicados en las esquinas superiores e inferior izquierda. Puede contener información de caracteres alfanuméricos, símbolos, Kanji, Hiragana, Katakana, códigos binarios y códigos de control. Es omnidireccional y su lectura puede realizarse desde un dispositivo móvil. Se realizó una revisión de artículos de las bases Scielo y Pubmed con el objetivo de indagar acerca de las aplicaciones de estos códigos en las ciencias de la salud y proponer algunas de estas para el Sistema Nacional de Salud cubano, cuya introducción ha sido paulatina, principalmente en la práctica y en la educación médica. Sin embargo, la diseminación y el uso es aún incipiente y existen muchas oportunidades. Un sistema de identificación nacional en salud permitiría una autentificación más fácil, rápida y efectiva, con un ahorro sustancial de recursos. Las empresas farmacéuticas podrían emplear un sistema similar, en este caso con informaciones de medicamentos. A pesar de sus limitaciones, son diversas las aplicaciones que poseen estos códigos en los servicios de salud. Esto, unido a la expansión tecnológica que vive hoy Cuba, permitirá en un futuro mediato la generalización y la difusión de estas tecnologías en beneficio de la sociedad.

The QR code is a two-dimensional code easily identifiable by the three boxes located in the top corners and the bottom left corner. It may contain information in alphanumeric characters, symbols, Kanji, Hiragana, Katakana, binary codes and control codes. It is omnidirectional and may be read from a mobile device. A review was conducted of papers from the databases Scielo and Pubmed about the uses of these codes in health sciences so as to propose some of those to the Cuban National Health System, where their introduction has been gradual, mainly in medical practice and education. However, their spread and use is still incipient and many opportunities still lie ahead. A national identification system for the health sector would allow easy, fast, effective authentication with substantial resource savings. Pharmaceutical enterprises could use a similar system, in their case with information about drugs. Despite their limitations, these codes may be used for a variety of purposes in health services. This possibility, combined with the current technological expansion experienced by Cuba, will permit generalization and dissemination of these technologies in the near future for the benefit of society.

Usability of Academic Electronic Medical Record Application for Nursing Students' Clinical Practicum / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: Nursing curricula for undergraduate nursing students need to reflect the information technology used in current nursing practice. A smart-device Academic Electronic Medical Record (AEMR) application can help nursing students access and document records for the clinical practicum. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate the usability of an AEMR application before applying it to the clinical nursing practicum. METHODS: A previously developed EMR application was modified as an AEMR to access patient information at bedside and to practice documentation. We added several features to the current EMR application to create an AEMR environment. We created a series of document forms and several useful scales on an external application, which included nursing admission notes, vital signs, and intake/output. The case scenarios and tasks were created by a research team to evaluate aspects of AEMRs, including their usability and functionality. Five nursing students completed 15 tasks using a think-aloud method with a tablet device. RESULTS: Minor usability issues were identified and rectified. All participants indicated that they became familiar with the application with little effort. They said that the application icons were intuitive, which helped them find patient information more quickly and accurately. CONCLUSIONS: The application will improve timely access to patient data and documentation for nursing students. We are confident that this AEMR application will enhance nursing students' experience with their clinical practicum, and help them to better understand patient conditions and document them with ideal accessibility.

Global trends in the use of nationwide big data for solving healthcare problems

While Korea had the highest rate of increase in per capita health expenditures from 1997 to 2007 among The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, it is necessary in all countries to establish sustainable health care systems that efficiently use the existing effective treatment methods. For dealing with the overwhelming health care crisis, the European Union and the United States (US) have launched Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) programs, respectively. Further, the Federal Coordinating Council for Comparative Effectiveness Research in US has considered the development of the CER data infrastructure to be the primary investment needed in order to reform the national health care system. The main reason is that investment in data infrastructure can potentially generate significant additional investment in CER. In addition, the Council stressed the need for coordination between CER and health information technology through a distributed network of electronic health records. These directions and decisions on driving CER in the US may provide an invaluable lesson on solving some healthcare problems in Korea. However, barriers to the potential contribution of the existing databases to CER must be overcome, including interoperability, privacy protection and confidentiality, and active participation of the holders of the related databases.

Implementation of a Next-Generation Electronic Nursing Records System Based on Detailed Clinical Models and Integration of Clinical Practice Guidelines / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper is to describe the components of a next-generation electronic nursing records system ensuring full semantic interoperability and integrating evidence into the nursing records system. METHODS: A next-generation electronic nursing records system based on detailed clinical models and clinical practice guidelines was developed at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital in 2013. This system has two components, a terminology server and a nursing documentation system. RESULTS: The terminology server manages nursing narratives generated from entity-attribute-value triplets of detailed clinical models using a natural language generation system. The nursing documentation system provides nurses with a set of nursing narratives arranged around the recommendations extracted from clinical practice guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: An electronic nursing records system based on detailed clinical models and clinical practice guidelines was successfully implemented in a hospital in Korea. The next-generation electronic nursing records system can support nursing practice and nursing documentation, which in turn will improve data quality.

Informatics as Tool for Quality Improvement: Rapid Implementation of Guidance for the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in England as an Exemplar / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important cause of excess cardiovascular mortality and morbidity; as well as being associated with progression to end stage renal disease. This condition was largely unheard of in English primary care prior to the introduction of pay-for-performance targets for management in 2006. A realist review of how informatics has been a mechanism for national implementation of guidance for the improved management of CKD. METHODS: Realist review of context, the English National Health Service with a drive to implement explicit national quality standards; mechanism, the informatics infrastructure and its alignment with policy objectives; and outcomes are describe at the micro-data and messaging, meso-patient care and quality improvement initiatives, and marco-national policy levels. RESULTS: At the micro-level computerised medical records can be used to reliably identify people with CKD; though differences in creatinine assays, fluctuation in renal function, and errors in diabetes coding were less well understood. At the meso-level more aggressive management of blood pressure (BP) in individual patients appears to slow or reverse decline in renal function; technology can support case finding and quality improvement at the general practice level. At the macro-level informaticians can help ensure that leverage from informatics is incorporated in policy, and ecological investigations inform if there is any association with improved health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In the right policy context informatics appears to be an enabler of rapid quality improvement. However, a causal relationship or generalisability of these findings has not been demonstrated.

Five-years of Breast Cancer Management in a New Hospital: Analysis Using Clinical Data Warehouse / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: This study is to review the initial 5-years of breast cancer management in a single hospital using the clinical data warehouse (CDW). METHODS: We reviewed the electronic medical records of 754 patients with breast cancer who were treated by a single surgeon between June 2003 and December 2007 in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. We analyzed the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic profiles of the breast cancer patients which were encoded and stored at the CDW. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 49.3 years and the peak incidence was in the fifth decade (36.6%). Symptomatic breast cancer was 74.6% and screening-detected breast cancer was 25.4%. Breast conserving surgery (BCS) was performed in 54.1% of all cases and the BCS rate increased annually. Immediate reconstruction after mastectomy was performed in 62 cases (17.7%). Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for nodal staging was performed in 501 cases (72.1%) and 160 cases (23.0%) underwent complete axillary lymph node dissection. The proportion of in situ and early stage invasive breast cancer was 85.0%. Six hundred and ninety three patients (92.5%) received more than one adjuvant therapy. Thirty one patients experienced local or systemic relapse after surgery and ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) occurred in 6 cases. The median follow-up period was 29.5 months. Two-year and 3-year disease-free survival rates were 95.9% and 94.4%. CONCLUSION: BCS and SLN biopsy continuously increased and immediate reconstruction after mastectomy was performed widely. Most patients received more than one adjuvant therapy. Moreover, we saved the time and human power to review the medical record by using the CDW.

Five-years of Breast Cancer Management in a New Hospital: Analysis Using Clinical Data Warehouse / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: This study is to review the initial 5-years of breast cancer management in a single hospital using the clinical data warehouse (CDW). METHODS: We reviewed the electronic medical records of 754 patients with breast cancer who were treated by a single surgeon between June 2003 and December 2007 in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. We analyzed the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic profiles of the breast cancer patients which were encoded and stored at the CDW. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 49.3 years and the peak incidence was in the fifth decade (36.6%). Symptomatic breast cancer was 74.6% and screening-detected breast cancer was 25.4%. Breast conserving surgery (BCS) was performed in 54.1% of all cases and the BCS rate increased annually. Immediate reconstruction after mastectomy was performed in 62 cases (17.7%). Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for nodal staging was performed in 501 cases (72.1%) and 160 cases (23.0%) underwent complete axillary lymph node dissection. The proportion of in situ and early stage invasive breast cancer was 85.0%. Six hundred and ninety three patients (92.5%) received more than one adjuvant therapy. Thirty one patients experienced local or systemic relapse after surgery and ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) occurred in 6 cases. The median follow-up period was 29.5 months. Two-year and 3-year disease-free survival rates were 95.9% and 94.4%. CONCLUSION: BCS and SLN biopsy continuously increased and immediate reconstruction after mastectomy was performed widely. Most patients received more than one adjuvant therapy. Moreover, we saved the time and human power to review the medical record by using the CDW.

Assessing the Quality of Structured Data Entry for the Secondary Use of Electronic Medical Records / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVE: The raw material of quality improvement is information, whose building block is data. Data in an electronic medical record system have many secondary uses beyond their primary role in patient care, including research and organizational management. This study investigates the data quality of clinical observations recorded using a structured data entry format and assesses the impact of erroneous data. METHODS: A total of 4,580,846 input events from 3,348 inpatients, gathered over a three year period in a teaching hospital, were analyzed by using a 2-by-2 conceptual matrix framework for the appropriateness of data types and semantics. The data were classified into three categories: fully usable, partially usable, and not usable. RESULTS: The fully usable data constituted 88.6% of the correctly entered data the remaining 11.4% were erroneous. Among the erroneous data, 0.8% were partially usable (n=3,929), and the remaining 99.2% (n= 510,437) were identified as needing further assessment to improve their quality. CONCLUSION: Clinical information systems have increasingly used structured data entry or record templates, but the low quality of collected data has severely limited their secondary use potential.

A Comparison of the Nursing Records of Hysterectomy Patients: Pre and Post Implementation of an ICNP Based Electronic Nursing Record System / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the abilities of electronic nursing records, which are based on standard nursing terminology, and paper-based nursing records to support the nursing process. METHODS: The nursing records of 38 pairs of inpatients admitted to a gynecology nursing unit were selected. The data from the paper records were obtained manually by a chart review as single statement units. The electronic records were extracted from a computerized system. The statements were categorized using the NANDA diagnosis and the modified Clinical Care Classification. Based on a semantic analysis of the components of the nursing process, the completeness of the nursing records was classified into complete and incomplete patterns according to the presence and relevancy of the assessment, the diagnosis, the intervention and the outcome. RESULTS: The numbers of nursing diagnoses used and the unique nursing diagnoses were both higher in the electronic records than those in the paper records. The number of statements of nursing assessments/outcomes, and nursing interventions was 1.4-fold higher in the electronic records than that in the paper records respectively. The proportion of complete patterns of the nursing process was 3.4% in the paper records and 25.7% in the electronic records. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that electronic records are better than paper records to support the nursing process in terms of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of nursing documentation.

Development of PDA Application Model for Health Promotion Center / 대한의료정보학회지

Health promotion center is an area that hospitals promote and operate with priority for the early detection and prevention of disease. The quality of medical service needs to be improved by providing a quick and customized service to the patients who use the center. In the past, the examiners or hall managers took charge of the guidance and management of the patients in order, and the patients suffered from the disorder and discomfort while they are called and identified by name. In this paper, we realized automated health promotion system using PDA operation system to provide services comfortable for both patients and examiners. A comfortable and personalized system has been developed, where patients are provided with personalized guidance for the examination labs instead of being called by name and history of medical examination through the mobile terminal,

Availability of nursing data in an electronic nursing record system for a development of a risk assessment tool for pressure ulcers / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the reuse of data captured by nurses to support nursing decisions related to pressure-ulcer care. METHODS: To examine the existence of coded data in an electronic nursing record system for the identified concepts, we used the electronic nursing documents of a teaching hospital in Gyeonggi-Do, in Korea. A surgical intensive care unit (SICU) was selected as the test unit due to the high incidence of pressure ulcers. The concepts were identified from literature review and refined through the involvement of staff nurses. RESULTS: We found that 93.4% of the necessary concepts were matched semantically with data items at the input level of the electronic medical record system. Eighteen concepts (60%) were directly matched with the data variables of structured electronic nursing records. Five concepts (16.7%) were matched into more than two items. Including the standard nursing statements coded in Nurses' notes, five concepts were mapped more. CONCLUSIONS: More than 90% of the concepts were matched successfully, which suggests that the secondary use of the routine data collected in an EMR system could be used to develop an automated risk assessment tool for pressure ulcers.

Adaptation of a Psychosomatic Medicine Computer Record System for Multi-Language Support: Making Psychiatric Computer Software Regionally Functional in Spanish- Speaking Countries* / La historia clínica sistematizada en medicina psicosomática

Electronic medical record (EMR) systems are becoming a standard for patient care, but are difficult to customize for local, regional, or international use. Particularly in the case of psychosomatic medicine, where diverse sociological, economical, cultural, and political influences may contribute to a patient’s disease state, EMRs have difficulty in being economically implemented. Careful, flexible computer program design, special editing systems to customize graphic user interfaces, and identifying localregional physician experts to assist in translation are keys to making a working application. We discuss the Micro-Cares™ CISCL Clinical Information System and the programming and customization decisions which have gone into adapting it for multi-language support. Discussed are the EMR design, adaptation for multiple hardware platforms (desktop, laptop and tablet computers, and on hand-held PDA systems), multi-tiered data storage, and customizable language manager, and questionnaire designer. Concepts of flexibly “scaling” CISCL to support the single user, or multiple user, or extensive department/ division personnel are discussed. Experience with regional testing and use are described, including modifications to the CISCL program that have been extensively user-guided. Finally, we examine standards of approach to multi-language support that have arisen from adapting CISCL to non-Romance-based languages, e.g., Mandarin. Our current experiences are summarized with description of on-going research efforts.

Los sistemas de registro médico electrónico (RME) se están convirtiendo en el estándar en cuanto al cuidado clínico del paciente se refiere, pero son difíciles de diseñar a medida para uso local, regional o internacional. Ésto es particularmente cierto en el caso de la medicina psicosomática, en la que diversas influencias de tipo sociológico, económico, cultural y político influyen en el estado del paciente, haciendo que los RME sean difíciles de implementar de manera económica. Un programa de computador diseñado de modo cuidadoso y flexible con sistemas de edición para personalizar gráficas, e identificar médicos expertos en el medio local-regional para que asistan en la traducción son las claves para hacer que una aplicación funcione. Presentamos el Micro-Cares™ CISCL Sistema de Información Clínica y discutimos la programación y las decisiones tomadas para adaptar el sistema a un soporte multilingüístico. Se discuten el diseño del RME, su adaptación para múltiples plataformas de hardware (computadores de escritorio, portátiles y tablet y sistemas PDA Palm™), sistemas de almacenamiento multinivel, administrador de idioma personalizado y diseñador de cuestionarios. También se discuten los conceptos de “escalonar” el CISCL de manera flexible para soportar un usuario único o múltiples usuarios, o personal numeroso de un departamento o división. Se presenta una descripción de las pruebas y uso a nivel regional, incluyendo modificaciones en el programa del CISCL que han sido guiados por los usuarios. Para finalizar, examinamos estándares de aproximación en soporte multilingüístico que han surgido al adaptar el CISCL a otros idiomas no basados en las lenguas romance, por ejemplo, el mandarín. Nuestras experiencias actuales se resumen con una descripción de nuestras investigaciones en curso.

Computerized Medical Records and Implications for Medical Education in Ophthalmology / 医学教育

Medical education with computerized medical records has been introduced in our ophthalmology department. Software needs to be improved, especially for filing and for charting terminology. Nevertheless clinical education with the new charts is superior to that with conventional methods since we make use of the computer's advantages of free access and ability to file and handle information.