Transtornos relacionados ao sono e comportamentos sexuais anômalos / Sleep Disorders and abnormal sexual behaviors

Esse artigo se baseia nas publicações de Schenck, especialista no assunto. Parassonias são comportamentos sexuais anômalos relacionados ao sono, caracterizados por movimentos complexos, emoções, percepções, sonhos e atividade do sistema nervoso autônomo. Podem provocar lesões, interrupção do sono, efeitos adversos à saúde e psicossociais. O diagnóstico é clínico: história médica e antecedentes (relatos de parcerias ou familiares e vídeos domésticos). Polissonografia é reservada para casos atípicos. O tratamento inclui medidas protetivas, esclarecimento ao familiar/cônjuge, controle dos fatores precipitantes, medicamento (clonazepam) e psicoterapia. A sexônia é uma parassonia (subtipo não REM), melhor estudada. Masturbação e tentativas inadequadas de obter relações sexuais (seguidas de amnésia ou lembrança vaga) são frequentes. A frequência em clínicas do sono é de 7,6% (homens 11,0%; mulheres 4,0%). Esses comportamentos surgem no curso de longa história de parassonia, desencadeando despertares confusionais. Terapia nasal com pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas pode controlar. Em homens, ereção peniana, associada à sexônia, é referida pela parceria. Providência importante é inquirir sobre sexônia, quando houver suspeita, uma vez que o paciente e/ou sua parceria não costumam falar, a menos que sejam solicitados ou por questões legais. Revisão de 18 casos médico-legais sobre violência relacionada ao sono e comportamento sexual durante o sono encontrou 9 casos em que sexônia foi alegada pela defesa. Foram apresentadas avaliações dos réus, as quais diferiram de caso para caso, alertando para a necessidade de consenso internacional. Abuso de álcool desqualifica a "defesa baseada em parassonia [sexônia]" em casos médico-legais.

Impact of clinical and various lab parameters on final outcome of acute confusional state patients of different etiologies at tertiary care center

Background: Acute confusional state or delirium is a clinical syndrome characterized by disturbed consciousness, cognitive function, or perception. The delirium usually develops over a short period of time (usually hours to days) and it has a tendency to fluctuate during the course of the day. Materials and methods: This study was undertaken on the patients presenting with acute confusional state to the emergency wing of Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Jammu to find out the Outcome, Hospital Stay and Prognosticate of different causes of ACS. Patients of acute confusion state that were admitted in the emergency wing of Postgraduate Department of Medicine Acharya Shri Chander College of medical sciences and hospital were enrolled prospectively in the study. Sixty patients of acute confusional state from November 2015 to October 2016 were enrolled who were selected from various patients admitted in ASCOMS. Results: Most patients were in the age group of 61-70 years i.e. 6th decade. Mean age of males was 63.78 (range, 35 to 92) years and of females was 65.85 (range, 26 to 95) years. Median age of males was 64 years and of females 68 years. Sex wise, patients were equally distributed with 32 (53.33%) males and 28 (46.67%) females with male to female ratio of 1.14:1 Out of 60 patients there were 10 deaths, the mortality being 16.67%, 39 (65%) had good recovery and 11 (16.67%) patients had partial recovery. Overall mortality was 16.67%. The mortality depends on age, etiology of acute confusional state, initial GCS and some lab Parameters (TLC, PH, SO2). Conclusion: The increased hospital stay and the prolonged acute confusional state in patients discharged alive were increased age, etiology of ACS, abnormal CT head, decreased PO2 and SO2, focal neurological deficit.

A case of confusional arousal in an elderly man / 中华神经科杂志

Confusional arousal (CA) is a rare non-rapid eye movement sleep-related parasomnia and rarely reported in China, leading to misdiagnosis and mistreatment in clinic. A detailed collection of clinical symptoms and simultaneous video polysomnography is very important for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of CA. A elderly patient with CA was diagnosed according to the International classification of sleep disorders, third edition diagnostic criteria. The summary and analysis of the patient is conducted to improve the understanding of CA, meanwhile to avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment.

A study of etiological profile of acute confusional state

Background: ACS (Acute confusional states) are on the rise taking the shape of an epidemic. These states are common among the elderly, but young individuals are also not spared. Prompt diagnosis and management of these states can decrease the associated morbidity and mortality.Methods: In this prospective observational study, etiological profile of ACS was evaluated in a total 100 patients, selected over a period of one year, after they fulfilled the CAM (Confusion Assessment Method) criteria.Results: Among 100 patients of ACS, mean age was 54.77�.50 years, males were 66% and 34% were females. The most common diagnosis provisionally made on the basis of history and clinical examination was metabolic encephalopathy in 37% patients, meningoencephalitis (24%), CVA (Cerebrovascular accident) (18%), seizures (9%), sepsis (6%), poisoning (6%). Whereas the final diagnosis made after subjecting the patients to relevant investigations, was metabolic encephalopathy in 37% of patients, meningoencephalitis (20%), CVA (18%), sepsis (12%), unprovoked seizures (6%), poisoning (6%) and undetermined in 1%. The final diagnosis matched the provisional diagnosis in most of the patients except sepsis as a provisional diagnosis was underdiagnosed. The mean duration of hospital stay was 7.6�67days and the hospital stay was most commonly complicated by aspiration pneumonia and acute kidney injury.Conclusions: This study emphasizes that the ACS is an emergency medical situation, where prompt identification, workup and treatment should be done parallelly and urgently to prevent the morbidity and mortality.

Incidence and risk factors of delirium in patients with acute ischaemic stroke

@#Background & Objectives: The reported incidence of post-stroke delirium varies substantially in current medical literature. The impact of delirium on mortality and morbidity is significant and there is need for sustained research on the topic. We aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors and outcome of delirium in acute ischaemic stroke. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study on consecutive patients with ischaemic stroke. The Confusion Assessment Method was used to diagnose delirium within seven days of stroke onset. Results: Two hundred and eighty patients were recruited (mean age 63.6 years) and 36 (12.9%) developed delirium. After adjustments for covariates, age >65 years (odds ratio, OR 5.2; 95% confidence interval 1.6-17.5); pre-existing dementia (6.5; 1.1-38.2); TACI (7.2; 1.5-35); and a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale of ≥10 (6.8; 1.7-26.4), were independently associated with a risk of developing delirium. Lacunar infarcts were not associated with delirium (0.07; 0.03-0.16). The majority of patients with delirium were cared for in a dedicated stroke unit but this proportion was not significant compared to those without delirium (69.4% vs 58.2%, p=0.20). Delirious patients had significantly higher in-patient mortality (8.3% vs 0%, p=0.002) and longer length of hospital stay (6.94 vs 3.98 days, p< 0.001). Conclusions: One in 8 patients with ischaemic stroke in our centre developed delirium. Older age, pre-existing dementia and severe stroke were independent predictors of delirium. Patients with lacunar infarcts did not develop delirium as often as those with other stroke types. Delirium significantly increased in-patient mortality and length of hospital stay.

Caracterización de encefalitis por Zika y atención de enfermería: caso clínico / Characterization of encephalitis by Zika and nursing attention: clinical case

Introducción:La encefalitis es un proceso inflamatorio del parénquima cerebral de forma aguda aumentando la morbilidad y mortalidad. Se ha relacionado con una rápida propagación de enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos: virus del Nilo Occidental, dengue, encefalitis japonesa y Zika, principales amenazas para la salud pública. Está asociado a complicaciones con microcefalia en fetos, y síndrome de Guillian-Barré en adultos.Objetivo:Caracterizar los síntomas biológicos frecuentes en pacientes afectados por Zika, que permita la individualización de la acción enfermera durante el tratamiento en periodo de hospitalización.Descripcióndel caso:Paciente de 34 años de edad, 8 días de evolución, cuadro clínico típico de Zika con alza térmica, rash cutáneo, cefalea holocraneana, alteración del estado de la conciencia, ideas delirantes, lenguaje incoherente, conducta exhibicionista. Además, cuadro de agresividad, finalmente presenta convulsiones tónico clónico generalizado. Resultado de laboratorio positivo para Zika,EEG muestra ondas agudas sobre una base enlentecida con predominio bitemporal. Imagenología igual enlas Encefalitis Herpéticas con compromiso temporal bilateral con predominio en un hemisferio.Conclusiones:La encefalitis por virus Zikase caracterizó por presentar cuadro clínico característico de la enfermedad, signos y síntomas neurológicos, PCR en sangre y orina positivos, con alta probabilidad clínica epidemiológica de ser un caso de Encefalitis por Zika. La acción de Enfermería se centró: seguridad del paciente, control y valoración de signos vitales, control de estado de conciencia, cumplimiento de prescripciones farmacológicas médica, toma de muestras, preparación para exámenes especiales, manejo de líquidos.

Introduction:Encephalitis, cerebral parenchymal inflammatory process, is acute and there is important morbidity and mortality, it has been related to a rapid spread of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes: West Nile virus, dengue, Japanese encephalitis and Zika, main threats to the public health. Zika, associated with complications with microcephaly in fetuses, and Guillian-Barré syndrome in adults.Objetive:To characterize the frequent biological symptoms in patients affected by Zika, which allows the individualization of the nursing action during the treatment during the hospitalization period.Case description:Patient of 34 years of age, 8 days of evolution, typical Zika clinical picture with thermal boost, skin rash, holocranial headache, altered state of consciousness, delusional ideas, incoherent language, exhibitionist behavior. in addition, aggressiveness picture, finally presents generalized clonic tonic seizures. Positive laboratory for Zika, EEG shows sharp waves on a slow basis with bitemporal predominance. Imaging equal to Herpetic Encephalitis with bilateral temporal involvement predominantly in one hemisphere.Conclusions:Zikavirus encephalitis was characterized by a characteristic clinical picture of the disease, neurological signs and symptoms, positive blood and urine PCR, with a high clinical and epidemiological probability of being a case of Zika encephalitis. The nursingaction was focused: patient safety, control and evaluation of vital signs, control of state of consciousness, compliance with medical pharmacological prescriptions, taking of samples, preparation for special examinations, liquid handling.

El delirium: una actualización para Internistas y Psiquiatras

RESUMEN A lo largo del tiempo, al delirium se lo ha conocido por diversos nombres: falla cerebral aguda, síndrome cerebral orgánico agudo, síndrome confusional o psicosis postquirúrgica. No obstante, el término preferido en la actualidad es delirium (de latín delirare, que significa "arar fuera del surco"). El delirium, como síndrome, es un conjunto de signos y síntomas de inicio agudo caracterizado por deterioro cognitivo fluctuante, con enturbiamiento de la conciencia y capacidad disminuida de mantener y cambiar la atención de un punto a otro. Numerosos estudios han demostrado que los pacientes que desarrollan delirium tienen un riesgo aumentado de resultados adversos tanto durante la hospitalización como tras el alta. Este riesgo es independiente de cualquier comorbilidad existente, de la severidad de la enfermedad, la edad u otras variables asociadas. Asimismo, el delirium está asociado a un incremento en la mortalidad, aumento del tiempo de hospitalización y desarrollo de disfunciones cognitivas posteriores al alta. Este artículo de revisión presenta una actualización acerca de la fisiopatología del delirium, de las herramientas de reconocimiento del cuadro y de su tratamiento. Todas estas informaciones resultan útiles en el manejo diario de este tipo de pacientes, tanto por médicos internistas como por médicos psiquiatras.

ABSTRACT Over time, delirium has been known by several names: acute brain failure, acute organic brain syndrome, confusional syndrome, or post-surgical psychosis. However, the currently preferred term is delirium (from the Latin term delirare, which means "to go out of the furrow"). Delirium, as a syndrome, is a set of signs and symptoms of acute onset characterized by fluctuating cognitive impairment, clouding of consciousness and diminished ability to maintain and shift attention from one point to another. Numerous studies have shown that patients who develop delirium have an increased risk of adverse outcomes both during hospitalization and after discharge. This risk is independent of any existing comorbidity, severity of disease, age or other associated variables. Likewise, delirium is associated with an increase in mortality, increase in hospitalization time and the development of cognitive dysfunctions after discharge. This review article presents an update on the pathophysiology of delirium, the tools for recognizing the condition and its treatment. All this information is useful in the daily management of this type of patients, by both internists and psychiatrists.

Utilidad de la punción lumbar en el paciente con síndrome confusional agudo y fiebre / Usefulness of the lumbar puncture in patients with acute confusional state and fever

Los estados confusionales agudos son motivo de consulta frecuente en pacientes añosos. Se evaluó la utilidad de la punción lumbar en pacientes con fiebre y síndrome confusional agudo (SCA) cuando existe un origen extrameníngeo que explique la fiebre. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes mayores de 50 años, de ambos sexos, con fiebre y SCA admitidos entre junio de 2005 y noviembre de 2006. Se excluyeron pacientes con infección por HIV o que hubieren estado internados en las últimas 72 horas. Se realizó punción lumbar (previa realización de TAC) y se analizó el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). Se incluyeron 30 pacientes. 20 pacientes tuvieron una causa extrameníngea demostrada de la fiebre (66.6%). Se diagnosticaron 6 pacientes con meningitis (20%). El análisis bacteriológico directo del LCR fue positivo en 3 pacientes (10%): en 2 casos se aisló un coco gram positivo y en el restante un bacilo gram negativo. El cultivo de LCR fue positivo en dos casos (6.6%): en un caso se aisló un Streptococcus pneumoniae y en otro Escherichia coli. El hallazgo de una causa clara de fiebre no descarta la posibilidad de meningitis concomitante. Se encontró una asociación entre la presencia de hemocultivos positivos y la de meningitis, tanto en un caso de neumonía por Streptococcus neumoniae como en una infección urinaria por Escherichia coli (p=0.0022, test exacto de Fisher). Conclusión: los pacientes añosos con SCA y fiebre podrían requerir la realización de punción lumbar como parte de la evaluación inicial, independientemente de encontrarse una causa extrameníngea de la fiebre.

Acute Confusional State (ACS) is a frequent cause for seeking professional help among elderly patients. We evaluated the usefulness of lumbar puncture in patients with acute confusional state and fever, when an evident extrameningeal cause of fever is present. All patients over 50 years of age, from both sexes, with fever and ACS, who were admitted to hospital in a period between June 2005 and November 2006, were included. Patients with a history of HIV infection and patients who had been hospitalized within the previous 72 hours were excluded. Lumbar puncture was performed, and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was analyzed. Thirty patients were included. Twenty of the included patients (66.6%) had a demonstrable extrameningeal fever cause. Six patients (20%) with meningitis were detected. The CSF bacteriologic smear was positive in 3 patients (10%); in two cases a gram positive coccus was identified and in one case a gram negative bacillus. The CSF culture was positive in two patients (6.6%) for Escherichia coli (o and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The finding of a clear cause for fever does not rule out the possibility of meningitis. We found an association between the positive blood cultures and the presence of meningitis, both in a case of pneumococcal pneumonia and in a case of urinary tract infection due to Escherichia coli (p=0.0022, Fisher’s Exact test). We conclude that all elderly patients with ACS and fever may require performing a lumbar puncture as part of the initial assessment, regardless of the finding of a extrameníngeal cause of fever.

Rendimiento diagnóstico de la tomografía de cráneo en pacientes con delirium / Clinical yield of computed tomography brain scan in patients with delirium

RESUMEN Objetivos: Determinar el rendimiento de la tomografía axial computada de cráneo en el diagnóstico etiológico de delirium y qué factores son predictores de causa intracraneana del mismo. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes con diagnóstico de delirium a los cuales se les haya realizado una Tomografía de cráneo como parte de la valoración etiológica. Criterios de exclusión: factores que imposibiliten la entrevista. Como herramienta diagnóstica se utilizó el CAM (Confusion Assesment Method). Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 114 pacientes. La tomografía confirmó la causa de delirium en 18,4 % de los casos. Las variables que se asociaron con tomografía alterada fueron déficit focal neurológico y antecedentes de Trauma de cráneo. En 2.6% de los pacientes la tomografía confirmó una causa intracraneana de delirium a pesar de no tener signos focales neurológicos ni antecedente de traumatismo de cráneo. Conclusiones: La tomografía de cráneo es una herramienta de gran valor, pero no debería realizarse de urgencia, en forma rutinaria, en todos los pacientes con delirium. La tomografía debe indicarse de urgencia cuando existe antecedente de traumatismo de cráneo, hallazgo de signos focales neurológicos al examen o no se encuentra un factor precipitante. En los pacientes ancianos y/o con deterioro cognitivo previo debe tenerse presente que los factores precipitantes de delirium más frecuentes son extra-craneanos.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the yield of computed tomography brain scan in the etiological diagnosis of delirium, and to determine which factors are predictors of the intracranial cause of delirium. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study, observational. Inclusion criteria: Patients diagnosed with delirium that have undergone a cranial tomography as part of etiological assessment. Exclusion criteria: Factors that prevent the interview. The CAM (Confusion Assessment Method) has been used as a diagnostic tool. Results: 114 patients were included in the study. The tomography confirmed the cause of delirium in 18% of the cases. The variables that were associated with altered tomography were focal neurological deficit and a history of head trauma. 2.6% of patients’ tomography confirmed an intracranial cause of delirium in spite of not having focal neurological signs or history of head trauma. Conclusions: The tomography is a valuable tool, but it should not be made urgently, routinely, in all patients with delirium. The tomography should be requested urgently when there is a history of head trauma, findings of focal neurological signs or a precipitating factor is not found. It should be noted that in elderly patients with previous cognitive impairment, the most common precipitating factors of delirium are nonintracranial.

Effectiveness of Lumbar Puncture in the Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Infection for the Elderly Patients Presenting with Acute Confusional State.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of lumbar puncture (LP) as a diagnostic procedure for central nervous system infection in cases of acute confusional states in elderly patients. Patients and Methods: This is an observational prospective study as a short research article that enrolled 50 elderly patients with acute confusional state to assess lumbar puncture results as a diagnostic procedure for central nervous system infections in Al-Fallujah Teaching Hospital in Al-Anbar, Iraq, between January 2011 and January 2013. All of the patients have been subjected to lumbar puncture (LP), as well as laboratory investigations. Results: This study reveals slight female predominance (54%) in cases of acute confusional state. The mean age was 68 years. Acute confusional state in 92% of our cases was due to systemic disease, and central nervous system infection (meningitis and encephalitis) represented only 8% of cases. Most LPs were negative (normal). Fifty per cent of CNS infections were in pre-LP cases presenting systemic diseases. Central nervous system infections were mostly bacterial meningitis. Conclusions: This study reveals that positive LP results were low in elderly patients presenting with acute confusional state. This gives an idea about the LP effectiveness that should be suspected. Since the causes of such presentation are life threatening diseases, so LP remain the best useful procedure in spite of its low positive results.

Síndrome confusional agudo en pacientes posquirúrgicos de cirugía de revascularización miocárdica / Acute confusional state in postoperative surgical patients myocardial revascularization

Se realizó un estudio de investigación con un diseño cuantitativo, analítico, retrospectivo, transversal, conmetodología de Casos y Controles, seleccionando una muestra de 90 pacientes, a través de un muestreo aleatorio simple de un total de 246 pacientes posquirúrgicos de revascularización miocárdica, los cuales fueron distribuidos en grupo de casos y grupo de controles. En el grupo casos se incluyeron 30 pacientes, mientras que en el grupo control se incluyeron 60 pacientes. Esto fue realizado en el Instituto de Cardiología de Juana Francisca Cabral, de la ciudad de Corrientes, capital. Las operaciones estadísticas utilizadas fueron porcentajes, promedios; y para establecer las asociaciones, OddsRatio, el nivel de significación fue de p< 0,05, se utilizó el programa “SPPS, versión 17.0”. Cuando se analizó la CEC (Circulación Extracorpórea), en relación al Síndrome Confusional Agudo, se encontró que los pacientes que requirieron CEC tienen 1,75 veces más de probabilidades de desarrollar S.C.A. que los pacientes que no requirieron CEC, con Intervalo de Confianza = 0,71 – 4,17 y P= 0,162 (NS= no significativo). Al analizar el antecedente de tabaquismo, se observó que los pacientes con antecedente de tabaquismo, tienen 1,83 veces más de probabilidades de desarrollar S.C.A. en el posoperatorio de cirugía de revascularización miocárdica con circulación extracorpórea, que de los pacientes sin antecedente de tabaquismo, con un Intervalo de Confianza = 0,58 – 3,36 y P= 0,3 (NS= no significativo). Por último, al analizar la variable sexo, se encontró que el grupo de mujeres tienen 2,11 veces más de probabilidades de desarrollar S.C.A., en el posoperatorio de cirugía de revascularización miocárdica con circulación extracorpórea, que los pacientes del sexo masculino, con Intervalo de Confianza = 0,78 – 7,09 y P= 0,10 (NS= no significativo...

A research study was conducted with quantitative, analytical, retrospective, cross-sectional design with CaseControlmethodology, selecting a sample of 90 patients, through simple random sampling a total of 246 patientspostoperative myocardial revascularization, the which were distributed in the case group and control group. In the case group included 30 patients, whereas in the control group 60 patients were included. This was done at the Institute of Cardiology of Juana Francisca Cabral, city of Corrientes, capital. The statistics operations were used percentages, averages; and to establish partnerships, Odds Ratio, the level ofsignificance was p <0.05, the program was used "SPPS, version 17.0."When the CEC was analyzed in relation to acute confusional syndrome, found that patients who required CPB are1.75 times more likely to develop SCA Patients who required NO CEC, with confidence interval = 0.71 to 4.17 and P= 0.162 (NS = not significant).When analyzing the History of Smoking, it was observed that patients with a history of Tobacco, have 1.83 timesmore likely to develop SCA in the postoperative CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass patients without a history of smoking, a confidence interval = 0.58 to 3.36 and P = 0.3 (NS = not significant). Finally when analyzing the gender variable, it was found that in the group of women, are 2.11 times more likely to develop SCA in the postoperative CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass, that male patients with confidence interval = 0.78 to 7.09 and P = 0.10 (NS = not significant)...

Comportamiento del Delirium en el anciano. Policlínico "Pedro Fonseca", La Lisa, 2012 / Delirium behavior in the elder. Policlínico "Pedro Fonseca", La Lisa, 2012

Introducción: el Síndrome Confusional Agudo o Delirium es un síndrome cerebral orgánico de etiología multifactorial, caracterizado por alteraciones fluctuantes de la conciencia, atención, percepción, pensamiento, memoria, con incremento o reducción de la actividad psicomotora y un desorden en el ciclo sueño-vigilia. Objetivo: caracterizar los ancianos con delirium, según grupo de edades, sexo y manifestaciones clínicas e identificar las principales causas que le dieron origen. Material y Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de los pacientes con 60 años o más, quienes asistieron a la consulta de Medicina Interna presentando manifestaciones clínicas de delirium, desde enero hasta diciembre de 2012. La información fue obtenida de las hojas de cargo, así como de entrevistas realizadas a pacientes o familiares, en planillas previamente diseñadas. Universo de estudio 894 pacientes y la muestra 43. Se estudiaron las variables edad, sexo, sus manifestaciones clínicas, exámenes complementarios y las causas que provocaron el delirium. A partir de una hoja de cálculo Excel 2007, se establece la frecuencia por sexos de las variables estudiadas. Resultados: existe un aumento del delirium asociado al factor edad, predominando el sexo femenino; los síntomas de mayor referencia estuvieron relacionados con la actividad motora, trastornos de la memoria, el lenguaje, alucinaciones y obnubilación. Conclusión: el diagnóstico de esta entidad es clínico y se corrobora por complementarios.

Introduction: the Acute confusion syndrome or Delirium is an organic cerebral syndrome with multi causal aetiology characterized fluctuating disorder of consciousness, attention, perception, thinking and memory, with increment or reduction of psychomotor activity and a cycle dream-wakefulness. Objective: to characterize the elder with delirium according to age, gender and clinical manifestation as well as identify the main original causes. Material and Methods: a descriptive trial including patient with 60 year old and elder attended to the Internal Medicine outpatient consult showing clinical manifestation of Delirium from January to December 2012. Information was obtained from the appointment list as well as the forms previously designed. The study´s Universe was 894 patients and the sample included 43 patients. Variables studied were: age, sex, clinical manifestation, lab test and causes that provoking Delirium. From the Excel 2007 calculation sheet were determined the frequency by sex of the studied variables. Results: there is an increasing number of Delirium associated to the age factor mainly represented by female, the main referred clinical symptom were related to the motor activity, memory disorder, language, hallucination and obnubilation. Conclusion: the diagnosis of this entity is clinical and it is prove by complementary test.

Factores asociados a síndrome confusional agudo en adultos mayores internados en emergencia de un hospital terciario / Acute confusional state-associated factors in older adults admitted to a tertiary hospital emergency unit

Introducción: El síndrome confusional agudo es un problema frecuente en el adulto mayor, incrementado por patologías agudas. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia del síndrome confusional agudo en adultos mayores no críticos hospitalizados en un servicio de emergencia e identificar factores asociados. Diseño: Estudio transversal. Lugar: Servicio de Emergencia del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Pacientes de 60 años o más. Intervenciones: Siguiendo normas de buenas prácticas clínicas, se entrevistó entre mayo y agosto 2010 a paciente/cuidador de 172 pacientes de 60 años o más, hospitalizados en salas de emergencia; se revisó la historia clínica. Principales medidas de resultados: Detectar síndrome confusional agudo mediante el Confussion Assessment Method. Resultados: La frecuencia de síndrome confusional agudo fue 34,9%, según categoría de adulto mayor: enfermo 6%, frágil 28%, complejo 58% (p<0,001). Se encontró antecedente de demencia en 30% de pacientes con síndrome confusional, deterioro cognitivo previo en 45%, síndrome confusional previo en 40,2%, dependencia funcional parcial 46% y total 39%, deterioro cognitivo moderado 27% y severo 40%. El 41,7% de pacientes con síndrome confusional presentó deshidratación moderada-severa (p=0,001) y 20% sepsis, como diagnósticos de ingreso (p=0,003). Las patologías de ingreso más frecuentes fueron infecciosas, cardiovasculares y metabólicas. No se encontró diferencia significativa en sexo, grado de instrucción, estado civil, pluripatología, hospitalización previa, polifarmacia, estado nutricional, presencia de sonda urinaria o nasogástrica, destino al egreso de emergencia ni estancia hospitalaria. Conclusiones: Existe alta frecuencia de síndrome confusional agudo en adultos mayores hospitalizados en servicios de emergencia, siendo factores asociados la demencia, deterioro cognitivo previo, confusión previa, dependencia funcional, categoría geriátrico complejo, deshidratación moderada-severa y sepsis.

Introduction: Acute confusional state is a frequent problem in the elderly and is increased by acute pathologies. Objectives: To determine the frequency of acute confusional state in non-critical elderly emergency service inpatients and to identify associated factors. Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Emergency Unit, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru. Participants: Sixty-year-old or older patients hospitalized in an emergency unit. Interventions: Between May and August 2010 and according to procedures of good clinical practices, 172 60-year-old or older patients hospitalized in an emergency unit or their caregivers were interviewed and clinical records were reviewed. Main outcome measures: Acute confusional state detection with the Confusion Assessment Method. Results: The frequency of acute confusional state according to category of elderly was 34.9%: ill 6%, fragile 28% and complex 58% (p <0,001). There was history of dementia in 30% of patients with acute confusional state, cognitive previous deterioration in 45%, previous acute confusional state in 40.2%, functional partial dependence in 46% and total dependence in 39%, cognitive moderate deterioration in 27% and severe in 40%; 41.7% of patients with acute confusional state presented moderate -severe dehydration (p=0.001) and 20% sepsis at admission (p=0.003). The most frequent pathologies at admission were infectious, cardiovascular and metabolic. There was no significant difference in sex, instruction degree, marital status, pluripathology, previous hospitalization, polymedication, nutritional condition, use of urinary or nasogastric tubes, destiny at discharge, or hospital stay. Conclusions: High frequency of acute confusional state existed in elderly patients, being associated factors dementia, previous cognitive deterioration, previous confusional state, functional dependence, complex geriatric category, moderate - severe dehydration and sepsis.

Estado confusional agudo / Acute confusional status

Estado confusional agudo é um termo utilizado na prática médica para a designação de delirium, uma síndrome neuropsiquiátrica aguda decorrente de uma patologia orgânica subjacente. Apesar de ser altamente prevalente e um potencial alerta para um distúrbio em evolução, o delirium pode passar despercebido. Os autores fazem uma revisão sobre o assunto, com ênfase no diagnóstico etiológico de suas principais patologias de base.

Acute confusional state is a termination used in the clinical practice to designate delirium, an acute neuropsychiatric syndrome due to an underlying organic pathology. Despite being highly prevalent and a potential alert for an ongoing disorder, delirium may go unnoticed. The authors make a review about the subject, emphasizing the etiologic diagnosis of its main base pathologies.

Delirium postoperatorio: una ventana hacia una mejoría de la calidad y seguridad en la atención de pacientes quirúrgicos / Postoperative delirium: a window to quality improvement and safety in the care of surgical patients

Postoperative delirium or acute confusional state is a common complication among older subjects. Many factors influence its appearance, such as preexistent problems of the patient, medication use, pain, the perioperative anesthetic management and the intensity of the inflammatory reaction to surgical trauma. Its consequences are a longer hospital stay, higher risk of complications and a long term derangement of functional status and cognitive performance. The management of delirium is multifactorial, including the avoidance of precipitating factors, the maintenance of an adequate environment and the conscious use of neuroleptics. The prevention of delirium should be a priority that will improve health care standards.

El delirium postoperatorio constituye una complicación frecuente y relevante de los pacientes quirúrgicos, en particular en los adultos mayores Su génesis es multifactorial participando características preexistentes del paciente, y gatillantes como medicamentos, dolor, el enfrentamiento anestésico peri operatorio y la intensidad de la respuesta inflamatoria asociada al trauma quirúrgico, entre otros. La aparición de delirium postoperatorio se asocia a desenlaces adversos, como una mayor estadía hospitalaria, mayor riesgo de complicaciones, y a una reducción en la funcionalidad y el estado cognitivo en la evolución alejada. Estrategias de prevención no farmacológicas multimodales, han documentado una reducción significativa en la incidencia de delirium. La terapia del delirium, debe enfocarse en la búsqueda y manejo de factores precipitantes, en favorecer un adecuado entorno no farmacológico, y en el uso apropiado de neurolépticos. El adecuado reconocimiento de esta entidad, y la implementación de estrategias de prevención no farmacológicas constituyen actualmente un estándar que promueve una atención de calidad y segura a los pacientes quirúrgicos.

Síndrome confusional agudo como forma de presentación de un absceso espinal / Acute confusional syndrome presenting as a spinal abscess

Fundamento: La alteración del nivel de conciencia puede ser producida por múltiples causas, es un síndrome que requiere de una actuación ordenada, rápida y eficaz; ya que se trata de una urgencia médica en la que el tiempo siempre va en contra del paciente. La aproximación al paciente geriátrico con alteración del nivel de conciencia debe ir encaminada al tratamiento de su causa y prevención de sus complicaciones. Objetivo. Presentar un caso poco frecuente con un absceso espinal que debutó con un síndrome confusional agudo. Caso Clínico: Paciente de 62 años de edad que inicia de forma aguda con cambio en su comportamiento, insomnio, abandono de hábitos cotidianos, se le olvida donde deja las cosas y está muy irritable. Al examen físico. Se encuentra: Trastornos en la perceptividad y esfera cognitiva, dolor a la percusión, movilización de las espinosas dorsales I Y II (DI-DII). Se practicó una Resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) de región dorsal, la cual demostró la presencia de una lesión en el espacio epidural que se extendía desde el segundo al sexto segmento (DII a DVI) .Se llevó de forma urgente al salón de operaciones, se realizó abordaje posterior al raquis dorsal, a través del cual se evacuó un absceso epidural. En un período de 12 días las manifestaciones neuropsiquiatrías desaparecieron. Conclusiones. El síndrome confusional agudo es una patología que se puede ver entre el 10-15 por ciento de los pacientes con una enfermedad médico-quirúrgico, incidencia que se eleva hasta el 30 por ciento en los ancianos, y puede ser la forma de presentación poco frecuente de una infección intrarraquídea. El diagnóstico oportuno y tratamiento eficaz impidieron la progresión de las manifestaciones neurológicas y revirtieron la sintomatología.

Parasomnias: an overview.

Parasomnias are abnormal experiences or behaviours that occur during sleep and can be subdivided into disorders of arousal, disorders of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or other parasomnias. Diagnosis rests on a thorough clinical evaluation with supporting data from a full polysomnography with time synchronized video. While the prognosis for arousal disorders is generally excellent, the diagnosis of REM behaviour disorder (RBD) is more ominous and associated with neurodegenerative disorders, and as such, requires routine neurological surveillance. The cornerstone of treatment for all parasomnias is adequate patient and bed partner education. Data supporting pharmacologic therapy are limited but clonazapam for RBD has been reported to be effective in up to 89 per cent of patients.

Delirium en ancianos hospitalizados: Seguimiento de 18 meses / Delirium in elderly inpatients: An 18 month follow-up

El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la prevalencia de síndrome confusional agudo en ancianos hospitalizados, la evolución durante la internación y a los 18 meses. Se evaluó en forma prospectiva a pacientes de 70 años de edad o mayores, internados en el Servicio de Clínica Médica de nuestro hospital, entre septiembre de 2005 y mayo de 2006. Se utilizó una versión validada en español del Confussion Assessment Method para diagnosticar delirium. A los 18 meses se evaluó el estado vital, lugar de residencia, actividades de la vida diaria, dependencia de cuidadores y reinternaciones. Se evaluaron 194 pacientes y 74 fueron excluidos. De los 120 casos incluidos, 52 (43.3%) presentaron delirium. La edad media fue de 82.6 años (DS: 7.4) en el grupo de pacientes con síndrome confusional agudo y de 80.4 años (DS: 5.6) en el grupo de pacientes sin delirium. Al comparar estos dos grupos encontramos diferencias significativas en las características, siendo más frecuentes en el grupo con delirium la residencia previa en un centro de tercer nivel (17.3% vs. 1.5%; p < 0.002), la demencia (40.4% vs. 8.8%; p < 0.001), menor puntaje en la evaluación de las actividades de la vida diaria (5 vs. 6; p < 0.001), más días de internación (7 vs. 5; p = 0.04) y mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria (21.2% vs. 1.5%; p < 0.001). A los 18 meses de seguimiento después del alta, el desarrollo de delirium durante la internación se asoció a mayor grado de dependencia evidenciado por el peor puntaje en las actividades de la vida diaria (mediana 1/6 vs. 5/6) y a menor sobrevida actuarial 35.3% (CI 95%: 24-49%) a los 569 días y 49% (CI 95%: 32.9-65.4%) a los 644 días (p=0.027).

Delirium usually hardens care during hospitalization and increases morbidity during hospital stay and after discharge. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of delirium in elderly inpatients in a Buenos Aires hospital, its morbidity and mortality during hospital stay and the next 18 month follow-up. Patients aged 70 or older admitted to internal medicine unit between September 2005 and May 2006 were enrolled. Delirium was assessed with the Spanish version of Confusion Assessment Method. Demographic data, cause of admition and length of stay, destination after discharge and mortality were registered. A new evaluation was made 18 months after discharge. We evaluated 194 patients and 74 were excluded. Of the 120 included, 52 (43.3%) presented delirium. We found significant differences between patients with and without delirium in previous placement in nursing home (17.3% vs. 1.5%; p < 0.002), dementia (40.4% vs. 8.8%; p < 0.001), median activity of daily living (5 vs. 6; p < 0.001), length-of-stay (7 vs. 5; p = 0.04) and mortality rate (21.2% vs. 1.5%; p < 0.001). Evaluation 18 months later showed differences between patients with and without delirium in median of activity of daily living (1/6 vs. 5/6), patients living in nursing homes (27.5% vs. 7.9%), estimated survival 35.3% (CI 95%: 24-49%) at day 569 and 49% (CI 95%: 32.9-65.4%) at day 644. The difference between survival curves was statistically significant (p = 0.027). Delirium increases morbidity and mortality during hospital stay. Elderly with delirium are at risk of worsening disability and of becoming dependent after discharge and it is a risk factor for higher mortality during the following months after discharge.

Time of delirium onset and prognosis amongst Southern Brazilian hospitalized elderly patients / Momento de início do delirium e prognóstico em pacientes idosos hospitalizados no sul do Brasil

Abstract: The prognostic significance of delirium in hospitalized elderly has not yet been fully clarified. Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate the relationship between prevalent delirium (PrD), incident delirium (InD) and final outcome. Methods: A historical cohort of 261 patients was selected. delirium was diagnosed using the Confusion Assessment Method. Results: The total frequency of delirium detected was 42.5%-31.4% PrD and 16.2% InD. Among patients with InD, the average length of hospital stay was 9.1 days longer than for patients without delirium (p=0.002), and the hospital mortality associated with InD was 48% versus 2.7% for those without delirium (p<0.001). However, no difference was observed between patients with PrD and those without delirium. Conclusions: These results suggest that, when investigating delirium and prognosis amongst hospitalized elderly, it is fundamental to differentiate in terms of time of onset. Furthermore, the absence of delirium seems to be an important protective factor.

Resumo: O significado do prognóstico de delirium em idosos hospitalizados ainda não está completamente elucidado. Objetivos: O presente estudo foi designado para avaliar a relação entre delirium prevalente (DeP), delirium incidente (DeI) e o desfecho final. Métodos: Uma coorte histórica de 261 pacientes foi selecionada. delirium foi diagnosticado pelo Confusion Assessment Method. Resultados: A freqüência total de delirium foi de 42.5%, DeP 31.4%, e DeI 16.2%. Para pacientes com DeI, a média de duração de hospitalização foi 9.1 dias maior do que aqueles sem delirium (p=0.002), e a mortalidade hospitalar associada a DeI foi de 48.3% contra 2.7% dos livres de delirium (p<0.001). Contudo, não houve diferença entre pacientes com DeP e sem delirium. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que, ao estudar delirium e prognóstico entre idosos hospitalizados, é fundamental diferenciar o problema quanto ao seu momento de início. Além disso, não apresentar delirium parece constituir-se num fator protetor importante.