Valoración del servicio ecosistémico regulación hídrica en el Piedemonte Amazónico, Caquetá, Colombia / Evaluation of the ecosystem service protection of water sources in Amazon Piedemont, Caquetá, Colombia

RESUMEN Belén de los Andaquíes, Caquetá, ubicado en el piedemonte amazónico, es reconocido como municipio verde de Colombia, por su riqueza hídrica y paisajística. Es una zona con experiencia y potencial en la instauración de pagos por servicios ambientales PSA, como instrumento económico para incentivar la conservación de bosques, en la zona de influencia directa a la quebrada la Mono, una de las fuentes hídricas de relevancia en el suministro de agua, para el consumo humano en la población. Se empleó el método de valoración contingente, para hallar la disponibilidad a pagar DAP de los habitantes del área urbana, por la conservación de los bosques, para la protección del servicio ecosistémico de regulación hídrica. La DAP fue positiva y esto evidencia que la comunidad puede experimentar aumentos en el bienestar económico, a raíz de una medida de protección ambiental. Existe viabilidad económica y relevancia social al implementar estos instrumentos de política ambiental, para proteger servicios ecosistémicos importantes, en la mitigación y en la adaptación al cambio climático.

ABSTRACT Belén de los Andaquíes, Caquetá, located in the Amazon piedmont, is recognized as a green municipality of Colombia, for its wealth of water and landscapes. It is an area with experience and potential in the establishment of payments for environmental services PES, as an economic instrument to encourage the conservation of forests in the area of direct influence of the Mono stream, one of the most important sources of water for human consumption in the population. The contingent valuation method was used to find the willingness to pay WTPs of the inhabitants of the urban area for the conservation of forests for the protection of the ecosystem service of water regulation. The WTP was positive value, and this is evidence that the community can experience increases in economic welfare as a result of an environmental protection measure. There is economic viability and social relevance in implementing these environmental policy instruments to protect ecosystem services important for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

An Analysis of Economic Value of the Old-age Preparation Service / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to emphasize the importance and necessity of the government's old-age preparation service by measuring the economic value of the old-age service and the policy direction and policy implications of the government's old-age preparation service project. METHODS: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used as an analytical method. CV methodology was used to calculate the Willingness to pay (WTP) for old-age preparation service and its value was estimated and the economic benefit of the project was estimated. RESULTS: As a result of the analysis, the average monthly payment amount for the old service was calculated as 5,100 won, and the annual average payment amount was estimated to be 61,197.1 won. CONCLUSION: The present value of the benefit for 10 years with the discount rate of 5.5% is 484,651 won. Based on the value of peruser benefit, the total benefit value calculation result of the old-age preparation service considering the Willingness to pay for the next 10 years shows that the total benefit value of the old service, which occurs during the period from 2016 to 2025(10 years) was estimated at 415.1 billion won. As a result of calculating the benefit for each scenario, the present value of basic service is higher in all scenarios than the linked service.

Determinantion of visitors' willingness to pay to enter Karagol Natural Park of Ankara, Turkey / Determinantes para a "vontade de pagar" dos visitantes do Parque Natural Karagol de Ancara, Turquia

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to assess visitors' attitudes, if visitors would be willing to pay to enter Lake Karagol, and what factors affect their decision to pay. The contingent valuation method was used to estimate the economic value of the lake by assessing willingness to pay (WTP). Double dichotomous questions were used in the survey. Respondents were first asked whether or not they would be willing to pay the starting bid. They could either answer in the affirmative (that is, accepted bid) or in the negative (that is, reject the starting bid). The average WTP for an entrance fee was found to be about USD 0.22 for all observations when zero bids were included, and about USD 4.40 when zero bids were excluded. Result of the probit model showed that respondents with a higher income, respondents who were young, and the working status of the respondents had significant impacts on the probability of the WTP.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as atitudes dos visitantes e se eles estavam dispostos a pagar entrada no Lago Karago e quais eram os fatores que afetavam a sua decisão. O método de avaliação contingente foi usado para estimar o valor econômico do Lago usando a decisão dos visitantes de estarem dispostos a pagar entrada. Perguntas duplamente dicotômicas foram usadas no questionário. Os inquiridos foram questionados primeiro se estariam dispostos a pagar um valor inicial. Eles poderiam responder afirmativamente (aceitavam o valor) ou negativamente (rejeitavam o valor). O valor médio (vontade de pagar) de uma entrada foi de 0.22 dólares estadunidenses para todas as respostas, incluindo o mínimo de 0 e de 4.40 dólares estadunidenses excluindo o mínimo de 0. O resultado do modelo de lucro mostrou que os inquiridos com maior valor salarial e mais jovens com estatuto de trabalhadores tinham mais impacto na probabilidade de vontade de pagar.

Cost-benefit Analysis of Yindan Xintai Dropping Pills in the Treatment of Angina Pectoris Caused by Coro-nary Heart Disease / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the economics of Yindan xintai dropping pills in the treatment of angina pectoris caused by coronary heart disease from societal perspectives. METHODS:Therapy regimens related to Yindan xintai dropping pills and con-trol regimens were selected from published literatures included in database,and the cost of therapy regimens and clinical effect data were extracted from literatures. Contingent evaluation method was used to measure people's willingness-to-pay for angina pectoris treatments. An econometric model was conducted to transfer the effectiveness data to benefit data. The economics of treatment was evaluated depending upon net benefit or incremental net benefit indicator. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:When Yindan xintai drop-ping pills is used alone,its net benefit is >0,indicating economical advantage;56 d therapy regimen is better than 28 d therapy. When Yindan xintai dropping pills were combined with glyceryl trinitrate tablet,Isosorbide mononitrate sustained-release tablet, Simvastatin dispersible tablet and other drugs,its incremental net benefit is better than control regimens and has good economics.

Value of a statistical life estimation of carcinogenic chemicals for socioeconomic analysis in Korea

OBJECTIVES: To protect public health from risk, the Minister of Environment in Korea legislated an act concerning the registration and evaluation of chemical substances. In this study, we estimated the value of a statistical life (VSL) of carcinogenic chemicals to evaluate the socioeconomic analysis in Korea. METHODS: The estimation of the health benefit can be calculated through an individual's VSL and willingness to pay (WTP). To estimate the VSL and WTP, we used a contingent valuation method through a web-based survey. RESULTS: The survey is conducted with 1434 people living in Seoul and six large cities. An analysis of the survey is essential to review the distribution of the characteristics of the target population. The statistically significant variables affecting the WTP are location, age, household income, quality of life. Through the review of data, we secured statistical validity. The WTP was estimated as 41205 Korean won (KRW)/person, and the estimated VSL appeared as 796 million KRW/person. CONCLUSIONS: There is a case in which the amount of statistical life value is estimated in connection with domestic environmental policy, fine dust, etc. However, there are no cases of evaluation for chemical. The utilization of this result is possible for conducting other study with chemicals.

Construction of methods to assess the value of information resources in hospital library / 中华医学图书情报杂志

After the significance to asses the value of information resources in hospital library was elaborated, the methods to assess the value of information resources in hospital library were constructed by contingent valuation and investment return analysis in combination with the practical service in hospital library according to the analysis of the economic value assessment in domestic and foreign public libraries and academic libraries.

Economic assessment of urban watersheds: developing mechanisms for environmental protection of the Feijão river, São Carlos - SP, Brazil / Avaliação econômica de bacias hidrográficas: desenvolvendo mecanismos para proteção do ribeirão do Feijão, São Carlos - SP, Brasil

In order to determine the willingness of the population of São Carlos (a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil) to pay for the environmental protection (WTP) of the Feijão River's watershed, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), as well as the bidding-games technique, were used. In October 2010, 280 questionnaires were applied to a probabilistic sample of the population. A multivariate logistic regression model was built, creating five scenarios adjusted to the age and probability to pay according to the significant variables found. Concerning the WTP, 56% of the interviewees showed willingness to pay a monthly amount using the water bill as a vehicle for this. The WTP average was 1.94 US Dollar (USD), with a standard deviation of 1.91 USD. The total annual amount for the scenario that considers the whole population over 18 years old was of USD 3,930,616.80. The main argument for the negative WTP was that the interviewees could not afford it (14%).

A fim de determinar a disposição a pagar (DAP) da população de São Carlos – SP, Brasil, para a proteção ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão do Feijão, o Método de Valoração Contingencial (MVC), bem como a técnica de eliciação bidding-games foram utilizados. Em outubro de 2010, 280 questionários foram aplicados a uma amostra probabilística da população. Um modelo de regressão logística multivariada foi construído, criando cinco cenários ajustados pela idade e probabilidade de pagar de acordo com as variáveis significativas encontradas. Em relação à DAP, 56% dos entrevistados se mostraram dispostos a pagar uma quantia mensal usando a conta de água como veículo de pagamento. A média DAP foi de 1.94 US Dollar (USD), com um desvio padrão de 1,91 USD. O valor total anual estimado para o cenário que considera toda a população com mais de 18 anos de idade foi de USD 3,930,616.80. O principal argumento para a não DAP foi que os entrevistados não tinham condições financeiras (14%).

Disposición de los padres a pagar por una vacuna contra el virus del papiloma humano para sus hijas adolescentes: región del Maule, Chile / Parents willingness to pay for a human papillomavirus vaccine to protect their adolescent daughters: maule Region, Chile

Objetivo. Determinar la disposición de los padres de hijas adolescentes a pagar por una vacuna contra el virus del papiloma humano en la Región del Maule, Chile. Material y métodos. Se utilizó una muestra de 386 padres con hijas entre 12 y 18 años, representativa de las cinco ciudades de mayor población de la Región del Maule, estratificada socioeconómicamente. La disposición a pagar se obtuvo usando el método de valoración contingente en su formato dicotómico doble. Resultados. Los padres están dispuestos a pagar en promedio 126.538 pesos chilenos para vacunar a sus hijas contra el virus; el precio y número de hijas afecta negativamente la probabilidad de la disposición a pagar, y el ingreso familiar afecta positivamente dicha probabilidad. Conclusión. Existe la posibilidad de utilizar financiamiento compartido entre el Estado y los padres de las potenciales hijas que puedan recibir la vacuna contra el virus del papiloma humano para reducir la incidencia de cáncer de cuello uterino.

Objective. To determine the willingness to pay of parents of teenage daughters for a vaccine against human papillomavirus in the Maule Region, Chile. Materials and methods. A sample of 386 parents with daughters between 12 and 18 years old, representing the five largest cities of the Region of Maule, socioeconomically stratified. WTP was obtained using the contingent valuation method in double bounded format. Results. Parents are willing to pay an average of US$ 252.71 to vaccinate their daughters against virus, where the price and number of daughters negatively affects the probability of willingness to pay, and family income positively affects the probability. Conclusion. There is a possibility of using shared funding between the government and the parents of potential daughter to be affected by the human papillomavirus to reduce cervical cancer events.

Intervenciones para dejar de fumar en México: análisis de disponibilidad a pagar por un método efectivo de cesación / Smoking cessation interventions in Mexico: analysis of the willingness to pay for an effective method to quit

OBJETIVO: Identificar factores socioeconómicos, demográficos, historia de tabaquismo y contextuales asociados con el deseo de dejar de fumar, estimar la disponibilidad a pagar (DAP) por tratamientos de cesación tabáquica (TCT) efectivos, e identificar sus factores asociados. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Mediante la Encuesta Global de Tabaquismo en Adultos, México 2009, caracterizamos a 1 626 fumadores. Modelos logit y de regresión lineal múltiple permitieron identificar factores asociados con el deseo de dejar de fumar y la DAP. RESULTADOS: 82.2% de los fumadores que no deseaban dejar de fumar fueron hombres. Entre quienes deseaban dejar de fumar, 49.8% fumaba diariamente y reportó más de 16 años de fumar, 57% manifestó intentos previos de cesación y 10% conocer centros de ayuda. La DAP promedio fue 2 708 MXN, destacando diferencias por nivel socioeconómico y educativo. CONCLUSIONES: Se contribuye al diseño de estrategias de cesación diferenciadas, propiciando mejoras en la respuesta del sistema de salud al combate del tabaquismo en México.

OBJECTIVE: To identify environmental, demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with the desire to quit, estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for smoking cessation treatments (SCT) and to identify associated factors with this valuation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, Mexico 2009, we characterized 1 626 smokers. Logistic and multiple lineal regression models allowed to identify associated factors with the desire to quit and the WTP for SCT. RESULTS: 82.2 % of the current smokers who did not want to quit were men. Between those who wanted to quit, 49.8 % had been consuming tobacco every day, for more than 16 years, 57 % had made cessation attempts in the past, and around 10% knew about the existence of centers to help quit smoking. Average WTP was 2 708 Mexican pesos (MXP), with differences by educational and socioeconomic levels. CONCLUSIONS: This evidence supports policymakers in the design of smoking cessation interventions improving national health system interventions for quit smoking.

Economic valuation of the Emas waterfall, Mogi-Guaçu River, SP, Brazil

The Emas waterfall in Mogi-Guaçu River is regionally recognized as an important fishing spot and touristic place. The first reports of the professional and sport fishing there date back from the 30's, which is the same period when the tourism took place. The present paper provides an environmental valuation of this place and an assessment of the differences among the major groups of people using the area. During 2006 we interviewed 33 professional fishers, 107 sport fishers, 45 tourists and 103 excursionists in order to estimate the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for each category and to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors by means of logistic regressions and ANCOVAs. The WTP of professional fisher was significantly influenced by age and education, and the WTP for the sport fishers was influenced by the family income. The variables that influenced the tourists' and excursionists' WTP were sex and education. The total annual aggregated value to maintain the waterfall in the current conditions was estimated in US$ 11.432.128, and US$ 55.424.283 to restore it.

A Cachoeira de Emas, no Rio Mogi-Guaçu, é reconhecida regionalmente como um importante local para a pesca e o turismo. Os primeiros registros da pesca profissional e esportiva no local datam da década de 30, que é o mesmo período em que a atividade do turismo teve seu início. O presente artigo fornece uma valoração ambiental deste local e identifica as diferenças entre os principais grupos de pessoas que o frequentam. Durante o ano de 2006 nós entrevistamos 33 pescadores profissionais, 107 pescadores esportivos, 45 turistas e 103 excursionistas para estimar a Disposição a Pagar ( P) de cada categoria e para analisar a influência de fatores socioeconômicos através de regressões logísticas e ANCOVAs. A DAP dos pescadores profissionais foi significativamente influenciada pela idade e escolaridade e a DAP dos pescadores esportivos foi significativamente influenciada pela renda familiar. As variáveis que influenciaram a DAP dos turistas e excursionistas fora o sexo e a escolaridade. valor anual total agregado para manter a Cachoeira nas condições atuais foi estimado em US$ 81.080,00, e US$ 44.055.911,46 para recuperá-la.

Valoração econômica dos benefícios ambientais percebidos pela população da bacia do Educandos provenientes do PROSAMIM / Economic valuation of environmental benefits perceived by the Educandos basin population proceeding from PROSAMIM

A poluição ambiental observada ao longo de anos nos igarapés de Manaus (Amazonas-Brasil), associado ao processo de degradação social da população que vive nessas áreas foi o que motivou a concepção do Programa Social e Ambiental dos Igarapés de Manaus PROSAMIM. O Programa busca a recuperação ambiental dos igarapés e a melhoria social das famílias que vivem em situação de risco nas margens. O objetivo principal da pesquisa consistiu em avaliar economicamente os benefícios ambientais percebidos pela população da bacia do Educandos provenientes do PROSAMIM, usando o Método de Valoração Contingente MVC para estimar a disposição a pagar das pessoas pela melhoria ambiental obtida. Foi estimado um tamanho de amostra correspondente a 1.070 questionários, levando em conta um erro de 3% e um nível de significância de 5%. Concluiu-se que a disposição a pagar mensal das pessoas é R$13,73 e o valor econômico total para a melhoria ambiental relativa à execução do PROSAMIM é R$ 46.325.074,92 por ano. Analisando a influência de variáveis socioeconômicas na probabilidade de aceitar pagar por benefícios ambientais foi observado que somente o nível de renda apresenta significância estatística e o coeficiente angular positivo da variável, indica que a probabilidade de aceitar pagar o valor sugerido é maior em pessoas que têm o nível de renda mais alto. Finalmente, pode ser concluído que as ações do PROSAMIM têm gerado melhorias significantes para a população da cidade de Manaus, tanto do ponto de vista social quanto ambiental.

The environmental pollution observed down through the years in the streams of Manaus, linked to the process of social degradation on the populations which live in these areas was the motive for conceiving PROSAMIM - Programa Social e Ambiental dos Igarapés de Manaus. The Program seeks the environmental recuperation of streams and the social improvement of families that live a risk situation on the stream banks. The main target of this research consists in the economical evaluation of environmental benefits perceived by the population in the Educandos basin proceeding from PROSAMIM, using the Contingent Valuation Method - CVM to estimate individual willingness to pay for the environmental improvement. We estimated a sample size corresponding to 1,070 questionnaires, taking into account an error of 3% and significance level of 5%. In accordance with the results obtained, we concluded that the people were willing to pay R$ 13.73 per month toward implementing the PROSAMIM, for an annual total of R$46,325,074.92 per year. Analyzing the influence of socioeconomic variables on the acceptance probability of paying for environmental benefits, we concluded that the probability was greater among those with a higher income. We also concluded that, the actions of PROSAMIM have generated significant improvements for the population of Manaus from the environmental as well as the social point of view.

A case study on evaluation of hospital "know-how" using contingent valuation method / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To explore a new evaluation method for hospital intangible assets through a case study on evaluation of hospital "Know-how". Methods: Using the contingent valuation method(CVM) we designed a questionnaire to survey the willingness of patients to pay for hospital "Know-how". The data was analyzed by econometrics methods and a model was established for evaluating the "Know-how" in hospitals. Results: Under three scenarios, the effect of "Know-how" increased gradually; the percentages of patients who were willing to pay were 58.48%, 65.50% and 98.54%, respectively. The mean maximal payments were 4,5,and 5 folds that of the basal level. The annual family income was the most important factors influencing the patients' willingness to pay. According to the model established,the value of the hospital "Know-how" was between 85.014 95 million to 252.229 million RMB in 2006. Conclusion: CVM may serve as a new method to evaluate hospital "Know-how" and should be further studied in the future.

Study on Willingness to Pay for Typhoid Vi Vaccine in Lingchuan County,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region / 中国疫苗和免疫

Objective To assess willingness to pay(wtp)for typhoid vi vaccine in typhoid epidemic area in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and to provide evidence for introduction of the vaccine.Methods Applying the method of wtp was investigated in typhoid epidemic area,the curve of "price-accept ratio model"was drawn up with Probit regression.Results The formula of "price-accept ratio model" was described as following:Probit(p)=0.88952-0.46296X.The WTP for typhoid vi vaccine was $10.41,with a 95% confidence interval of $6.67～16.24.Conclusions WTP for typhoid vi vaccine was around $10 in Guangxi typhoid epidemic area.The Contingent Valuation Method was applicable in the investigation of WTP.

Valuation of Health Economic Loss by Air Pollution in Beijing-Comparison of Contingent Valuation Method and Human Capital Method / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To explore the applicable method for the quantitative valuation of health economic loss by environmental pollution.Methods The contingent valuation method(CVM) and human capital method were respectively used to valuate the health economic loss by air pollution in Beijing and the comparison of the results was conducted.Results In 2005,the economic benefit of main air pollutants reduction by 50% in Beijing was 2.183 billion Yuan estimated by human capital method,and it was 10.891 billion Yuan estimated by CVM.The result of CVM is 4.99 times as high as that of human capital method.Conclusion CVM is a well recommended technique which can be used to estimate the total value of health loss by environment pollution,and this empirical study proved that it is feasible to estimated health economic loss in China.Further studies are needed to improve the efficiency of evaluation.

Discussion on the Application of Economic Approaches for Environmental Health Impact Assessment / 环境与健康杂志

There are multiple sophisticated approaches that can be used in estimations on health effects resulting from environmental pollution. By comparison, human capital approach and averted expenditure approach are not suitable to be the first choice because of the insufficient capability of capturing all aspects of health effects. Date availability and estimation extrapolation limit the application of hedonic wage approach and hedonic price approach. It has been accepted universally for the flexible technique provided by contingent valuation approach that any health effects can be separately evaluated depending on researchers' purposes. Based on the powerful macroeconomic theory, general equilibrium theory, the CGE model is powerful to simulate the mechanism of interaction between multi-sectors with a national economic system so as to objectively reflect the health impacts on national economy due to environmental pollution.

Application of Contingent Valuation Method to Estimate Health Economic Loss Caused by Environmental Pollution / 环境与健康杂志

Environmental pollution could affect human health.The valuation on economic health loss due to environmental pollution could assist environment management to set more efficient environment policy.Contingent valuation method(CVM)is the worldwide used method to value loss caused by environmental pollution.CVM is a state preference non-market valuation method,which can flexibly assess the full economic value of public goods.CVM has been rarely used in environmental health loss valuation in China.Economic theory,application technique of CVM and it's potential bias was reviewed and discussed in this paper.Compared with the other methods,it could be concluded that CVM is a promising tool to value health loss by environment pollution in China.

Application of the Contingent Valuation Method in Research of Willingness to Pay for Shigellosis Vaccine / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the feasibility of the contingent valuation method(CVM)in the field of health care in China,and give some suggestions for the application of CVM.METHODS:CVM in a specific case that was a research on shigellosis patients’willingness to pay(WTP)and willingness to accept(WTA)for shigellosis vaccine in rural area in HeBei Province was carried out.RESULTS:96.42%of the patients answered they will buy shigellosis vaccine,and the accept rate will descend with the price ascending.The highest price that the patients are willing to pay for shigellosis vaccine is16.03yuans,and the lowest price that they are unwilling to pay for it is39.72yuans.CONCLUSION:Using CVM in the research of WTP and WTA for shigellosis vaccine is feasible.The application of CVM in more fields in health care in China remains to be further study.