Analysis of global research hotspots in the field of pediatrics based on Essential Science Indicators and its revelation / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To analyze the global research hotspots in the field of pediatrics based on the Essential Science Indicators (ESI) database and explore the inspiration to domestic editors and pediatrics researchers.Methods:The journal distribution, country (region) distribution, cooperation, organization distribution, funding, publication language, hot topic words and other data of highly cited papers in the field of pediatrics in ESI database were collected and analyzed.Results:A total of 682 highly cited pediatrics papers were collected from 77 pediatrics journals included in Science Citation Index(SCI). Most of the highly cited pediatrics papers (182) were found to be published in Pediatrics.All 682 paper were published in English and frequently, characterized by multiple authors, institutions and fund support.Of 682 highly cited pediatrics papers, 435 papers were published in the United States(the first), 123 papers in England(the second) and 86 paper in Canada(the third). Novel coronavirus pneumonia, coronavirus, SARS coronavirus, autism and multiple system inflammatory syndrome are the main frontiers of global pediatric research at present.Specifically, focal pediatric system diseases mainly include respiratory system diseases, digestive system diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Conclusions:ESI-based analysis of global research hotspots in the field of pediatrics provides reference materials for domestic and foreign pediatrics researchers to understand the global academic frontiers and development trends in the field of pediatrics and select topics for future scientific research.More importantly, this analysis can help domestic editors of pediatrics journals to plan topics and organize hot papers, so as to improve the academic quality and international influence of the journals.

Apuntes biográficos y aportes a las ciencias del profesor Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras / Biographical Notes and Contributions to Science by Professor Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras

Resumen Introducción: El Doctor y profesor Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras, constituye una de las figuras que despuntó desde los mismos inicios del triunfo de la Revolución Cubana en las ciencias ortopédicas con repercusión en las ciencias pedagógicas y en las ciencias de la cultura física y el deporte. Objetivo: Con estas premisas decidimos hacer un Plegable o Volante de fácil manejo para el personal de las ciencias médicas, paramédicas y muy especialmente para el personal que se relaciona con la especialidad de Ortopedia y Traumatología plasmándose los aportes a las ciencias. Materiales y método: Se realiza este trabajo de corte histórico mediante sus datos biográficos y teniendo en cuenta sus principales aportes como médico, pedagogo, científico, como directivo entre otros, creando un instrumento como material complementario avalados por sus más de cinco décadas dedicadas por entero a las ciencias médicas y pedagógicas. Resultados: Se creó un instrumento que estimula al estudio de esta figura con el propósito de valorar su trabajo en beneficio de la sociedad cubana y su contribución y aportes al desarrollo de la pedagogía, el deporte y la medicina, muy específicamente de la Ortopedia y Traumatología universal (AU).

Abstract Introduction: The Doctor and professor Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras, constitutes one of the figures that stood out from the same beginnings of the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in the orthopedic sciences with repercussions in the pedagogic sciences and in the sciences of the physical culture and the sport. Objective: With these premises we decided to make a Foldable or Flyer of easy handling for the personnel of the medical and paramedical sciences and very especially for the personnel that is related to the specialty of Orthopedics and Traumatology being shaped the contributions to the sciences. Materials and method: This historical work is carried out by means of its biographical data and taking into account its main contributions as a doctor, pedagogue, scientist, as a manager among others, creating an instrument as a complementary material guaranteed by its more than five decades dedicated entirely to the medical and pedagogical sciences. Results: An instrument was created that stimulates the study of this figure with the purpose of valuing his work for the benefit of Cuban society and his contribution and contributions to the development of pedagogy, sports and medicine, very specifically of Orthopedics and Universal Traumatology (AU).

Tempos de colapso, tempos de lutas: contribuições do trabalho educativo no serviço social / Collapse times, fight times: contributions of educational work in social work

Este artigo reflete sobre as possibilidades do trabalho educativo no campo profissional do Serviço Social e suas implicações ideopolíticas no cotidiano de vida dos sujeitos atendidos pelos assistentes sociais em seus diferentes espaços de atuação. A conjuntura brasileira, marcada por enormes desafios decorrentes da ofensiva neoliberal em pleno vapor, do avanço da extrema direita e do irracionalismo que tomou conta do país, sobretudo nos últimos dois anos (pré e pós-eleição Bolsonaro), tem exigido dos profissionais intervenções que recuperem e/ou privilegiem o trabalho educativo junto à população usuária, valendo-se de mediações político-pedagógicas que contribuam com a formação de sua consciência crítica, tendo em vista a construção de ideias e de práticas contra-hegemônicas, bem como o reconhecimento dos processos de espoliação que vivenciam para que busquem o atendimento de suas necessidades. Nessa direção, aponta-se a contribuição do pensamento de Gramsci e de Paulo Freire para viabilizar o trabalho educativo no Serviço Social sob as bases do projeto ético-político profissional, de modo que seja possível ampliar percepções, sentidos e ações, além de ousar e resistir frente ao colapso instalado na sociedade brasileira.(AU)

This article reflects on the possibilities of educational work in the professional field of Social Work and its ideo-political implications in the daily life of the subjects attended by social workers intheir different performance spaces. The Brazilian conjuncture, marked by enormous challenges arising from the neoliberal offensive in full swing, the advance of the extreme right and the irrationalism that has taken over the country, especially in the last two years (pre and post Bolsonaro election), has demanded from professionals interventions that recover and / or emphasize educational work with the user population, taking advantage of political-pedagogical mediations that contribute to the formation of critical awareness, aiming at the construction of counter-hegemonic ideas and practices as well as the recognition of the spoliation processes that they experience so that they seek to meet their needs. In this sense, the contribution of Gramsci and Paulo Freire's thoughts is pointed out to enable the educational work in the Social Work under the professional ethical-political project, so that it is possible to broaden perceptions, meanings and actions, as well as to dare and resist the collapse installed in Brazilian society.(AU)

Contribuições técnicas e socioculturais da prevenção quaternária para a atenção primária à saúde: caminhos e desafios / Technical and socio-cultural contributions of quaternary prevention for primary health care: paths and challenges / Contribuciones técnicas y socioculturales de prevención cuaternaria para la atención primaria de salud: caminos y desafíos

Introdução: No contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde, o conceito da prevenção quaternária adentra timidamente os níveis de atenção à saúde, no entanto, sofre expansão significativa no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde. Objetivo: Identificar por meio da sistematização de evidências científicas, as contribuições técnicas e socioculturais da prevenção quaternária no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde no Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de estudos presentes nas bases de dados científicas da Scientific Electronic Library Online, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, biblioteca virtual da Comissão de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Nível Superior e MEDLINE via PubMed com a utilização dos descritores "prevenção quaternária" e "atenção primária à saúde", em inglês e português. Resultados: O corpus de análise foi composto por 22 artigos, sendo que a produção científica sobre o tema se deu de forma mais intensa a partir do ano de 2015 e, em sua maioria, possuíam como abordagem metodológica ensaios teóricos. Dentre as contribuições técnicas destacaram-se a introdução do ensino da prevenção quaternária de modo continuado aos graduandos e profissionais; a construção de protocolos e documentos de amparo profissional; a utilização de modelos explicativos dinâmicos na socialização do quadro clínico; a conduta profissional com os usuários e as contribuições socioculturais envolvendo mudanças na percepção profissional e comunitária sobre o fenômeno saúde-doença, assim como o incentivo a práticas de desmedicalização sociocultural em relação à dor, incapacidade, desconforto, envelhecimento, nascimento e morte. Conclusão: Apesar do reconhecimento das potencialidades da prevenção quaternária, faz-se necessário fortalecer estratégias que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para fomentar e gerenciar alianças estratégicas com tomadores de decisão, profissionais de saúde e cidadãos, para fomentar a redução de diagnósticos e tratamentos excessivos, contribuindo com a qualidade do cuidado.

Introduction: In the context of the Unified Health System, the concept of quaternary prevention shyly enters the levels of health care, however, undergoes significant expansion in the scope of primary health care. Objective: To identify, through the systematization of scientific evidence, the technical and socio-cultural contributions of quaternary prevention within the scope of primary health care in Brazil. Methods: This is an integrative review of studies present in the scientific databases of the Scientific Electronic Library Online, Regional Portal of the Virtual Health Library of the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information of the Pan American Health Organization, virtual library of the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Commission, and MEDLINE through PubMed using the descriptors "quaternary prevention" and "primary health care", in English and Portuguese. Results: The corpus of analysis consisted of 22 articles, and the scientific production on the topic took place more intensively from the year 2015 and, for the most part, had theoretical essays as methodological approach. Among the technical contributions, we highlight the introduction of teaching on quaternary prevention in a continuous way to undergraduates and professionals; the construction of protocols and documents of professional support; the use of dynamic explanatory models in the socialization of the clinical picture and professional conduct with users and socio-cultural contributions involve changes in the professional and community perception about the phenomenon of illness and health conception, as well as the incentive to practices of socio-cultural demedicalization in relation to pain, disability, discomfort, aging, birth, and death. Conclusion: Despite the recognition of the potential of quaternary prevention, it is necessary to strengthen strategies that enable the development of public policies to foster and manage strategic alliances with decision makers, health professionals and citizens, to promote the reduction of excessive diagnoses and treatments, contributing to the quality of care.

Introducción: En el contexto del Sistema Único de Salud, el concepto de prevención cuaternaria entra tímidamente en los niveles de atención de salud, sin embargo, experimenta una expansión significativa en el alcance de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Objetivo: Identificar, a través de la sistematización de evidencia científica, las contribuciones técnicas y socioculturales de la prevención cuaternaria en el ámbito de la Atención Primaria de Salud en Brasil. Métodos: Esta es una revisión integradora de estudios presentes en las bases de datos científicas de la Biblioteca Electrónica Científica en línea, Portal Regional de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud del Centro Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Información en Ciencias de la Salud de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, biblioteca virtual de la Comisión de Mejoramiento del Personal de Educación Superior y MEDLINE a través de PubMed utilizando los descriptores de prevención cuaternaria y atención primaria de salud, en inglés y portugués. Resultados: El corpus de análisis estuvo conformado por 22 artículos, siendo la producción científica sobre el tema más intensiva desde 2015 y, en su mayor parte, tuvo ensayos teóricos como abordaje metodológico. Entre los aportes técnicos, destacamos la implantación de la docencia en prevención cuaternaria de forma continua a estudiantes de pregrado y profesionales; construcción de protocolos y documentos de apoyo profesional, uso de modelos explicativos dinámicos en la socialización del cuadro clínico y conducta profesional con los usuarios y los aportes socioculturales implican cambios en la percepción profesional y comunitaria sobre el fenómeno de la enfermedad y la concepción de la salud, así como el incentivo a prácticas de desmedicalización sociocultural en relación al dolor, discapacidad, malestar, envejecimiento, nacimiento y muerte. Conclusión: A pesar del reconocimiento del potencial de la prevención cuaternaria, es necesario fortalecer estrategias que permitan el desarrollo de políticas públicas para fomentar y gestionar alianzas estratégicas con los tomadores de decisiones, profesionales de la salud y ciudadanos, para promover la reducción de diagnósticos y tratamientos excesivos, contribuyendo a la calidad de la atención.

Contributions of Florence Nightingale as a social entrepreneur: from modern to contemporary nursing / Contribuciones de Florence Nightingale como emprendedor social: de la enfermería moderna a la contemporánea / Contribuições de florence nightingale como empreendedora social: da enfermagem moderna à contemporânea

ABSTRACT Objective: To reflect on the transformations of modern and contemporary nursing as well as on Florence Nightingale's social entrepreneurship. Method: This is a logical-reflective exhibition, with an emphasis on the theoretical assumptions of social entrepreneurship and the legacy of Florence Nightingale, from modern to contemporary nursing, based on readings of texts extracted from electronic databases, especially periodicals, books and theses. Results: The logical-reflective exhibition focuses on two fundamental aspects: 1) Florence Nightingale's legacy as a social entrepreneur; 2) The evolution of Brazilian nursing: from modernity to contemporaneity. Final considerations: Florence Nightingale's legacy is undeniable with regard to the evolution of modern and contemporary nursing and transcends different areas of knowledge. In addition to being a precursor to modern nursing, it is distinguished by its visionary attitude, humanitarian social value and potential for transforming the paths and realities present in the Contemporary Era.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre las transformaciones de la enfermería moderna y contemporánea así como sobre el espíritu empresarial social de Florence Nightingale. Método: Se trata de una exposición lógico-reflexiva, con énfasis en los presupuestos teóricos del espíritu empresarial social y del legado de Florence Nightingale, de la enfermería moderna a la contemporánea, apoyándose en las lecturas de textos extraídos en las bases de datos electrónicas, especialmente periódicos, libros y tesis. Resultados: La exposición lógico-reflexiva se centra en dos aspectos fundamentales: 1) El legado de Florence Nightingale como emprendedora social; 2) La evolución de la enfermería brasileña: de la modernidad a la contemporaneidad. Consideraciones finales: El legado de Florence Nightingale es innegable en lo que atañe a la evolución de la enfermería moderna y contemporánea y transciende las diferentes áreas del conocimiento. Además de precursora de la enfermería moderna, ella se distingue por la actitud visionaria, valor social humanitario y potencial transformador de recurridos y realidades presentes en la Era Contemporánea.

RESUMO Objetivo: Refletir sobre as transformações da enfermagem moderna e contemporânea bem como sobre o empreendedorismo social de Florence Nightingale. Método: Trata-se de uma exposição lógico-reflexiva, com ênfase nos pressupostos teóricos do empreendedorismo social e do legado de Florence Nightingale, da enfermagem moderna à contemporânea, apoiando-se em leituras de textos extraídos em bases de dados eletrônicas, especialmente periódicos, livros e teses. Resultados: A exposição lógico-reflexiva centra-se em dois aspectos fundamentais: 1) O legado de Florence Nightingale como empreendedora social; 2) A evolução da enfermagem brasileira: da modernidade à contemporaneidade. Considerações finais: O legado de Florence Nightingale é inegável no que tange à evolução da enfermagem moderna e contemporânea e transcende as diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Além de precursora da enfermagem moderna, ela se distingue pela atitude visionária, valor social humanitário e potencial transformador de percursos e realidades presentes na Era Contemporânea.

Insights for policy-based conservation strategies for the Rio de la Plata Grasslands through the IPBES framework / Insights para estratégias de conservação baseadas em políticas para as pradarias do Rio da Prata através da estrutura do IPBES

Abstract The Río de la Plata Grasslands (RPG) are one of the most modified biomes in the world. Changes in land use and cover affect the RPG's rich biodiversity. In particular, the expansion of crops, overgrazing, afforestation, and the introduction of exotic species pose a major threat to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES). In this study, we applied the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) conceptual framework as a new lens to approach biodiversity conservation enactments in the RPG. First, we systematically reviewed published scientific literature to identify direct and indirect drivers that affect the RPG's BES. Further, we conducted an extensive analysis of management policies affecting the BES directly in the region, at a national and international level. We conclude by offering recommendations for policy and praxis under the umbrella of the IPBES framework.

Resumo As pradarias do Rio da Prata são um dos biomas mais modificados no mundo. Alterações nos usos do solo afetam a rica biodiversidade deste ecossistema. A expansão da agricultura, sobrepastoreio, arborização e a introdução de espécies exóticas, principalmente, representam uma grande ameaça para a conservação da biodiversidade e dos serviços ecossistêmicos (BES). Neste estudo, aplicamos a estrutura conceptual da Plataforma Intergovernamental sobre Biodiversidade e Serviços Ecossistêmicos (IPBES) como uma nova forma de abordar as políticas de conservação da biodiversidade neste bioma. Primeiro, revisamos sistematicamente artigos científicos publicados de forma a identificar fatores diretos e indiretos que afetam os BES nas pradarias do Rio da Prata. Adicionalmente, realizamos uma extensa análise das políticas de gestão que afetam diretamente os BES na região, quer a nível nacional, quer internacional. Concluímos com propostas e recomendações de políticas e práticas sob a égide do quadro do IPBES.

A conceptual model to assess the impact of anthropogenic drivers on water-related ecosystem services in the Brazilian Cerrado / Um modelo conceitual para avaliar o impacto de fatores antropogênicos nos serviços ecossistêmicos relacionados à água no Cerrado

Abstract: The development of strategies that conciliate anthropogenic activities with nature conservation is becoming increasingly urgent, particularly in regions facing rapid conversion of native vegetation to agriculture. Conceptual modelling enables assessment of how anthropogenic drivers (e.g. land use/land cover change and climate change) modify natural processes, being a useful tool to support strategic decision-making. The present work describes a conceptual model to evaluate water-related ecosystem service provision under different land use scenarios in the Matopiba region of the Brazilian Cerrado, the world's most biodiverse savanna and an agricultural frontier. Model variables were determined (direct drivers, indirect drivers, focal components and responses) and the Nature Futures Framework was consulted to incorporate socio-ecological components and feedbacks. Future scenarios were developed considering potential trajectories of drivers and governance responses that may impact land use in the region, including the possibility of full compliance with Forest Code and implementation of the Soy Moratorium in the region. The conceptual model and scenarios developed in the present study may be useful to improve understanding of the complex interactions among anthropogenic drivers, water-related ecosystem services and their potential repercussions for natural and social systems of the region. Governance decisions will be critical to maintaining the ecosystems of the region, the services it provides and the culture and tradition of the people historically embedded in the landscape. In acknowledgment of humanity's dependence on nature, the importance of inverting the way scenarios are used is highlighted. Rather than using scenarios to measure the impacts of different policy options on nature, scenarios representing the desired outcomes for biodiversity and ecosystem services can be used to inform how policies can guarantee ecosystem integrity into the future.

Resumo: O desenvolvimento de estratégias que conciliem atividades antropogênicas com a conservação da natureza tem se tornado cada vez mais urgente, principalmente em regiões que enfrentam uma rápida conversão da vegetação nativa em agricultura. Modelos conceituais permitem avaliar como fatores antropogênicos (por exemplo, mudança de uso e cobertura do solo e mudanças climáticas) modificam os processos naturais, sendo uma ferramenta útil para apoiar a tomada de decisões estratégicas. O presente trabalho descreve um modelo conceitual para avaliar a provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos relacionados à água sob diferentes cenários de uso do solo na região de Matopiba, no Cerrado, a savana com maior biodiversidade do mundo e uma fronteira agrícola. Foram determinadas as variáveis do modelo (fatores diretos, fatores indiretos, componentes focais e respostas) e o Nature Futures Framework foi consultado para incorporar componentes socioeconômicos e feedbacks. Cenários futuros foram desenvolvidos considerando possíveis trajetórias de fatores antropogênicos e respostas de governança que podem impactar o uso do solo na região, incluindo a possibilidade de cumprimento total do Código Florestal e a implementação da Moratória da Soja na região. O modelo conceitual e os cenários apresentados no presente trabalho podem ser úteis para melhorar a compreensão das complexas interações entre fatores antropogênicos, serviços ecossistêmicos relacionados à água e suas possíveis implicações para os sistemas naturais e sociais da região. Decisões de governança serão críticas para manter os ecossistemas da região, os serviços fornecidos por eles, a cultura e tradição das pessoas historicamente inseridas na paisagem. Em reconhecimento da dependência da humanidade em relação à natureza, destaca-se a importância de inverter a maneira como os cenários são usualmente usados. Em vez de mensurar os impactos de diferentes políticas na natureza, cenários representando os resultados desejados para biodiversidade e serviços ecossistêmicos podem ser usados para informar como políticas podem garantir a integridade dos ecossistemas no futuro.

Types of nursing research papers and attentions before contributions / 中国实用护理杂志

Before writing nursing research papers, the authors need to determine the type of papers besides the topic planning. Different types of papers have different requirements for scientific research design, statistical methods, organization and collection of materials. Format specification is the basic requirement of paper writing. It is also the knocking brick for the paper to pass the preliminary examination. At the same time, mastering the attentions before contributions can increase the probability of paper recruitment. This article briefly introduces the types of nursing scientific research papers and the attentions before contributions, with a view to providing guidance for the author′s contributions.

Types of nursing research papers and attentions before contributions / 中国实用护理杂志

Before writing nursing research papers, the authors need to determine the type of papers besides the topic planning. Different types of papers have different requirements for scientific research design, statistical methods, organization and collection of materials. Format specification is the basic requirement of paper writing. It is also the knocking brick for the paper to pass the preliminary examination. At the same time, mastering the attentions before contributions can increase the probability of paper recruitment. This article briefly introduces the types of nursing scientific research papers and the attentions before contributions, with a view to providing guidance for the author′s contributions.

Academic contribution of Masatoshi Makuuchi: a master of hepatobiliary surgery, an example to learn from / 中华消化外科杂志

The famous professor,Masatoshi Makuuchi was known as "the king of the liver surgery".Authors concluded main contributions of Masatoshi Makuuchi by reviewing literatures.(1) He was the first to use intraoperative ultrasonography during liver operations.Furthermore,he pioneered anatomical hepatectomy and ultrasound guided transhepatic cholangiography and cholangial drainage.(2) He was the first to adopted preoperative selective portal vein embolization (PVE) and hemihepatic blood flow occlusion.(3) He performed the first adult-toadult living donor liver transplantation (A-ALDLT) worldwide and established the well-known formula to predict standard liver volume.(4) The more laudable achievement is promoting these advanced concepts and techniques to the world,training a large group of contemporary hepatobiliary surgeons and benefiting a great number of patients.Masatoshi Makuuchi is a well-deserved master and a good example for contemporary hepatobiliary surgeons to follow.

Productividad de la revista memorias del IICS, periodo 2005-2015 / Productivity of the journal memorias del IICS, period 2005-2015

La generación y divulgación de la producción científica nacional constituyen algunas de las herramientas para mejorar la salud de la población. Este trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de describir las características de la producción científica de la revista Memorias del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud en un periodo de 10 años. El estudio fue descriptivo y en él se analizaron los artículos publicados desde diciembre del 2005 hasta diciembre de 2015 incluyendo las secciones de artículos originales, reportes de casos, temas de actualidad, artículos de revisión y comunicaciones cortas. Las variables analizadas fueron: año de publicación, tipo de artículo, número de artículos, número de autores, eje temático, institución firmante, procedencia de los primeros autores y número de citaciones de los artículos originales en Google Scholar. En el periodo de estudio se publicaron 208 artículos de 457 autores y 37 instituciones. El promedio del número de artículos fue de 19 por número y la mediana del número de autores por artículo 4,5. Hubo predominio del eje temático de Epidemiología con 28 artículos (13,5%). La mayor contribución fue del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción con 111 artículos (52,9%). El máximo de citas para un artículo original, según Google Scholar, fue de 10. La revista cuenta con la colaboración de autores de diversas instituciones pero aún se mantiene la endogamia que dificulta su indexación en bases de datos como Pubmed.

Creation and dissemination of research in Paraguay are some of the tools for theimprovement of population health. This work describes the characteristics of the scientificproduction published in the Journal Memorias del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias dela Salud in the period 2005 to 2015. This was a descriptive study that analyzed all thearticles published from December 2005 to December 2015 including original articles, casereports, current issues, review articles, and short communications. Publication year, articletype, articles number, authors number, thematic area, signatory institution, main authorsorigin and citations amount of the original articles in Google Scholar were analyzed. In thestudy period, 208 articles of 457 authors and 37 institutions were published. The meannumber of articles published per number was 19 and the median of the number of authorsper article was 4.5. There was a predominance of the thematic focus of Epidemiology with28 articles (13.5%). The largest contribution was from the Instituto de Investigaciones enCiencias de la Salud of the Asuncion National University with 111 articles (52.9%). Themaximum citations received by an original article was 10, according to Google Scholar. The journal has the collaborations of authors from various institutions but endogamy stillpersists making difficult the indexation of the journal into data bases like Pubmed.

The Significance of Carrying Forward the Spirit to Imrpove Doctors Humanistic Quality at New Era / 中国医学伦理学

Bethune 's medical achievements and the connotation of Bethune spirit were discussed, and then pointed out the necessity of nowadays carrying forward Bethune spirit, that is because part of the medical students' social sense of responsibility decreased significantly;lack of medical humanities feelings; deviate from the doctors to realize self value, and points out that promote the Bethune spirit in the new period to strengthen medical humani-ties accomplishment has practical and far-reaching implications. Consciousness of medical purpose should be a doctor in the heart of the lofty moral law, abundant humanistic feelings of professional quality should be a doctor, the profound life value thinking should be the doctor's personality required courses.

Aportaciones y limitaciones del DSM-5 desde la psicología clínica / Contributions and limitations of DSM-5 from clinical psychology

La reciente publicación del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (5ª edición) por la Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría ha suscitado un gran debate. Una clasificación efectiva requiere un sistema fiable y válido de los cuadros clínicos para facilitar la comunicación, elegir los tratamientos, señalar la etiología, predecir los resultados y proporcionar una base sólida para la investigación. El DSM-5 es una clasificación categorial de los trastornos mentales, pero estos no siempre encajan adecuadamente dentro de los límites de un trastorno único. Hay algunas aportaciones interesantes del DSM-5, como los capítulos de adicciones y de trastornos de la personalidad. Las adicciones ya no se limitan a las sustancias químicas, sino que se extienden a los excesos conductuales (por ejemplo, el trastorno del juego). Los trastornos de personalidad no se han modificado, pero se ha añadido un modelo alternativo en la Sección III basado en un enfoque dimensional que podría sustituir a las categorías actualmente existentes. El motivo más importante de controversia es el aumento de diagnósticos psiquiátricos, así como una exigencia menos estricta para los criterios diagnósticos en las categorías antiguamente existentes. Se comentan finalmente algunas cuestiones no resueltas con vista a investigaciones futuras.

The recent release of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) by the American Psychiatric Association has led to much debate. An effective classification requires a reliable and valid system for categorization of clinical phenomena in order to aid communication, select interventions, indicate aetiology, predict outcomes, and provide a basis for research. DSM-5 remains a categorical classification of separate disorders, but mental disorders do not always fit completely within the boundaries of a single disorder. There are some interesting contributions of DSM-5, such as the chapters of addictions and of personality disorders. Addiction label has also been given to behavioral excesses that have no external substance as a goal (e.g. gambling disorder). Personality disorders remain unchanged, but there is an alternative model in Section III based on a dimensional approach which might replace the current categories. The basic reason for controversy is the expansiveness of DSM-5 psychiatric diagnosis, both in terms of newly introduced categories and loosening the criteria for diagnosis in existing categories. Unanswered questions for future research in this field are commented upon.

The changing gaps of life expectancy on genders in urban cities of China, from 2005 to 2010 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the gender difference of life expectancy in urban people of China and to explore both age-specific and cause-specific contributions to the changing differences in life expectancy on genders.Methods Data on life expectancy (male and female) and mortality were obtained from the "Annual Statistics of public health in China".Male-female gender difference was analyzed by decomposition methodologies,including age-specific decomposition and the causespecific decomposition.Results Women had lived much longer than men in the Chinese urban citizens,with remarkable gains in life expectancy since 2005.Difference in gender reached a peak in 2007,with the gap of 5.3 years.Differences on mortality between men and women in the 60-79 age groups made the largest contribution (42％-47％) to the gap of 6 years on life expectancy in genders.With the widening of the gaps in gender on life expectancy between 2005 and 2007,faster declining of mortality among groups of women in age 0-1 age and over 75 years old groups made the largest contributions.Between 2007 and 2008,along with the reduction of gaps in gender,all the age groups except the 1-15 and 50-55 year-olds showed negative efforts.In 2009-2010,the widening gaps in gender on life expectancy were caused by the positive effect in the 60-70 age group.Among all the causes of death,cancer (1.638-2.019 years),circulatory diseases (1.271-1.606 years),respiratory diseases (0.551-0.800 years) made the largest contributions to the gender gap.33％-38％ of the gaps in gender were caused by cancer and among all the cancers,among which lung cancer contributed 0.6 years to the overall gap.Contribution of cancers to the gender gap was reducing,but when time went on it was mostly influenced by the narrowing effect caused by liver cancer on the gap in gender.Traffic accidents and suicidal issues were the external causes that influencing the gender gap and contributing 10.60％-15.78％ to the overall differentials.Conclusion Public health efforts in reducing the excess mortalities for cancer,circulatory and respiratory diseases,suicide,among men in particular,will further narrow the gender gap on life expectancy in the urban cities of China.

Apuntes biográficos sobre Sir William James Erasmus Wilson / Biographical notes about Sir William James Erasmus Wilson

Se realizó una breve reseña histórica con el objetivo de mencionar aspectos relevantes de la biografía de Sir William James Erasmus Wilson y se profundizó en los siguientes aspectos: datos biográficos, principales aportes en el campo de la Medicina, en general, y la Dermatología, en particular; aspectos relacionados con sus estudios de Egipto y obras filantrópicas, y cronología de su producción científica. Se presentaron los elementos más relevantes de este científico inglés, sus grandes aportes como médico, su notable producción científica, con más de 30 publicaciones, así como aspectos destacados de su vida como filántropo y egiptólogo. Se destacó su participación en el traslado a Londres de la famosa Aguja de Cleopatra. Se concluyó que Sir William James Erasmus Wilson es considerado uno de los primeros y mejores especialistas ingleses en enfermedades de la piel y además se destacó como filántropo y estudioso de la civilización egipcia.

A brief historical review was carried out to mention outstanding aspects of the biography of Sir William James Erasmus Wilson making emphasis on the following aspects: biographical data, main contributions in the field of medicine and more particularly in Dermatology, aspects related to his studies about Egypt, his philanthropic works and the chronology of his scientific production. The most relevant aspects of the work of this English scientist were shown including his greatest contributions as physician, his remarkable scientific production written out in more than 30 publications as well as outstanding aspects of his life as philanthropist and Egyptologist. His participation in the transfer to London of the famous obelisk known as Cleopatra's needle was stood out. It was concluded that Sir William James Erasmus Wilson is one of the first and most important specialists in skin diseases in addition to his humanitarian life and his important studies about the Egyptician civilization.

Aportes teóricos derivados de las investigaciones sobre el lenguaje entre el 2000 y el 2010: una revisión / Theoretical Contributions Derived from Language Research Between 2000 and 2010: a Review

El artículo presenta el análisis de contenido derivado de una revisión sistemática en la que se retomaron 57 estudios que tenían el lenguaje como tema central. Las investigaciones consultadas arrojan diversos aportes teóricos de los cuales sobresale, en primer lugar, el origen social de este proceso, tanto en la filogénesis como en la ontogénesis. En segundo lugar puede afirmarse que su desarrollo se ve afectado negativa o positivamente por variables como la nutrición, la relación con los padres, la socialización en la escuela y el ambiente social. Finalmente, la investigación con bebés muestra su participación activa en el reconocimiento del idioma, el acto de señalar como un hito importante en el desarrollo del lenguaje al provocar la atención conjunta y, finalmente, la relación existente entre el lenguaje y teoría de la mente.

This article presents an analysis of content derived from a systematic review which picked up 57 studies that had the language as a central theme. The consulted investigations cast various theoretical contributions from which protrudes, firstly, the social origin of this process in both the filogenesis and the ontogenesis. In second place it can be affirmed that their development is affected negative or positively by variables such as nutrition, relationship with the parents, socialization at school and social atmosphere. Finally, the research about babies shows their active participation in the recognition of language, the act of pointing out as an important landmark in language development when provoking the combined attention, and finally the existent relationship between language and theory of mind.

Sobre a Associação Brasileira de enfermagem - 85 anos de história: pontuais avanços e conquistas, contribuições marcantes, e desafios / About the Brazilian Nursing Association - 85 years of history: punctual advances and conquests, remarkable contributions, and challenges / Acerca de la Asociación Brasileña de Enfermería - 85 años de historia: puntuales avances y conquistas, contribuciones importantes, y desafíos

Trata-se de aspectos pontuais dos 85 Anos de História da Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem (ABEn), tempo histórico-evolutivo que é um lastro quase secular. A intenção objetiva é ressaltar alguns avanços e conquistas que consagram a entidade associativa na realidade brasileira. A aproximação temática é de reflexões apreciativas, conferindo com a ideia de mudanças efetivadas em plano de desenvolvimento associativo e compromisso social, e com relevo à necessidade de apontar permanentes desafios. A posição da autora é literária e experiencial, de quem aprendeu a conhecer sua entidade de classe, na própria atividade da vida profissional de enfermeira associada e de professora de enfermagem, engajada nas programações de vários eventos que selaram o desenvolvimento da ABEn no panorama científico e social idealisticamente continuado e a desenvolver-se futuro adiante. Não se cogita de proposições visando à solução para possíveis desvios de rotas nas vertentes constitutivas da profissão, nem se pretende resolver questões cruciais vigentes. Ressalta-se a ideia de suscitar questionamentos no âmbito da entidade associativa tangível ao ideal de zelar pelos avanços da classe profissional quanto ao valor da função de enfermeiras/os face ao compromisso e responsabilidade social, e relativamente aos cuidados ofertados/prestados aos clientes e usuários do sistema de saúde.

This is to point upper specific aspects of the Brazilian Nursing Association 85 Years of History (ABEn), an historical-evolutionary time that is quite a secular. The most objective intention is to emphasize the advances and remarkable conquests that distinguished the associative entity in the Brazilian reality. The thematic approach is of appreciative reflections referring to the idea of considering some changes accomplished in the associative development plan and social compromise, but with emphasis to reconsider some permanent challenges. The author's position is literary and experiential, of whom could learned to know her primate class entity in the own professional life activity as associate nurse and nursing teacher committed in the plan of several events engaging the ABen developmental progress in the social-scientific sceneries rooted throughout the idealistically continuing process to be developed future ahead. One not need to think on proposals aimed solution to possible rout deviation in the constitutive structure of the profession, neither even is pretended to resolve current crucial questions. But, the raising questioning idea emphasizes that the scope developmental sphere of the associative entity is tangible to the ideal of ensuring the advances of the professional class in relation to the care offered/provided to the clients and users of the health system.

Se trata de presentar los aspectos específicos de los 85 Años de Historia de la Asociacón Brasileña de Enfermería (ABEn), en la oportunidad de la 73ª Semana Brasileña de Enfermería (11 a 21 de ayo de 2012), realizada en la Ciudad de Rio de Janeiro en la programación de la ABEn Seción RJ. El tiempo histórico-evolutivo es un lastro casi secular. La intención objetiva es la de relevar puntuales avanzos y conquistas que consagran la entidad asociativa en la realidad brasileña. La aproximación temáticas es de reflexiones consistentes con la idea de apuntar cambios efectuados en plan de desarrollo asociativo y compromiso social, y con realce en la necesidad de reconsiderar permanentes desafíos. La posición de la autora es literaria y experiencial, de uno quien aprendió a conocer su mayor entidad de clase, en la propia actividad de la vida profesional de enfermera asociada y de maestra de enfermería comprometida con las programaciones de varios eventos a justificar el desarrollo de la ABEn en el panorama científico y social aliado al proceso de idealismo continuado y a desarrollarse futuro adelante. No se cogita de presentar proposición visando soluciones mayores para posibles desvíos de rotas en las vertientes constitutivas de la profesión, y ni si pretende resolver cuestiones cruciales vigentes. Pero, resaltase la idea de suscitar cuestionamientos del ámbito de la entidad asociativa tangible a lo ideal de asegurar los avances de la clase profesional cuanto al valor de la función de enfermeras/ os ante al compromiso y responsabilidad social en relación a los cuidados ofertados/prestados a los clientes y usuarios del sistema de salud.

Financiamiento agregado de la salud en Chile: año 2008 / Health financing in Chile: 2008

Objetivo: estimar los principales componentes agregados del financiamiento de la salud en Chile y la participación de ambos sectores de la seguridad social de salud: FONASA (público) e Isapres (privado). Método: para contabilizar los ingresos de seguridad social de salud: aporte fiscal, cotizaciones y co-pagos, se utilizaron registros oficiales para el año 2008. Para el caso del gasto de bolsillo no proveniente de co-pagos registrados, los montos se estimaron en base a la Encuestas de Presupuesto Familiares (EPF) 2007, lo que constituyó una innovación y mejoramiento metodológico. Resultados: el financiamiento del sistema de seguridad social de salud en Chile alcanzó el 6,9 por ciento del PIB en 2008 y un 7,4 por ciento del PIB cuando se incluyen, además, a las FFAA y a las Mutuales de Seguridad contra accidentes del trabajo y enfermedades profesionales. Entre sus componentes destaca el bajo aporte fiscal y el alto gasto de bolsillo y que el 2,4 por ciento del PIB del financiamiento lo ocupan los beneficiarios de isapres, es decir, el 16,5 por ciento de la población. Conclusiones: hasta hace poco los estudios mostraban un gasto de bolsillo significativamente más bajo. No obstante, la utilización de encuestas de hogares para la estimación agregada, nos ha permitido determinar que este gasto alcanza un preocupante 40% del financiamiento de la seguridad social de salud. Este dato es un mal resultado para Chile y muestra que el país no ha podido abordar adecuadamente el problema de la protección financiera, probablemente debido a que los instrumentos puestos en práctica en las últimas reformas, no estaban capacitados para modificar estructuralmente el financiamiento.

Objective: to estimate the main components of aggregate health financing in Chile and the participation of both sectors of the health social security: FONASA (public) and Isapres (private). Method: accounting for revenues from social security health: general taxes, contributions and co-payments, official records were used. In the case of out-of-pocket expenditure, the amounts were estimated based on a Household Survey of 2007. This was a methodological innovation and improvement. Results: the financing of the social security system of health care in Chile reached 6.9 percent of GDP in 2008 and 7.4 percent of GDP when including also the armed forces and the Mutual System of Occupational Health Insurance. We highlight the low level of taxes among the financial sources and, on the contrary, the high proportion of out-of-pocket expenditure; also, that 2.4 percent of GDP funding is occupied by Isapres beneficiaries, i.e, by 16.5 percent of the population. Conclusions: Until recently, studies showed a significantly lower proportion of out-of-pocket spending. However, the use of household surveys allowed us to determine that this spending reaches an alarming 40 percent of social security financing of health. This fact is a bad result for Chile and shows that the country has failed to adequately address the problem of financial protection, probably because the instruments implemented in the latest reforms were not able to structurally modify the financing pattern.

Perspectiva actual de la violencia juvenil / Youth violence: An update

Este artículo delinea algunas de las principales contribuciones biológicas y psicológicas que buscan explicar el fenómeno de la violencia juvenil. Se analizan los factores genéticos bajo los diferentes estudios de adopción, gemelos y familiares, así como los genes relacionados con la violencia. Se analiza el tópico de los neurotransmisores, especialmente los hallazgos relacionados con la serotonina. Al considerar los factores extrínsecos se subra-yan los elementos relacionados con la violencia y el abuso físico y sexual además de la asociación con el consumo de alcohol y drogas. Se analiza de forma resumida lo concerniente a los me-dios de comunicación y la violencia. El artículo finaliza con una descripción de los tratamientos de la violencia desde una pers-pectiva farmacológica y psicoterapéutica. [Díaz JL, de la Peña F, Suárez JA, Palacios L. Perspectiva actual de la violencia juvenil. MedUNAB 2004; 7:115-24]

Youth violence: An update. In this article we try to summarize the principal concepts around the biological and psychological contributions that explain the juvenile violence. In the genetic part we talk about adoption, twins studies and the genes that had been related with violence. In the area of neurotransmitters we selective talk about serotonine. We outline the relationship between sexual y physical abuse with violence and the link of those that consume alcohol and drugs with violence conducts. We also briefly view the roll of TV and radio with juvenile violence. Finally the article describes the different kinds of treatment of violence