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El cielo de Chile cuenta con las condiciones ideales para la astronomía a nivel mundial, lo que ha conllevado un desarrollo científico importante para el país en esta y otras áreas. En los próximos años varias misiones espaciales sucederán, siendo de importancia para su éxito la salud de los tripulantes. La medicina espacial se preocupa y estudia los cambios en la fisiología humana en el espacio, la que se ve alterada en su totalidad. Es fundamental el entendimiento de la patología en el ambiente espacial para el desarrollo de contramedidas para mitigar los diferentes riesgos, siendo uno de los principales la radiación espacial entre otros. El desarrollo de esta área de la medicina permitirá nuevos avances en la salud en la Tierra.
The sky of Chile has the ideal conditions for astronomy worldwide, which has led to crucial scientific development for the country in this and other areas. In the coming years, several space missions will occur, the crew members' health being essential for their success. Space medicine studies the changes in human physiology in space, which is entirely altered. It is essential to understand the pathology in the space environment to develop countermeasures to mitigate the different risks, one of the main ones being space radiation, among others. The development of this area of medicine will allow new advances in health on Earth.
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According to the data released by the Civil Aviation Administration of China in 2020, there are more than 60000 pilots and more than 100000 flight attendants in China working with certificates in various airlines. The health of these aircrew is the basis for maintaining and continuing the smooth development of civil aviation. Aircrew are exposed to cosmic radiation at high altitudes. However, because the types of cosmic radiation are complex, changeable, and difficult to measure accurately, there is no definite conclusion as to whether it has any effect on the health of aircrew. This paper introduced the impacts of cosmic radiation on aircrew, reviewed the estimation of cosmic radiation dose at home and abroad, and summarized the cosmic radiation dose measurement methods and their limitations. It also pointed out the shortcomings of existing occupational health management of aircrew and put forward new suggestions on strengthening the health management of radiation hazards for aircrew.
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RESUMO No final do século vinte, com o surgimento de novas tecnologias e de novos programas espaciais, a medicina aeroespacial ganhou destaque no meio científico uma vez que os estudos relacionados às alterações da fisiologia humana no espaço tornaram-se cada vez mais necessário para a manutenção da saúde de cosmonautas. Os olhos são considerados uma das estruturas mais sensíveis do corpo às alterações vasculares, estruturais e bioquímicas provocadas pela microgravidade e radiação cósmica. Nesse sentido, essa revisão narrativa busca identificar e explicar as principais alterações morfológicas e funcionais que ocorrem no sistema visual em decorrência de missões espaciais.
ABSTRACT At the end of the twentieth century, with the emergence of new technologies and new space programs, aerospace medicine gained prominence in the scientific community since studies related to changes in human physiology in space have become increasingly necessary for the maintenance of cosmonaut health. The eyes are considered one of the most sensitive structures in the body to vascular, structural and biochemical changes caused by microgravity and cosmic radiation. In this sense, this narrative review seeks to identify and explain the main morphological and functional changes that occur in the visual system as a result of space missions.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Vuelo Espacial , Ingravidez , Catarata/complicaciones , Papiledema/complicaciones , Radiación Cósmica , Medicina Aeroespacial , Manifestaciones OcularesRESUMEN
Objective To measure the current environmental radioactivity levels in some districts of Yunnan Province,and to estimate the external doses to local residents.Methods The surface soil,aerosol and water samples were collected and analyzed by HPGe gamma spectrometry.Based on the estimation model selected by Ministry of Health in the nationwide soil survey,the doses to local residents from 238U,226Ra,232Th,40K and 137Cs in environmental samples were estimated.CARI-6 software issued by FAA (Federal Aviation Administration ) was used to estimate cosmic radiation dose to the local population.Results The external annual dose rate to the local people was 1.13 mSv per year,of which 0.52 mSv per year was contributed by natural radionuclides in soil,0.6 μ Sv per year by 137 Cs in soil and 0.61 mSv per year by cosmic radiation.Conclusions The cosmic radiation and natural radionuclides in soil might contribute 99.95％ of external exposure dose,while artificial radionuclide 137Cs contribute 0.05％ of external exposure dose.
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Objective To monter radiation doses received in flight and keep aircrew from being radiated,in accordance with "The Basic Standard on Ionization Radiation Protection and Radiation Source Safety(GB 18871-2002) of China".A method for calculating radiation dose rate is described.Methods On the basis of a great deal empirical and calculated data,a fundamental calculating formula was derived to calculate cosmic radiation dose rate in aerosphere from sea level to altitude of 25 km.The cosmic radiation dose rate was a function of altitude,geomagnetic vertical cut off rigidity and Heliocentric potential.Results One hundred and thirty eight position of cosmic radiation effective dose rates of 10 km altitudes,various latitudes and various longitudes were calculated with this method,as well as compared to those calculated with CARI-6 software of Aviation Commission of USA.Their differences were within 12.56%.Conclusion It is showed that this method is sufficient to ensure a precision on the dose estimation for radiation protection of aviation flight.