Curvas de crecimiento en ovino de pelo colombiano en los departamentos de Córdoba y Cesar, Colombia

La producción ovina en los últimos años en Colombia, se considera como una actividad con miras a exportación de carne, por lo cual, es necesario conocer el desempeño productivo de las diferentes razas dedicadas a este propósito en las regiones, con un número considerable de animales respecto al inventario nacional; por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue describir el crecimiento en ovinos de pelo colombiano en los departamentos de Córdoba y Cesar, Colombia. Se utilizaron 99 animales de los biotipos Sudán y Etíope. Fueron evaluados los modelos Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy, Brody y Logístico. Los parámetros para obtener las curvas de crecimiento fueron estimados por medio del procedimiento NLIN de SAS. Utilizando el modelo de mejor ajuste, se determinó el porcentaje y la edad de madurez. El modelo Brody fue el que mejor ajustó los datos. El sexo no tuvo efecto significativo sobre los parámetros estimados, mientras que el biotipo racial fue significativo para todos los parámetros estimados, con la excepción de ß 1 ; la zona presentó efecto significativo sobre ß 0 y ß 2 y la época solo para ß 1. De acuerdo con los parámetros de la curva Brody estimados y a los porcentajes y edades a la madurez, en las poblaciones en estudio, se debe mejorar la alimentación de los animales e implementar un programa de selección, con el fin de mejorar los pesos de los animales, al llegar a la edad adulta.

Sheep production in recent years in Colombia is considered as an activity for the exportation of meat, therefore, it is necessary to know the productive performance of the different breeds dedicated to this purpose in the regions with a considerable number of animals with respect to national inventory. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to describe the growth in Colombian hair sheep in the departments of Cordoba and Cesar, Colombia. 99 animals of the Sudan and Ethiopian biotypes were used. The Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy, Brody and Logistic models were evaluated. The parameters of the growth curves were estimated by the procedure NLIN of SAS. Using the best fit model, the percentage and age of maturity were determined. The Brody model was the one that best fit the data. Sex had no significant effect on the estimated parameters, while racial biotype was significant for all estimated parameters, with the exception of ß 1; the zone presented a significant effect on ß 0 and ß 2; and the season only for ß 1. According to the estimated parameters of the Brody curve and the percentages and ages at maturity, in the populations under study, the feeding of the animals should be improved and a conduct a selection program, in order to improve the weights of the animals at reach adulthood.

Seropositivity for Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Enzootic Bovine Leukemia viruses in Blanco Orejinegro cattle in Colombia and infection associated-factors / Soropositividade para o vírus da diarréia viral bovina e leucemia bovina enzoótica em bovinos Blanco Orejinegro na Colômbia e fatores associados à infecção

ABSTRACT Serological controls for diseases of viral origin in animal production systems and the identification of factors associated with infections are decisive elements to establish prevention and control measures. The aim of this study was to establish the serological status for Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) and Enzootic Bovine Leukemia (EBL) viruses in Blanco Orejinegro (BON) cattle from Colombia, and to identify the factors associated with seropositivity. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 498 animals of all age groups and physiological states of the BON breed were selected, belonging to 14 herds located in 6 states of Colombia, in which a survey with 27 questions was conducted. By means of the chi-square test, possible factors associated with seropositivity against the 2 viruses were identified. A sample of 4 ml of blood was taken from each animal to extract plasma and make indirect Elisa tests to detect antibodies against both pathogens. General seropositivity of 27,1% was obtained for EBL, finding as factors associated with seropositivity the inadequate disposition of placental tissues after delivery of the cows and the non-performance of serological tests on new animals entering the herd. For BVD, seropositivity obtained was 50,6%, and the factors associated with seropositivity identified were having had a history of the disease in the herd, and using semen from bulls that are not known to be free for the infection. We suggest establishing control measures considering the factors associated with each viral infection to limit their expansion in the BON cattle production systems of Colombia.

RESUMO Os controles sorológicos para doenças de origem viral nos sistemas de produção animal e a identificação de fatores associados à infecção são elementos decisivos para estabelecer medidas de prevenção e controle. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer o status sorológico dos vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina (BVD) e da Leucemia Bovina Enzoótica (EBL) em bovinos Blanco Orejinegro (BON) da Colômbia e identificar os fatores associados à soropositividade. Foram selecionados 498 animais de todas as faixas etárias e estados fisiológicos da raça BON, de 14 rebanhos localizados em seis regiões da Colômbia, nos quais foi realizada uma pesquisa para identificar possíveis fatores associados à soropositividade contra os dois vírus. Foi retirada uma amostra de 4 ml de sangue de cada animal para extrair plasma e fazer testes ELISA indiretos para detectar anticorpos contra os dois patógenos. Obteve-se soropositividade geral de 27,1% para EBL, encontrando como fatores associados à soropositividade a disposição inadequada dos tecidos placentários após o parto das vacas e a não realização de testes sorológicos em novos animais que entraram no rebanho. Para a BVD, a soropositividade obtida foi de 50,6%, e os fatores associados à soropositividade identificados foram: histórico de doença no rebanho e uso de sêmen de touros que não são reconhecidos como livres da infecção. Sugerimos o estabelecimento de medidas de controle considerando os fatores associados a cada infecção viral para limitar sua expansão nos sistemas de produção de gado BON da Colômbia.

Significados y prácticas de consumo conspicuo asociados a la posesión de perros criollos o de raza / Meanings and practices of conspicuous consumption associated with the possession of creole or pedigree dogs

Resumen Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar las representaciones sociales y las prácticas de consumo conspicuo en propietarios de perros en Colombia. Por tanto, se realizó un estudio mixto en una muestra de 96 hombres y mujeres mayores de 18 años, con, primero, una fase cualitativa en la que se exploraron las asociaciones dadas a las representaciones sociales de perros criollos y de raza por parte de propietarios de mascotas y se abordaron los significados atribuidos a las prácticas de consumo conspicuo; y, segundo, una fase cuantitativa en la que se hicieron análisis descriptivos, con lo cual se confirmó la estructura de las representaciones sociales. Como resultados se encontró que se reconoce a los perros criollos y de raza con alto valor afectivo, y que el perro criollo se asocia a condiciones de vulnerabilidad y se reconoce como perro "todo terreno", mientras que el perro de raza involucra cuidado e inversión económica y se identifica como un perro "visible" en la sociedad. Al final se discute respecto a cómo las representaciones sociales acerca de la tenencia de un perro, además del valor afectivo, involucran actividades exhibitorias, de demostración social y, a su vez, un estatus social y moral.

Abstract This research aimed to identify social representations and conspicuous consumption practices in dog owners in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. The sample included 96 men and women over the age of 18. A mixed study was carried out including first, a qualitative phase in which the social representations of dogs' owners - both creole and breed- were explored, as well as the meanings attributed to conspicuous consumption practices. Secondly, in the quantitative phase, descriptive analyses were carried out and thus the structure of social representations was confirmed. The results showed that the affective value of both the creole and breed dogs was acknowledged and that the creole dog is associated with conditions of vulnerability and regarded as an all-terrain dog, whereas breed dogs imply care and economic investment and are identified as "visible" dogs in society. It is discussed how social representations about dog ownership, in addition to the affective value, involve exhibition activities, social demonstration, and in turn, social and moral status.

Polimorfismos del gen del receptor para la hormona luteinizante (LHR - LHGCR) en folículos ováricos de vacas Romosinuano y Brahman ciclando / Luteinizing hormone choriogonadotropin receptor (LHGCR) gene polymorphism in ovarian follicles from cycling Romosinuano and Brahman cows / Polimorfismos do gene receptor para o hormônio luteinizante (LHR - LHGCR) em folículos ováricos de vacas Romosinuano e Brahman no ciclo

Resumen El gen del receptor para la hormona luteinizante (LHR-LHCGR) es un gen altamente conservado y su mRNA origina diferentes variantes por corte y empalme alternativo (splicing alternativo). En bovinos se han reportado variantes que traducen en proteína pero ésta no atraviesa la membrana celular; en humanos ante una deleción del exón 10 no hay respuesta a la acción de la LH, por lo tanto, es razonable asumir que las diferencias en la respuesta a la LH estén relacionadas con la expresión de los LHR. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar entre la raza criolla Colombiana Romosinuano y la raza Brahman los posibles polimorfismos del ARNm del gen como potenciales indicadores de fertilidad. Se tomaron 5 vacas ciclando de cada raza se extirpó el ovario que contenía un folículo preovulatorio, se retiró la pared folicular, se extrajo el RNA total y se sintetizó, amplificó, secuenció y comparó el ADNc contra secuencias ya reportadas, presentando una alta similitud. Se concluye que en estas razas la ausencia de variantes en la expresión del gen, estaría asociada a buen desempeño reproductivo.

Abstract The luteinizing hormone (LH) choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) gene is highly conserved and its mRNA causes variants by alternative splicing. Variants have been reported in cattle that translate into protein; however, this does not cross the cell membrane. Exon 10 deletion in humans does not trigger a response to the action of LH; it is therefore reasonable to assume that differences regarding response to LH are related to LHR expression. This work was aimed at comparing the Colombian creole Romosinuano breed to the Brahman breed regarding possible HCGR gene mRNA polymorphisms as potential fertility indicators. Five cycling cows were taken from each breed and the ovaries containing pre-ovulatory follicles were excised, the follicular wall was removed and total RNA extracted. The cDNA was synthesised, amplified, sequenced and compared to already reported sequences, great similarity being observed. It was concluded that the lack of variants regarding gene expression in these breeds would be associated with good reproductive performance.

Resumo O gene do receptor para o hormônio luteinizante (LHR-LHCGR) é altamente conservado e seu mRNA origina diferentes variantes por splicing alternativo. Em bovinos, foram registradas variantes que se traduzem em proteína, mas esta não atravessa a membrana celular; em humanos quando há uma deleção do exon 10 não há nenhuma resposta à ação do LH, portanto, é possível que as diferenças na resposta ao LH estão relacionados à expressão do LHR. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os polimorfismos do mRNA do gene entre a raça crioula colombiana Romosinuano e a raça Brahman, como potenciais indicadores de fertilidade. Foram avaliadas cinco fêmeas de cada raça, retirou-se o ovário que continha um folículo pré-ovulatório, retirou-se a parede folicular, o RNA total foi extraído. Se sintetizou, amplificou, sequenciou e comparou o cDNA com sequencias já descritas, a qual presentou alta semelhança.

Monomorfismo sexual de tamaño en el ganado Barroso-Salmeco de Guatemala / Size sexual monomorphism in Barroso-Salmeco cattle from Guatemala / Monomorfismo sexual de tamanho em bovinos Barroso-Salmeco da Guatemala

Resumen El dimorfismo sexual de tamaño (SSD por sus siglas en inglés) es un fenómeno ampliamente distribuido en los animales. Sin embargo, sigue siendo enigmático en cuanto a sus causas y a sus relaciones alométricas con el tamaño corporal (hipótesis de Rensch). A fin de contribuir a un mejor conocimiento de la raza bovina Barroso-Salmeco, de Guatemala, en esta investigación se analizó el SSD de 49 hembras y 5 toros mayores de 3 años, a partir de 23 variables morfoestructurales lineales y el peso vivo. Las diferencias estadísticas entre las variables para cada sexo permitieron detectar una ausencia de SSD, siendo únicamente el grueso de cañas la variable que se manifestó diferente entre sexos. Los resultados del análisis del dimorfismo sexual descartan que se presente en esta raza dimorfismo sexual en tamaño sesgado hacia los machos, y apuntan hacia un monoformismo sexual.

Abstract Sexual dimorphism in size (SSD) is a widespread phenomenon in animals. Its causes remain obscure, as well as its allometric relationship with body size (Rensch's hypothesis). Here, in order to contribute a better description of the Barroso-Salmeco cattle from Guatemala, we analyze SSD in 5 bulls and 49 females aged more than 3 years, using 23 lineal morphostructural traits and body weight. It was detected no SSD, and only cannon thickness appeared different between genders. Results of sexual dimorphism analyses discard male-biased sexual size differences in this breed and they point rather towards a sexual monomorphism.

Resumo O dimorfismo sexual do tamanho (SSD) é um fenômeno amplamente distribuído em animais. No entanto, permanece enigmático em relação a suas causas e suas relações alométricas com o tamanho corporal (hipótese de Rensch). Para contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da raça Barroso-Salmeco, da Guatemala, nesta pesquisa foi analisado o SSD de 49 fêmeas e 5 touros com mais de 3 anos, com base em 23 variáveis morfo-estruturais lineares e peso vivo. As diferenças estatísticas entre as variáveis para cada sexo permitiram detectar uma ausência de SSD, sendo apenas a espessura dos juncos a variável que se manifestou diferentemente entre os sexos. Os resultados da análise do dimorfismo sexual excluem a presença nessa raça de dimorfismo sexual em tamanho tendencioso em relação aos homens e apontam para um monoformismo sexual.

Características de crecimiento y medidas del área del ojo del lomo en ovinos criollos del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia / Growth traits and measures of loin eye area in Creole sheep of the Cordoba department, Colombia

RESUMEN De la raza ovina criolla, desarrollada en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia, existen pocas investigaciones sobre características de desarrollo, por tal razón, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar características asociadas al crecimiento de los ovinos criollos de pelo, en dos poblaciones de Córdoba, Colombia. Se utilizaron 55 animales provenientes de dos sistemas de producción. El pesaje, se realizó cada 15 días, desde el nacimiento hasta los 6 meses de edad y las mediciones del área del ojo del lomo (AOL), se tomaron por ultrasonografía, a los 4 y 6 meses de edad. Las características evaluadas fueron peso al nacer (PN), peso al destete (PDA90), peso a los seis meses (PA6M), ganancia de peso predestete (GPPRD) y posdestete (GPPOD) y AOL. El promedio para PN fue de 2,63 ± 0,65 kg; para PDA90, de 11,19 ± 3,78 kg; para PA6M, de 15,61 ± 3,93 kg y para GPPRD y GPPOD, de 0,095 ± 0,04 y 0,06 ± 0,3 kg/d, respectivamente. Se encontró que el sexo del cordero afectó (P≤0,05) las variables PDA90, PA6M y GPPRD. El tipo de finca tuvo influencia (P≤0,05) sobre todas las características de crecimiento evaluadas. Los resultados sugieren que habría que mejorar los sistemas de alimentación en las poblaciones estudiadas e iniciar un proceso de selección, con el fin de mejorar las características evaluadas.

ABSTRACT The Creole sheep breed developed in the department of Córdoba, Colombia has little research on growth traits, for this reason the objective of this study was to evaluate traits associated with the growth of Creole hair sheep in two populations of Córdoba, Colombia. Fifty-five Creole animals from two production systems were used. Weighing was performed every 15 days from birth to 6 months of age and loin eye area (LEA) measurements were taken by ultrasound at 4 and 6 months of age. The traits evaluated were birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW90), weight at six months of age (W6M), preweaning (PWWG) and postweaning weight gain (POWWG) and LEA. The average for BW was 2.63 ± 0.65 kg, for WW90 it was 11.19 ± 3.78 kg, for W6M it was 15.61 ± 3.93 kg and for PWWG and POWWG it was 0.095 ± 0.04 and 0.06 ± 0.03 kg/d, respectively. It was found that the sex of the lamb affected (P≤0.05) the variables PDA90, PA6M and GPPRD. The type of farm had influence (P≤0.05) on all the growth traits evaluated. The results suggest that, it would be necessary to improve the feeding systems in the populations studied and initiate a selection process in order to improve the evaluated traits.

Equitação no Rio Grande do Sul: um estudo sobre a configuração da vertente rural / Equestrian sport in Rio Grande do Sul: a study on the configuration of the rural dimension

A pesquisa trata de compreender o desenvolvimento da vertente rural da equitação no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) no período do século XX. A investigação ocorreu por meio da coleta em fontes, tais como documentos oficiais das associações hípicas e em jornais e revistas que circulavam a partir da metade do século XIX. As informações coletadas foram interpretadas por meio da técnica de análise documental. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que, a partir do trabalho campeiro e rural no RS, são estabelecidas relações de interdependência com o fenômeno esportivo, as manifestações culturais e o mercado. Ao abordar uma das técnicas de trabalho rural, a prática do tiro de laço, bem como o seu deslocamento do campo para a cidade, tem-se, em um primeiro momento, o Movimento Tradicionalista Gaúcho, valorizando-a enquanto uma manifestação cultural típica do estado. Em seguida, a organização da Federação Gaúcha de Laço, com a intenção de direcionar a prática do tiro de laço para uma disposição esportiva e de caráter profissional. Identifica-se que o elemento central na configuração estabelecida entre trabalho campeiro, cultura e esporte, no cenário da prática do tiro de laço, é representado pelo cavalo daraça crioula. De tal modo, emergem as competições do denominado Crioulaço, o qual parece contribuirpara a legitimação do cavalo crioulo enquanto elemento-chave no arranjo configuracional do tiro de laço. Um processo de esportivização pode, ainda, ser identificado nas práticas equestres que compõem o Prêmio Freio de Ouro. Evidenciou-se que tais práticas possuem seus primórdios associados à lida campeira e, em um primeiro momento, apresentam finalidades mais próximas de uma noção de entretenimento, passando a manifestar elementos de esportivização em meados da década de 1950....(AU)

The research tries to understand the development of the rural dimension of equestrian sport in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) in the period of the twentieth century. The investigation took place through the collection in sources such as official documents of equestrian associations, and printed sources, such as newspapers and magazines that circulated from the middle of the 19th century. The information collected was interpreted through the technique of documentary analysis. The results of the research showed that, based on the rural work in the RS, relationships of interdependence with the sport phenomenon, the cultural manifestations and the market. When approaching one of the techniques of rural work, the practice of shot of lasso with horse, as well as its displacement from the countryside to the city, the Gaucho Tradition Movement, has first valued it as a typical cultural manifestation of the state. Subsequently, the organization of the Gaucho Federation of Lasso, with the intention of directing the practice of shot of lasso with horse for a sporting and professional disposition. It is identified that the central element in the established configuration between rural work, culture and sport, in the scenario of the practice of shot of lasso with horse, is represented by the horse of the Creole race. In this way, the competitions of the so-called Creole Lasso emerge, which seems to contribute to the legitimation of the Creole horse as a key element in the configuration arrangement of shot of lasso. A process of sportization an also be identified in the equestrian practices that make up the Golden Bridle Award. It has been shown that such practices have their beginnings associated with the rural work, at first, present purposes closer to a notion of entertainment, beginning to manifest elements of sportsmanship in the mid-1950s....(AU)

Characteristics of the puberty in hair ram lambs and its crosses in Colombia under low altitude conditions / Características de la pubertad en corderos de pelo y sus cruces en Colombia en condiciones de baja altitud

ABSTRACT Objective. Aimed to describe the characteristics of the onset of puberty in males in Colombian hair ram lambs (Ovino de Pelo Colombiano, OPC), and their crosses with Katahdin and Santa Inés sheep in a farm located in Villavicencio, Meta. Materials and methods. 15 lambs of three biotypes: OPC x OPC (OPC), Santa Ines x OPC (SO) and Katahdin X OPC (KO) from four until 12 months old. Ram lambs were grazing and they had supplementation with commercial salt and water ad libitum. Monthly body weight (BW), scrotal circumference (SC), testicular volume (TV) were measured and testosterone level were determined by Elisa test, and ultrasound of the two testicles was performed to determine the presence of the testicular mediastinum, also evaluating the presence and detachment of the urethral prolongation and then electro ejaculation was performed to determine the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the semen. Results. Genotype effect was significant for evolution of body BW, SC, TV over time. The SO and KO crosses presented the highest values in BW, whereas OPC lambs maintained a lower value until the end of the assay. At six months old, the three biotypes presented a minimum concentration of 150 million of sperm per ml with 30% of individual progressive motility. Conclusions. In non-seasonal tropical conditions in Colombia (Orinoquia), depending on the variables included, body weight, testicular development, pennis morphology, semen quality, sperm concentration and testosterone levels, it is postulated that around six months of age, the onset of puberty is displayed in the three biotypes.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir las características del inicio de la pubertad en corderos machos (Ovino de Pelo Colombiano, OPC) y sus cruces en una granja ubicada en Villavicencio, Meta. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 15 corderos de tres razas: OPC x OPC (OPC), Santa Inés x OPC (SO) y Katahdin X OPC (KO), a partir de los cuatro meses de edad, cinco corderos por cruzamiento, manejados en pastoreo rotacional, con sal mineralizada comercial y agua a voluntad. Mensualmente hasta los doce meses de edad, se evaluó el peso corporal (PC), circunferencia escrotal (CE), volumen testicular (VT), y se determinó la concentración de testosterona en suero mediante la prueba de Elisa, se determinó la presencia del mediastino testicular mediante ecografía y se evalúo el desprendimiento de la prolongación uretral. Finalmente se determinaron las características macroscópicas y microscópicas del eyaculado. Resultados. El efecto racial o de cruzamiento fue significativo para los resultados del PC, CE y VT en el tiempo. Los cruces OPC y KO presentaron los valores más altos en PC, mientras que los corderos OPC mantuvieron un valor menor de PC hasta el final de la investigación. Se realizaron al menos cuatro evaluaciones seminales hasta la presentación de una concentración mínima de 150 millones de espermatozoides por ml con un 30% de motilidad progresiva individual. Conclusiones. En condiciones tropicales no estacionales en Colombia (Orinoquia), para las variables peso corporal, desarrollo testicular, morfología del pene, calidad del semen, concentración de espermatozoides y niveles de testosterona, se postula que alrededor de los seis meses de edad, se presenta el inicio de la pubertad en los tres biotipos.

Serological study of brucellosis in Argentine Creole sheep / Estudio serológico de brucelosis en ovejas criollas de Argentina

Ovine cattle was introduced into America during the Spanish conquest with the second journey of Columbus to the Antilles and was disseminated throughout the region. In 1587, sheep were introduced into Argentina, later developing into the "Creole" breed. We selected 486 animals from different Argentine provinces with the aim of determining the serological status of brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis and Brucella ovis. For the detection of antibodies against smooth Brucella spp., the Rose Bengal test (RBT) was performed as screening test while the serum agglutination test (SAT) and 2 mercapto-ethanol (2ME) were run as a confirmatory technique. Moreover, for the detection of antibodies against rough Brucella spp., we used the rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) for screening and an indirect ELISA (IELISA) as confirmatory assay. This study showed that the total positive percentage of brucellosis due to B. ovis was 2.9%. Excluding the animals mixed with the Suffolk breed; seropositivity would be 0.6%. All animals tested negative for brucellosis caused by B. melitensis.

El ganado ovino fue introducido en América durante el segundo viaje de Colón a las Antillas y rápidamente se diseminó por la región. En 1587 entraron a la Argentina las primeras ovejas, estas se adaptaron a las condiciones naturales y se desarrolló así la denominada «oveja criolla¼. Se seleccionaron 486 animales de diferentes provincias para conocer el estado serológico de la enfermedad producida por Brucella melitensis y Brucella ovis. Para detectar anticuerpos anti-Brucella en fase lisa se utilizó la prueba de rosa de Bengala (RBT) como tamiz y como confirmatorias seroaglutinación lenta en tubo (SAT) y 2-mercaptoetanol (2ME). En fase rugosa se realizó como tamiz la prueba rápida de aglutinación (RSAT) y ELISA indirecto como prueba confirmatoria (IELISA). Este estudio mostró un porcentaje de seropositividad de brucelosis causada por B. ovis del 2,9%. Excluyendo los animales cruzados con la raza Suffolk, la seropositividad sería del 0,6%. Todos los animales fueron negativos a brucelosis causada por B. melitensis.

Haití, la nueva comunidad inmigrante en Chile / Haiti, new immigrant community in Chile

Las migraciones constituyen un fenómeno creciente en América Latina, influido por factores económicos, laborales, búsqueda de bienestar social, educación y salud, entre otros. Chile presenta una tasa neta de migración positiva, y en el último tiempo ha destacado el gran número de inmigrantes haitianos que han llegado a nuestro país, especialmente luego del terremoto que le afectó el 2010. Provenientes de una cultura diferente, donde el estilo de crianza y las características de atención en salud, entre otros aspectos, difieren a la de nuestro país, conocer la cultura haitiana y su situación de salud es relevante para una mejor apreciación de sus necesidades y enfrentar de mejor forma la programación de la atención sanitaria de esta población que busca en Chile un lugar de acogida y mayor bienestar. Para profundizar los esfuerzos de integración en trabajo, salud, educación y en la comunidad parece aconsejable actualizar la legislación referente a migraciones, tal que permita abordar los problemas actuales a través de una ley migratoria que data de 1975.

Migration is a growing phenomenon in Latin America influenced by several factors such as economic stability, employment, social welfare, education and health system. Currently Chile has a positive migration flow rate. Particularly, a significant number of Haitian immigrants has been observed du ring the last years, especially after earthquake of 2010. These immigrants present a different cultural background expressed in relevant aspects of living including parenting and healthcare. Knowing the Haitian culture and its health situation is relevant for a better understanding of their health needs. Haitian people come to Chile looking for a cordial reception and willing to find a place with better perspectives of wellbeing in every sense. Immigration represents a major challenge for Chilean health system that must be embraced. Integration efforts in jobs, health, education system and community living should be enhanced to ensure a prosper settlement in our country. A new immigration law is crucial to solving major problems derived from current law created in 1975.

Diversidad haplotípica del exón xii del gen dopamina p-hidroxilasa en tres razas bovinas / Haplothic diversity of exon xii of the dopamine p-hydroxylase gene in three cattle breeds

Los polimorfismos en el gen dopamina p-hidroxilasa (DBH) se asocian con el temperamento en los bovinos. En 16 animales de la raza criolla colombiana Blanco Orejinegro (BON), 20 Brahman (BRA) y 16 de Ganado de lidia (GLI), se evaluaron los polimorfismos del exón xii del gen DBH mediante secuenciación. Se encontraron 13 haplotipos, 6 en BON, 9 en BRA y 2 en GLI. El haplotipo H2 fue el más frecuente (0,615) y se encontró en las tres razas, mientras los haplotipos H6 y H9 fueron compartidos entre BON-BRA y BRA-GLI, respectivamente. La mayor diversidad genética (DG: 0,915 ± 0,04) y nucleotídica (DN: 0,011 ± 0,006) se encontró en la raza BRA, seguida por BON (DG: 0,700 ± 0,12; DN: 0,008 ± 0,004) y GLI (DG: 0,350 ± 0,14; DN: 0,0011 ± 0,001). Si bien el test de D-Tajima fue mayor que cero, no fue significativo (P > 0,05) en BON y BRA, pero en la raza GLI presentó un valor de -1,92 (P < 0,05). El análisis de varianza molecular mostró una variación entre las razas de 23,9% y una estructura poblacional (F^) de 0,23 (P < 0,001). Los mayores valores del coeficiente de coancestría se presentaron entre GLI y BRA (0,52) y entre GLI y BON (0,22). Se concluye que la raza GLI tiene baja diversidad en el gen DBH en comparación con las razas BON y BRA, que hay efectos de la selección natural en BON y BRA mientras que en la raza GLI se evidencia un barrido selectivo reciente y no a favor del temperamento.

Polymorphisms in the dopamine p-hydroxylase gene (DBH) have been associated with temperament in cattle. In 16 animals of Colombian creole breed Blanco Orejinegro (BON), 20 Brahman (BRA) and 16 fighting bulls (GLI), polymorphisms of exon xii of the DBH gene were evaluated by sequencing. 13 haplotypes were found, 6 in BON, 9 and 2 in BRA and GLI respectively. Haplotype H2 was the most frequent in the whole population (0,615) and it was found in all breeds. Haplotypes H6 and H9 were shared between BON-BRA and BRA-GLI, respectively. The greatest value of genetic (DG: 0.915 ± 0.04) and nucleotide (DN: 0.011 ± 0.006) diversity, was found in BRA, followed by BON (DG: 0.700 ± 0.12; DN: 0.008 ± 0.004) and GLI (DG: 0.350 ± 0.14; DN: 0.0011 ± 0.001). The D-Tajima test was greater than zero, but not significant (P > 0.05) in BON and BRA, GLI presented a value of -1.92 (P < 0.05). The analysis of molecular variance showed a variation between the breeds of 23.9% and a poblacional structure (F$t) of 0.23 (P < 0.001). The highest values of the coancestry coefficient were presented between GLI and BRA (0.52) and between GLI and BON (0.22). It is concluded that the GLI race has low diversity in the DBH gene compared to BON and BRA, that there are effects of neutral selection in BON and BRA breeds, whereas, in the GLI and not in favor of temperament.

Determinación del Perfil Metabólico Durante el Periodo Gestación-Lactancia en Hembras Ovinas de Pelo en Córdoba, Colombia / Determination of Metabolic Profile During The Gestation-Lactation in Ewes Hair in Cordoba, Colombia

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el perfil metabólico durante el periodo gestación-lactancia en hembras ovinas de pelo, manejadas en pastoreo en Córdoba, Colombia. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de 56 hembras ovinas en el último tercio de gestación y durante 90 d de lactancia, de fincas ovinas localizadas en tres subregiones del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Se determinaron las concentraciones en sangre de glucosa, triglicéridos, colesterol, β-hidroxibutirato (β-h), proteínas totales, albúmina, globulina, urea, calcio (Ca), fósforo (P) y magnesio (Mg). La información fue analizada a través un análisis de varianza para determinar diferencias significativas (p≤0,05) entre periodos y la prueba de Tukey para la comparación de medias, para ello se utilizó el paquete estadístico SAS. Los valores medios encontrados fueron 62,24 ± 11,76 mg/dL para glucosa, 47,27 ± 24,62 mg/dL para triglicéridos, 84,80 ± 59,09 mg/dL para colesterol, 0,02±0,03 mg/dL para β-h, 5,82 ± 1,07 g/dL para proteínas totales, 2,21 ± 0,61 g/dL para albumina, 3,64±1,13 g/dL para globulinas, 32,50±15,85 mg/dL para urea, 11,37± 2,34 mg/dL para Ca, 5,95±2,31 mg/dL para P y 2,28±0,45 mg/dL para Mg. Se presentaron diferencias estadísticas entre fincas y periodos estudiados, con una disminución de las medias de las variables estudiadas a medida que se aproximaba el parto, y una recuperación de las concentraciones adecuadas al finalizar la lactancia, dejando ver la necesidad de complementar la alimentación suministrada con una adecuada suplementación energética, proteica y mineral, durante el último tercio de la gestación y los primeros 60 d de lactancia.

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the metabolic profile of female haired ewes under grazing management, during the gestation-lactation period, in the Department of Cordoba, Colombia. Blood samples of 56 haired ewes were taken in the last third of gestation and during 90 days of lactation at sheep farms located in three sub-regions of the Department of Cordoba. Blood concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, β-hydroxybutyrate, total proteins, albumin, globulin, urea, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) were determined. The information was analyzed through an ANAVAR to determine the existence of statistically significant differences (P≤0.05) between periods; and by aTukey test for comparison of means, for which the SAS statistical software was used. The mean values for the metabolic variables found were: 62.24 ± 11.76 mg/dL for glucose; 47.27 ± 24.62 mg/dL for triglycerides; 84.80 ± 59.09 mg/dL for cholesterol; 0.02 ± 0.03 mg/dL for β-hydroxybutyrate; 5.82 ± 1.07 g/dL for total proteins; 2.21 ± 0.61 g/dL for albumin; 3.64 ± 1.13 g/dL for globulins; 32.50 ± 15.85 mg/dL for urea; 11.37±2.34 mg/dL for Ca; 5.95±2.31 mg/ dL for P; and 2.28±0.45 mg/dL for Mg. Statistical differences between farms and periods studied were found, with a decrease in the means of the variables under study, as calving approached, and a recovery of the appropriate concentrations at the end of lactation, pointed to the need of supplementing the primary food with adequate amounts of energy, proteins and minerals, during the last third of gestation and the first 60 days of lactation.

Relação entre obesidade, insulina plasmática e posicionamento da falange distal em equinos da raça Crioula / Relationship between obesity, insulin and placement of plasma in equine distal phalanx of breed creole

Verificaram-se características radiográficas do posicionamento da falange distal em relação ao estojo córneo em equinos da raça Crioula e correlacionaram-se tais achados com sinais de obesidade e concentrações plasmáticas de insulina. Consideraram-se dois grupos com base no escore da condição corporal (ECC). A média de idade entre os grupos foi de 9,2±5,8 anos em indivíduos normais (ECC 5-7) e de 10,3±3,7 anos em obesos (ECC 8-9). Diferenças estatísticas entre grupos ocorreram para valores de peso, perímetro torácico, escore da condição corporal, escore da crista do pescoço, comprimento do pescoço, circunferência do pescoço em três regiões referentes a 25%, 50% e 75% do comprimento do pescoço e entre o posicionamento da falange distal em relação ao estojo córneo. O ângulo formado entre as superfícies dorsais de falange distal e casco (ângulo de rotação) correlacionou-se estatisticamente com ECC (r = 0,30; P=0,02) e com peso e perímetro torácico (r = 0,50; P<0,01). Quanto à concentração de insulina plasmática, foram encontradas correlações positivas com ECP (r = 0,40; P<0,01) e com ângulo de rotação (r = 0,23; P = 0,08), e correlação negativa com idade (r = -0,42; P<0,01). Em oito animais (27%) o ângulo de rotação foi maior que 2 graus; destes, 25% eram normais e 75%, obesos (P<0,05). Aparentemente, em equinos da raça Crioula, características morfométricas no casco diferiram dos padrões internacionais obtidos de outras raças. A obesidade interferiu na relação espacial da falange distal com o estojo córneo, indicando que os animais obesos dessa raça são mais propensos a desenvolver laminite.

The radiographic relationship of the distal phalanx with the hoof capsule was verified in Creole breed horses and these findings correlated with signs of obesity and insulin blood levels. Horses were divided in two groups based on their body score condition (ECC). The average age was 9.2±5.8 years in normal (ECC 5-7) and 10.3±3.7 years in the obese group (ECC 8-9). Statistical differences between groups (P<0.05) were detected for values of weight, thoracic girth, body score condition, neck score (ECP), neck length, neck circumference into three regions based on 25% (P25), 50% (P50) and 75% (P75) of the length of the neck and phalanx and hoof capsule relationship. The angle between the dorsal aspects of distal phalanx and hoof wall (rotation angle) statistically correlated with ECC (r = 0.30; P=0.02) and with weight and thoracic girth (r = 0.50; P<0.01). Plasma insulin concentrations positively correlated with ECP (r = 0.40, P <0.01) and rotation angle (r = 0.23, P = 0.08) and negatively with age (r = -0.42, P <.01). In eight animals (27%) rotation angle was greater than 2 degrees, of which 25% were normal and obese 75% (P <0.05). Apparently in Creole horses, morphometric characteristics of the hoof differ from international standards obtained from other breeds. Obesity interfered with the spatial relationship of the distal phalanx with the hoof capsule, indicating that obese animals of this breed are more likely to develop laminitis.

Increase in post-thaw viability by adding seminal plasma proteins to Sanmartinero and Zebu sperm / Incremento en la viabilidad espermática post-descongelación por la adición de proteínas del plasma seminal a semen de toros Sanmartinero y Cebú / Aumento da viabilidade espermática pós-descongelamento, com a adição de proteínas do plasma seminal de sêmen de touros das raças Sanmartinero e Zebu

Background: cryopreservation decreases sperm viability by approximately 50%. Objective: the objective of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of seminal plasma proteins on post-thawing sperm viability in Sanmartinero and Zebu semen. Methods: semen samples from 10 bulls of each breed were used, and seminal plasma was subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis to establish the relationship between the relative amount of each protein spot and sperm viability. Then, seminal plasma was subjected to exclusion chromatography to separate the fraction containing these proteins. This fraction was added in doses of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg, to 1 x 10(6). Sperm was thawed and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h to determine its effect on postthaw viability. Sperm were frozen using two media (citrate-fructose-yolk and Bioxcell®). Results: we found one protein spot (16.20 kDa, PI 5.5) in Sanmartinero seminal plasma that correlated (r = 0.64 p<0.001) with viability. This spot was found in 21-25 chromatography fractions. The percentage of post-thaw viable sperm increased 20% (p<0.05) at 1.0 and 1.5 mg of the fraction when sperm was frozen using citrate-fructose-yolk; it increased 25% (p<0.01) with 0.5 mg when it was frozen with Bioxcell® media. Addition of 0.5 mg of the fraction to semen cryopreserved with Bioxcell® resulted in a greater (p<0.05) percentage increase of viable sperm in Sanmartinero semen (23 ± 8.3%) compared with Zebu semen (6.0 ± 2.0%). Conclusions: these results show that seminal plasma proteins decrease cryopreservation damage in sperm. The effect depends on the cryoprotectant dose as well as the breed of bull.

Antecedentes: la criopreservación disminuye la viabilidad espermática por debajo del 50%. Objetivo: el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de la adición de proteínas del plasma seminal sobre la viabilidad espermática post-descongelación de semen de toros Sanmartinero y Cebú. Métodos: se colectó semen de 10 toros de cada raza, y el plasma seminal se sometió a electroforesis bidimensional, para establecer la relación entre la cantidad relativa de cada punto de proteína y la viabilidad espermática. Identificados dichos puntos, el plasma seminal se sometió a cromatografía de exclusión para separar la fracción que contenía estas proteínas. Esta se adicionó en dosis de 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 y 2,0 mg, a muestras de 1 x 10(6) espermatozoides, descongelados e incubados a 37 °C durante 1 hora, para determinar su efecto en la viabilidad post-descongelación. Los espermatozoides se congelaron usando dos medios (citrato-fructosa-yema y Bioxcell®). Resultados: se encontró un punto de proteína (16,20 kDa, punto Isoeléctrico 5,5) en plasma de toros Sanmartinero, que correlacionó (r = 0,64 p<0,001) con la viabilidad. Este punto de proteína se encontró en la fracción 21-25 de la cromatografía. El porcentaje de espermatozoides viables post-descongelación aumentó 20% (p<0,05) con dosis de 1 y 1,5 mg de la fracción, cuando los espermatozoides se congelaron en medio citrato-fructosa-yema; y 25% (p<0,01) con dosis de 0,5 mg cuando se congelaron en medio Bioxcell®. La adición de 0,5 mg de la fracción a semen descongelado previamente criopreservado en medio Bioxcell®, evidenció un incremento mayor (p<0,05) en el porcentaje de espermatozoides viables de semen de toros Sanmartinero (23 ± 8,3 %), que en semen de toros Cebú (6,0 ± 2,0%). Conclusiones: los resultados anteriores demuestran que las proteínas del plasma seminal disminuyen el daño en los espermatozoides por la criopreservación, y que el efecto de estas proteínas depende del medio de congelación, la dosis adicionada y la raza de los toros.

Antecedentes: a criopreservação diminui a viabilidade espermática abaixo de um 50%. Objetivo: o objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar o efeito da adição de proteínas do plasma seminal na viabilidade espermática pós-descongelamento de sêmen de touros das raças Sanmartinero y Zebú. Métodos: coletou-se sêmen de 10 touros de cada raça, as amostras do plasma seminal foram submetidas à eletroforese bidimensional, para estabelecer a relação entre a quantidade relativa de cada ponto de proteína e a viabilidade espermática. Ao serem identificados os pontos, o plasma seminal também foi submetido ao processo de cromatografia por exclusão para separar a fração que continha as proteínas. A fração foi adicionada nas doses de 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 y 2,0 mg, amostras de 1 x 106 espermatozoides, em descongelamento e incubados à temperatura de 37 ° C durante 1 hora, para determinar o efeito na viabilidade pós-descongelamento. Os espermatozoides foram congelados utilizando dois meios (Citrato- frutose-gema e Bioxcell®). Resultados: encontrou-se um ponto de proteína (16,20 kDa, ponto Isoelétrico 5,5) no plasma de touro Sanmartinero, que correlacionou (r=0,64 p<0,001) com a viabilidade. Esse ponto de proteína foi encontrado na fração 21-25 da cromatografia. O percentagem de espermatozoides viáveis pós-descongelamento aumentou em 20% (p<0,05) nas doses de 1 y 1,5 mg da fração, quando os espermatozoides foram congelados em meio de citrato-frutose-gema; e 25% (p<0,01) com doses de 0,5 mg congelados em meio Bioxcell®. A adição de 0,5 mg da fração ao sêmen descongelado e previamente criopreservado em meio Bioxcell®, evidenciou um incremento maior (p<0,05) no percentagem de espermatozoides viáveis do sêmen de touros Sanmartinero (23 ± 8,3 %), do que em sêmen de touros zebu (6,0 ± 2,0%). Conclusões: os anteriores resultados demonstram que as proteínas do plasma seminal diminuem o dano nos espermatozoides pela criopreservação e que o efeito destas proteínas depende do meio de congelação, a dose adicionada e a raça dos touros.

Buserelin acetate-induced spermiation in Leptodactylus ocellatus and evaluation of semen characteristics / Espermiação com acetato de buserelina em Leptodactylus ocellatus e avaliação de características seminais

By understanding the hormonal action behind the induction of spermiation in Leptodactylus ocellatus can help in the collection of semen for artificial insemination and cryopreservation. The experiments were conducted at the Experimental Frog Farm of the Federal University of Viçosa. Seven L. ocellatus males with the following secondary sexual characteristics were selected: black thorns, developed forelimbs, and amplexus reflex. Spermiation was induced in these animals by applying daily 0.4 µg buserelin acetate hormone (GnRHa) for 7 days, being the semen collected 90 min after the application. The volume, color, vigor, motility, sperm concentration, and spermatozoa morphology were subsequently evaluated. Three animals responded to GnRHa induction, enabling the collection of seven samples of semen, and the first sample was collected 97.5h after the first application. The semen of the creole frog presented the following characteristics: an average volume of 0.38 mL, murky color, sperm vigor of 3.71, sperm motility of 77.14%, sperm concentration of 6.60 x 106 SPTZ mL-1, and 69% of normal sperm. GnRHa can induce spermiation in the creole frog. Although the volume of collected semen was low, the color, vigor, motility, concentration, and spermatozoa content showed to be adequate.

O conhecimento da ação de hormônios na indução à espermiação de Leptodactylus ocellatus pode permitir a coleta de sêmen para estudos de fertilização artificial e criopreservação. O experimento foi realizado no Ranário Experimental da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, onde sete machos de L. ocellatus com as características sexuais secundárias: acúleos negros, membros anteriores desenvolvidos e reflexos ao amplexo foram induzidos à espermiação com aplicação do hormônio acetato de buserelina (GnRHa) na dosagem de 0,4 µg, durante sete dias a cada 24h e o sêmen coletado após 90 min. O volume, cor do sêmen, vigor espermático, motilidade espermática, concentração espermática e morfologia dos espermatozoides foram avaliados. Três animais responderam à indução pelo acetato de buserelina permitindo a coleta de sete amostras de sêmen, a primeira após 97,5h da primeira aplicação. O sêmen da rã-manteiga apresentou volume médio de 0,38 mL, coloração turva, vigor espermático de 3,71; motilidade espermática de 77,14%, concentração de 6,60 x 106 SPTZ mL-1 e 69% de espermatozoides normais. O acetato de buserelina pode induzir à espermiação da rã-manteiga. O volume seminal coletado foi baixo, mas a coloração, vigor, motilidade, concentração e número de espermatozoides de L. ocellatus foram adequados.

Estimation of genetic parameters for age at first calving and calving interval in Blanco Orejinegro (BON) breed cattle populations in Colombia / Estimación de parámetros genéticos para edad al primer parto e intervalo entre partos en poblaciones bovinas de la raza Blanco Orejinegro (BON) en Colombia / Estimação de parâmetros genéticos para idade ao primeiro parto e intervalo de partos em populações bovinas da raça Blanco Orejinegro (BON) na Colômbia

Objective: to estimate genetic parameters for age at first calving (AFC) and calving interval (CI) in 22 herds of Blanco Orejinegro cattle in Colombia. Methods: a total of 1,256 records for AFC and 3,803 for CI, obtained between years 1981 and 2010 were analyzed. The (Co) variances components were estimated by a derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood procedure in a bi-trait animal model. Results: average of AFC and CI were 1,104 ± 141 and 487 ± 147 days, respectively. Heritabilities were 0.15 and 0.13 for AFC and CI, respectively, with -0.43 genetic correlation. The herd and year of birth were included as fixed effects for the AFC, while parity number and the covariate age of dam at farrow were analyzed for CI. All the effects had a significant influence over the CI variance. Conclusions: the values obtained for these traits indicate that selection for calving interval and age at first calving may have a relatively low impact, due to the large environmental effect on the variation of both parameters in these breed populations.

Objetivo: estimar los parámetros genéticos de la edad al primer parto (EPP) y del intervalo entre partos (IEP) en 22 poblaciones bovinas de la raza criolla colombiana Blanco Orejinegro. Métodos: se utilizaron 1.256 registros para EPP y 3.803 registros de IEP, obtenidos entre los años 1981 y 2010. Los componentes de (Co) varianza fueron estimados por máxima verosimilitud restringida libre de derivadas con un modelo animal bicaracterístico. Resultados: los promedios de la EPP y del IEP fueron de 1.104 ± 141 y 487 ± 147 días, respectivamente. Las heredabilidades obtenidas en el análisis fueron de 0.15 y 0.13 para EPP e IEP, respectivamente, con una correlación genética de -0.43. Se evaluaron los efectos fijos de año de nacimiento y hato para la EPP, también fue incluido el orden de parto y la covariable edad de la vaca al parto en el análisis del IEP, los cuales todos tuvieron una influencia significativa sobre la variación de este parámetro. Conclusiones: los valores obtenidos para estas características reproductivas en el presente estudio, indican que la selección para intervalo entre parto y edad al primer parto puede tener un efecto relativamente bajo, debido al amplio efecto ambiental sobre la variación de estos dos parámetros en las poblaciones de esta raza.

Objetivo: estimar os parâmetros genéticos de idade ao primeiro parto (EPP) e do intervalo entre partos (IEP) em 22 populações bovinas da raça crioula colombiana Blanco Orejinegro. Métodos: foram utilizadas 1.256 e 3.803 dados para IPP e IEP respectivamente, obtidos entre os anos 1981 e 2010. Os componentes de (Co) variância foram estimados por máxima verossimilhança restrita livre de derivadas com um modelo animal bicaracterístico. Resultados: as médias da EPP e IEP foram 1.104 ± 141 días (36.8 ± 4.7 meses) e 487 ± 147 días (16.2 ± 4.9 meses), respectivamente. As herdabilidades obtidas nas análises foram de 0.15 e 0.13 para EPP e IEP respectivamente, com uma correlação genética de -0.43. Foram incluídos os efeitos fixos de ano de parto e rebanho para EPP, também foi analisado o efeito de ordem de parto e a covariável de idade da vaca ao parto para o IEP. Todos os efeitos incluídos na análise foram significativos sobre a variação do IEP. Conclusões: os valores obtidos no presente estúdio para estas características reprodutivas indicam que a selecção para intervalo entre parto e idade ao primeiro parto podem ter um efeito relativamente baixo, devido ao amplio efeito ambiental sobre a variação destes dois parâmetros nas populações desta raça.

Methylation-specific PCR analysis in Col8A1 promoter in Creole cattle carrier of rob(1; 29)

Robertsonian translocation (rob(1;29)) is the most frequent structural chromosomal abnormality in cattle. Heterozygous carriers have a normal phenotype but show a 3-5 percent decrease in fertility. Chromatin decondensation was evaluated similar to the inactive X chromosome when submitted to demethylating agent. Based on this result, and the concept that imprinted genes are essential in embryonic development, we decided to query genes located on BTA1 and BTA29 that could undergo genome imprinting. The collagen typeVIII- alpha 1 (Col8A1) acted on extracellular matrix structural proteins. DNA bisulfite conversion and sequentiation methods were used to compare its differential methylation patterns. It was performed on eight Creole cattle DNA blood samples from normal and rob(1;29) carriers. An in silico screening for CpG islands in its promoter uncovered a single region of 454 bp prone to methylation. BiQ-Analizer software was used to show the selective conversion of unmethylated cytosines to uracils obtaining the following results: unmethylated CpGs: 0.000 (0 cases), methylated CpGs: 0.802 (77 cases) and CpGs not present: 0.198 (19 cases). No differences between samples were observed in this highly methylated region. This technique was successfully applied so it is a straightforward methodology that can be utilized to evaluate different tissue associated to specific gene expression.

Polimorfismo demmicrosatelites en individuos de razas de bovino criollo Colombiano / Microsatellites polymorphism in individuals of Colombian Creole Cattle

Se evaluó el polimorfismo de tres sistemas microsatelitales (BMS 527, BMS 4440 y BMS 2113) en 5 razas de ganado bovino criollo colombianas: ROM (Romosinuano), BON (Blanco Orejinegro), CAS (Casanareño), SM (San Martinero) CCC (Costeño con cuernos) y dos razas foráneas: Cebú y Holstein. Se encontraron 38 alelos en 105 individuos estudiados y se reportan alelos únicos para BON, ROM, CCC y CAS. La heterocigosidad esperada total incluidas las dos razas foráneas fue de 0.7228, mientras que la observada osciló entre 0.3511 y 0.7787. Se evidenció desequilibrio de Hardy- Weinberg para algunas razas en dos sistemas microsatélitales, resultado probable de efectos de selección a los cuales las razas criollas y foráneas han estado sujetas. El análisis de diversas distancias genéticas mostró que la raza más distante fue la Cebú en relación a las colombianas y a Holstein y un cluster consistente que agrupa las razas HOL-ROM-CAS. Los análisis de mezcla sugieren que las razas criollas colombianas tienen mayor aporte genético de la raza Holstein (entre un 76 y un 88%) que de Cebú (entre un 8 y un 22 %). Finalmente, se sugiere que el sistema BMS2113, podría ser de utilidad para realizar análisis de paternidad en razas criollas colombianas.

The polymorphism of three microsatellite systems (BMS527, BMS4440 y BMS 2113) was evaluated in 5 Colombian creole breeds: ROM (romosinuano), BON (Blanco orejinegro), CAS (casanareño), SM (San Martinero), CCC (Costeño con cuernos) and two foreign breeds: Cebu and Holstein . Thirty eight alleles in 105 studied individuals were fouund and unique alleles are reported for BON, ROM, CCC and CAS. Total expected heterocigocity which includes the two foreign breeds was 0.7228, where as observed heterocigocity varied between 0.3511 and 0.7787. Hardy/Weinberg desequilibrium was evident in some breeds in two microsatellite systems, as a result, probably of selection effects in creole and foreign breeds. The analysis of several genetic distances showed that the most distant breed was Cebu compared to the Colombian ones and to Holstein , and a cluster that shows HOL-ROM-CAS together. Mixture analysis suggests that Colombian creole breeds have a large genetic contribution from Holstein (between 8 and 22%). Finally we suggest that system BMS2113, could be useful for paternity tests in Colombian creole breeds.

Estudio hematológico y detección de hemoparásitos en caballos criollos venezolanos de dos hatos del Estado Apure, Venezuela / Hematological Study and Detection of Hemoparasites in Venezuelan Creole Horses from two Cattle Ranches, Edo. Apure, Venezuela

Los caballos criollos venezolanos son equinos autóctonos destinados a labores campestres, a los que no se les realiza comúnmente estudios hematológicos y seguimiento de ciertas patologías. Estos ejemplares representan un elemento de trabajo imprescindible para las faenas de arreo, aparte y captura de bovinos destinados a la producción de carne en el país. Las alteraciones hematológicas son un factor adverso para el rendimiento físico de la ganadería caballar en general y pudiera serlo también para equinos del llano venezolano. El propósito de la presente investigación fue establecer el estado hematológico y la presencia de hemoparásitos en caballos criollos venezolanos pertenecientes a dos hatos llaneros de los municipios Muñoz y Achaguas del Edo. Apure. Para ello se muestrearon 137 caballos obteniéndose 3,5 mL de sangre de la vena yugular en tubos con EDTA; la recolección de las muestras se realizó durante los meses de marzo y junio de 2008. Las pruebas realizadas consistieron en la determinación de la concentración de hemoglobina (Hb), porcentaje de hematocrito (Hto), la concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media (CHCM), el recuento de glóbulos blancos (GB) y la fórmula leucocitaria diferencial, así como la determinación de hemoparásitos mediante las técnicas de Woo y frotis de capa blanca. Los resultados obtenidos fueron: Hb: 10,74 ± 4,56 g/dL, Hto: 31,17 ± 9,91%; CHCM: 34,21 ± 1,34%; GB: 16245 ± 6000 / mm³. Los caballos analizados presentaron valores de Hb y Hto disminuidos, CHCM normal, y leucocitosis marcada. Diferencias estadísticamente significativas se encontraron en las variables Hb y Hto en función al sexo (P<0,05). En el diagnóstico de hemoparásitos se observó formas parasitarias de T. evansi (7,3%), B. equi (1,4%) y A. phagocytophilum (32,9%).

Venezuelan creole horses are local species destined to typical farming works which hematological studies and control of certain pathologies are not commonly performed. These horses represent an essential element of work for tasks such as spurring, fetching and capturing bovines destined to beef production in the country. Hematological alterations are one of the main adverse factors to the physical performance of equines and it could be also impacting those horses located in Venezuelan farming areas (Venezuelan Valleys). The purpose of this research was to establish the haematological state and the presence of haemoparasites in Creole Venezuelan horses of two cattle ranches located in Apure State, specifically in Muñoz and Achaguas Municipalities. A total of 137 horses were sampled and 3.5 mL of blood from the jugular vein were taken in tubes with EDTA. Field sampling was performed in March and June 2008. Determinations of hemoglobin concentration (Hb), percentage of hematocrit (Hto), Corpuscular Hemoglobin Average Concentration (CHCM), white blood cells count (GB) and the leukocyte differential formulas were carried out, as well as the determination of haemoparasites by the technique of Woo and Buffy Coat. The results were as followed: Hb: 10.74 ± 4.56 g/dL, Hto: 31.17 ± 9.91%; CHCM 34.21 ± 1.34%; GB: 16245 ± 6000/mm³. Values obtained from analyzed horses’ blood showed decreased Hb and Hto, normal CHCM, and noticeable leucocytosis. Significant statistical differences were found in the variables Hb and Hto as a function of sex (P<0.05). T. evansi (7.3%), B. equi (1.4%) and A. phagocytophilum (32.9%) parasite forms were observed in the diagnosis of hemoparasites.

Frecuencias Alélicas de Beta-lactoglobulina en ganado criollo Limonero / Allelic Frequency of Beta-lactoglobulin in Limonero Creole Cattle

Con el objeto de caracterizar el gen de la beta-lactoglobulina (BLG) en la raza Criollo Limonero, se utilizó la técnica PCR-RFLP en 163 animales puros de la estación local Carrasquero (Carrasquero-estado Zulia), los genotipos fueron determinados a través de electroforesis en geles de agarosa. Las frecuencias obtenidas del locus de la BLG fueron A (0,22) y B (0,78) y las frecuencias genotípicas fueron AA (0,07 ); AB (0,29) y BB (0,64), la población estudiada se encuentra en equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg (P<0,05), los resultados indican que la frecuencia alélica del alelo B fue más alta que la de A, siendo esto importante, ya que se han determinado los efectos de esta variante alélica de la BLG sobre la cantidad de grasa y proteínas en la leche, la selección a favor del alelo B en la población conllevará a una mejora en la calidad y rendimiento en la producción de queso, estos resultados representan un valioso aporte al conocimiento de esta raza y de su importancia, ya que, representa una alternativa para sistemas dirigidos a la producción de queso.

In order to characterize the beta-lactoglobulina gene (BLG) in the Limonero Creole cattle through PCR-RFLP technique, 163 purebreed animals were used from the Carrasquero local station (Carrasquero-Zulia State), genotypes were determined through gel electroforesis in agarosa. Gene and genotypic frequencies obtained were A (0.22) and B (0.78) and AA (0.07), AB (0.24) and BB (0.64) respectively, the population is in equilibrium of Hardy-Weinberg with (P<0.05), the results indicate that the alelic frequency of was more high B but that A, being this important one, since the effects of the variants of the BLG on the amount of fat and proteins in milk have been determined, the selection in favor of allele B in the population will entail to an improvement in the quality and yield in the cheese production, these results represent a valuable contribution the knowledge of this race and its importance, since, represents an alternative for systems directed to the cheese production.