Lesiones por presión: la incidencia en el paciente crítico con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2, en respuesta a la estrategia del decúbito prono durante la pandemia COVID-19 / Pressure lesions: incidence in critical patient with pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2, in response to decubitus prone position during COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: Se suele aplicar en pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 el decúbito prono (DP) prolongadamente, pues ha demostrado beneficios para solventar la falta de equipos de ventilación mecánica; sin embargo, también tiende a producir lesiones por presión (LPP) en regiones anatómicas no experimentadas en otras prácticas. Objetivo: Calcular la incidencia de LPP en el paciente crítico de COVID-19 en DP, describir características de los pacientes y las lesiones. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de carácter transversal con enfoque retrospectivo. La recolección de datos se realizó en un hospital de tercer nivel de la Ciudad de México, incluyó 230 pacientes que desarrollaron LPP posterior a su ingreso. Se analizó el expediente electrónico y los registros de la clínica de heridas, la recolección de datos se generó en Excel y el análisis estadístico en el programa SPSS. Resultados: La incidencia fue de 18.05%, las LPP con esfacelo corresponden al 33.9% y las de necrosis al 40%. La localización anatómica en pabellón auricular, pómulos y tórax fue de 36.1% y 46.5% fueron lesiones de categoría III con afectación de las estructuras musculares. La correlación con el IMC demostró que pacientes con sobrepeso presentaron mayor incidencia de LPP con fibrina y esfacelo en un 60.3%. Limitación del estudio: No se consideraron variables como la carga de trabajo de enfermería. Originalidad: Esta investigación no ha sido postulada previamente en ningún órgano editorial. Conclusiones: La incidencia coincide con estudios en otros países, por lo que es necesario estandarizar las acciones para la prevención de LPP y reducir su incidencia.

Introduction: Prolonged prone decubitus (PD) is usually applied in patients with SARS­CoV­2, as it has shown benefits to solve the lack of mechanical ventilation equipment; however, it also tends to produce pressure injuries (PI) in anatomical regions not experienced in other practices. Objective: To calculate the incidence of PI in the critical patient of COVID-19 in PD, describe patient characteristics and injuries. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study with retrospective approach. Data collection was performed in a tertiary level hospital in Mexico City, including 230 patients who developed PI after admission. The electronic file and wound clinic records were analyzed, data collection was generated in Excel and statistical analysis in the SPSSs program. Results: The incidence was 18.05%, PI with slough corresponded to 33.9% and those with necrosis to 40%. The anatomical location in the pinna, cheekbones and thorax was 36.1% and 46.5% were category III lesions with involvement of muscular structures. Correlation with BMI showed that overweight patients had a higher incidence of PI with fibrin and sphacel in 60.3%. Limitation of the study: variables such as nursing workload were not considered. Originality: This research has not been previously postulated in any editorial body. Conclusions: The incidence coincides with studies in other countries, so it is necessary to standardize actions for the prevention of PI and reduce its incidence.

Estado nutricional de niños en condiciones críticas de ingreso a las unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica / Nutritional status of children in critical condition at admission to pediatric intensive care units

Introducción. En México, la epidemiología del estado nutricional en pediatría ha cambiado. Actualmente, este estado se aprecia mejor cuando los pacientes ingresan a las unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, de noviembre de 2002 a diciembre de 2007, en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Se registraron los datos de la antropometría de los niños a su ingreso a la UTIP. Se calculó el estado nutricional por puntaje Z de índice de masa corporal en <2 años de edad, de acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y de 2 a 18 años, de acuerdo con los Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades. Resultados. Las prevalencias para desnutrición, riesgo de desnutrición, sobrepeso y obesidad para los <2 años de edad fueron de 36.2%, 24.1%, 4.6% y 4.9%, respectivamente, y para los preescolares 24.2%, 22.1%, 9.2% y 7.6%, respectivamente. En escolares, los porcentajes resultaron de 16.1% para desnutrición, 16.8% riesgo de desnutrición, 16.1% sobrepeso y 5.8% obesidad. En adolescentes, 16.2%, 16.9%, 15.6% y 2.1%, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Las enfermedades de riesgo, como la desnutrición, continúan presentes en los niños que ingresan a las unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Sin embargo, otras enfermedades emergentes, como el sobrepeso y la obesidad, presentan una frecuencia alta. Esto muestra que el panorama epidemiológico de niños con enfermedades graves no es muy distinto al de la población general.

Background. In Mexico the epidemiology of the nutritional status of pediatric patients has changed. Currently, nutritional diseases are better appreciated when patients are admitted to the pediatric intensive care units. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted from November 2002 to December 2007 in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. We recorded anthropometric data of children upon admission to the PICU. Nutritional status was calculated according to Z-score of body mass index in children <2 years of age according to the World Health Organization and in children 2-18 years of age according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results. Prevalence of malnutrition, risk of malnutrition, overweight and obesity for children <2 years of age was 36.2%, 24.1%, 4.6% y 4.9%, respectively, and for preschool-age children was 24.2%, 22.1%, 9.2% and 7.6%, respectively. For school-age children, the percentages were 16.1% for malnutrition, 16.8% risk for malnutrition, 16.1% overweight, and 5.8% for obesity. In adolescents these values were 16.2%, 16.9%, 15.6% and 2.1%, respectively, for malnutrition, risk of malnutrition, overweight and obesity. Conclusions. Risk for diseases such as malnutrition continues to be present in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units. However, other emerging diseases such as overweight and obesity have a high frequency. This shows that the epidemiological situation of children with serious illnesses is not very different from the general population.

Morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes egresados de la unidad de cuidados intensivos de Contramaestre durante un bienio / Morbidity and mortality in patients discharged from the intensive care unit in Contramaestre during a biennium i:en

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 550 pacientes en estado crítico, ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente "Orlando Pantoja Tamayo" de Contramaestre en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, durante el bienio 2010-2011, con vistas a determinar la morbilidad y mortalidad en ellos mediante algunas variables clinicoepidemiológicas de interés: edad, sexo, estado al egreso, aplicación de ventilación mecánica, estadía, diagnósticos principales, entre otras. En la casuística se obtuvo predominio de los hombres, la ancianidad y el infarto agudo del miocardio. En general, la mortalidad no fue elevada, excepto en los afectados por enfermedades cerebrovasculares, con estadía prolongada, y en los que recibieron ventilación mecánica invasiva, aunque el índice de ventilación fue relativamente bajo.

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 550 patients in critical condition, admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of "Orlando Pantoja Tamayo" General Teaching Hospital of Contramaestre in Santiago de Cuba province during 2010-2011, in order to determine the morbidity and mortality in them by means of some clinical and epidemiological variates of interest: age, sex, status at discharge, mechanical ventilation, hospital stay, main diagnoses, among others. There were prevalence of males, old age and acute myocardial infarction in the case material. Overall, the mortality was not high, except for those affected by cerebrovascular diseases with long stay, and for those receiving invasive mechanical ventilation, although the ventilation rate was relatively low.

Inflammation and hyponatremia: an underrecognized condition? / 소아과

Timely diagnosis of hyponatremia is important for preventing potential morbidity and mortality as it is often an indicator of underlying disease. The most common cause of eurvolemic hyponatremia is the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion. Recent studies have demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 1beta and IL-6 are involved in the development of hyponatremia, a condition that is associated with severe inflammation and is related to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. Serum sodium levels in hyponatremia are inversely correlated with the percentage of neutrophils, C-reactive protein, and N-terminal-pro brain type natriuretic peptide. Additionally, elevated levels of serum IL-6 and IL-1beta are found in inflammatory diseases, and their levels are higher in patients with hyponatremia. Because it is significantly correlated with the degree of inflammation in children, hyponatremia could be used as a diagnostic marker of pediatric inflammatory diseases. Based on available evidence, we hypothesize that hyponatremia may be associated with inflammatory diseases in general. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for augmented ADH secretion during inflammation, monitoring patient sodium levels, and selecting the appropriate intravenous fluid treatment are important components that may lower the morbidity and mortality of patients in a critical condition.

Percepción de los estudiantes de la especialización en enfermeras sobre tutpría clínica en áreas críticas / Perception of the students of the specialization in nurses on clinical tutpría in critical areas / Percepção dos estudantes da especialização em enfermeiros em tutpría clínica em áreas críticas

La presente investigación es un acercamiento al fenómeno de la tutoría clínica en áreas críticas, el objetivo fue analizar la percepción que tienen los estudiantes de la especialización en enfermería que realizan prácticas en áreas críticas respecto a la forma que se lleva a cabo y la función que cumple la tutoría. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa en el marco dela fenomenología interpretativa. Para la obtención de datos se diseñó una entrevista semi estructurada con preguntas tema, se aplicó a seis estudiantes que cursaron el segundo semestre de la especialización en enfermería del adulto en estado crítico. El análisis de datos se realizó de acuerdo al análisis de contenido; surgieron cinco categorías: percepción del estudiante, fortalezas y debilidades vividas, mediación para el aprendizaje, entorno situacional de la tutoría y función y finalidad. La percepción del estudiante permitió identificar los aciertos y faltas en la dinámica establecida en este proceso: correlacionado con lo revisado en la literatura se cumplen los objetivos del estudio por lo que se considera que la tutoría clínica es el proceso pedagógico que contribuye a la formación de especialistas en enfermería, los conocimientos y actividades que logran vincular de acuerdo a su función forman un plan programado orientado a apoyar y asesorar el proceso de aprendizaje, indispensable en determinados momentos o en situaciones específicas de la práctica clínica.

This research is an approach to the phenomenon of clinical tutoring in critical care, the objetive was to analyze the students´ perception of specialization in nursing who practice in critical care as to how that is donde and the role meets tutoring. This is a qualitative research within the framework of interpreve phenomenology. To obtain design data is a semi-structured interview with questions theme was applied to six students who completed the second half of specialization in Adult Nursing in critical condition. Data analysis was performed according to content analysis, five categorires emerged: Perceptions of student strengths and weaknesses experienced, mediation for learning, situational environment of mentoring and role and purpose. The perception of the student identified the successes and failures in the dynamics established in this process correlated with the literatura reviewed in compliance with the objectives of the study so it is considered that the clinical mentoring is the pedagogical process that contributes to the formation of nurse specialists, knowledge and activities that link does according to its function and form of a plkan designed to support an assist the learning process, essential at certain time or in specific situations, in cllinical practice.

Esta pesquisa é uma abordagem ao fenômeno de tutoria clínica em áreas críticas, o objetivo foi analisar a percepção dos estudantes que se formam nas práticas de desempenho de enfermagem em áreas críticas a respeito de como ele é realizado e função ele conhece a tutoria. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa no âmbito da fenomenologia interpretativa. Para coleta de dados a entrevista semi-estruturada com perguntas destinadas tema, seis estudantes que tenham concluído no segundo semestre de especialização em enfermagem gravemente doente adulto foi aplicado. A análise dos dados foi realizada de acordo com a análise de conteúdo; Eles emergiram cinco categorias: percepção dos pontos fortes e fracos dos alunos experientes, a mediação para a aprendizagem, ambiente situacional mentoring e função e finalidade. A percepção do aluno identificou os sucessos e fracassos nas dinâmicas estabelecidas neste processo correlacionado com objetivos do estudo da literatura revista por isso é considerado que a orientação clínica é o processo pedagógico que contribui para a formação de met especialistas de enfermagem, conhecimentos e atividades que não conseguem ligar a sua função de acordo com um plano programado são projetados para apoiar e aconselhar o processo de aprendizagem, que é essencial em determinados momentos ou em situações específicas de prática clínica.

The relationship between the blood glucose level and critical illness in children / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical features and prognosis of hyperglycemia and the relationship between the blood glucose level and the severity of disease in critically ill children.Methods A total of 349 critically ill children admitted in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) from November 2009 to April 2010 were restrospectively analyzed.According to the levels of venous blood glucose within 24 h after admission,they were divided into very high level group (blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L,n =67 ),slightly high level group (blood glucose 6.3-11.1 mmol/L,n =134) and normal level group (blood glucose ≤6.3mmol/L,n =148).Blood glucose levels were measured within 24 hours,3 days and 7 days after admission.Electrolytes,inflammatory markers,cardiac enzymes,liver and kidney function as well as other biomarkers related to the severity and the prognosis of the patients were recorded after admission.The categorical variables were analyzed with Chi -squared test,the continuous variables were analyzed with t-test,F-test,U-test andH-test,and the correlation analysis was calculated by using Pearson Coefficients. Results In the very high level group,slightly high level group and normal level group,the average blood glucose levels were 16.98 ±7.08 mmol/L,8.25 ± 1.40 mmol/L and 4.89 ± 0.98 mmol/L ( P ＜ 0.01 ),respectively;and the Pediatric Critical Ⅲ Scores at admission were 81.22 ± 8.25,86.71 ± 6.40 and 86.15 ± 6.99 ( P ＜0.01 ),respectively,and the incidences of sepsis or septic shock were 55.23％,30.59％ and 14.18％,respectively (P ＜0.01 ),and the incidences of MODS were 46.26％,22.39％ and 16.23％,respectively (P ＜0.01 ).The blood glucose levels of patients with one organ failure and two organ failure were 8.27 ± 3.75 mmol/L and 8.88 ± 5.42 mmol/L,respectively ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The blood glucose levels of patients with two organ failure and multiple organ failure were 8.88 ± 5.42 mmol/L and 13.09 ± 8.23 mmol/L,respectively (P＜0.01).The mortality rates of three groups were 47.76％,14.93％ and 10.13％ (P ＜0.01 ),and the blood glucose levels at admission in survival group and death group were 7.57 ±4.11 mmol/L and 12.46 ± 8.17 mmol/L ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions Patients with hyperglycemia are often found in the PICU.It not only partially reflects the severity of the disease,but also serves as an important indicator for the prognosis.The blood glucose level is positively correlated to the number of compromised organs and the severity of the disease.Dynamic monitoring of blood glucose may be essential for controlling the symptoms and prediction of prognosis.

Educación, Bioética y toma de decisiones éticas en unidades de cuidado intensivo / Education, bioehhics and ethical decision making in intensive care units

En el mundo médico, las decisiones del personal de Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo (UCI), Influyen tanto de manera positiva como negativa en el entorno de un paciente y su familia. El personal de salud que está vinculado al cuidado del paciente en UCI, debe ser capaz de resolver y tomar decisiones que son trascendentales para el futuro de una persona que se encuentra entre la vida y la muerte. A pesar de esta obligación moral y profesional, no existe un consenso ampliamente conocido para la toma de decisiones, que facilite al personal afrontar la situación de un paciente en estado crítico. Razón por la cual la educación universitaria en bioética es de vital Importancia, para la formación de profesionales competentes, libre pensadores con responsabilidad social, que actúen como defensores y promotores de la vida.

In the medical world, decisions of staff of Intensive Care Unit, both in a positive and negative way, may affect the patient's environment and family. The health team in charge of the patient care in critical condition should be, able to make decisions important for the future of someone who is between life and death. Despite this moral and professional duty, there is no consensus widely known for decision-making, to provide the staff means to deal this situation, a patient in critical condition. For that reason bioethics education performs vital importance for the training of competent professionals, thinkers open to social responsibility, acting as defenders and promoters of life.