A Soybean Straw Cultivation Medium for Armillaria gallica and Optimal Composition / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the feasibility of replacing wood （or wood chips） with crop residues for culturing <italic>Armillaria gallica</italic> targeting the problems of forest resource destruction and increased cultivation cost caused by the extensive use of wood in <italic>Gastrodia elata</italic> cultivation， so as to reduce the cultivation cost of <italic>G. elata</italic>， promote the effective use of crop residues， and protect forest resources. Method:The growth situation of <italic>A. gallica</italic> in different media was observed， followed by the measurement of its growth rate using streaking method and the determination of total polysaccharide content of <italic>A. gallica</italic> by phenol-concentrated sulfuric acid colorimetric method. In order to further optimize the soybean straw cultivation medium， we carried out a four-factor three-level L₉（3⁴） orthogonal assay on the ratio of main ingredients， sucrose content， inorganic salt content， and water content. Result:The comparison of growing states of <italic>A. gallica</italic> cultured in different media revealed that <italic>A. gallica</italic> in soybean straw medium began to grow since the fourth day of inoculation， and the mycelium grew well， with the growth rate being 0.352 cm·d^-1， which was 1.48 times that in birch wood medium. The total polysaccharide content of <italic>A. gallica</italic> cultured in soybean straw medium was the highest， which was 39.260 mg·g^-1， much higher than 17.028 mg·g^-1 of that cultured in birch wood medium. This demonstrated the obvious advantage of soybean straw medium， whose main ingredients were soybean straw and wheat bran at the ratio of 8：2， with the sucrose and inorganic salt content accounting for 1% and 0.5% of the main ingredients， respectively. When the water content reached 50%， the growth rate of <italic>A. gallica</italic> was maintained at 0.392 cm·d^-1. Conclusion:This study has provided a basis for utilizing soybean straw instead of wood （or wood chips） as cultivation medium for <italic>A. gallica</italic>， thus better reducing the waste of forest resources and protecting the natural environment in the cultivation of <italic>G. elata</italic>.

Productivity Enhancement of Kharif Rice Through Introduction of Pre Kharif Crops in Rice Based Cropping System.

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Naira on sandy clay loam soil during pre kharif and kharif 2012-2013. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design, with four replications and seven cropping systems. Sunnhemp, greengram, blackgram, sesame, clusterbean and bhendi during pre kharif and rice during kharif were tried. Incorporation of different pre kharif crop residues significantly altered the growth and development of kharif rice. The results indicated that crop residue incorporation of sunnhemp recorded significantly higher growth parameters, yield attributes, yield (6501 kg ha-1) and nutrient uptake of kharif rice while lowest was recorded with that of fallow (4125 kg ha-1). Economics of rice was also observed with sunnhemp crop residue incorporation.

Efeito de restos da cultura do abacaxizeiro e de agrobio na fauna do solo / Effect of residues of pineaplle plant and agrobio in the soil fauna

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de restos culturais de abacaxizeiro (Ananas comosus L.) 'Smooth Cayenne' na fauna de artrópodes,em cultivos em campo. As mudas, do tipo filhote, foram plantadas no mês de junho, em um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, que recebeu 0, 30 e 60t/ha de restos de abacaxizeiro, aplicados superficialmente e incorporados a 10cm de profundidade, com e sem a adição do biofertilizante-Agrobio10 por cento (v/v). Foram coletadas amostras a 05 cm de profundidade aos 90, 210, 330 e 450 dias após a aplicação dos resíduos. Identificou-se, durante os 15 meses de avaliações, o predomínio de Acari e Collembola. A maior densidade de animais foi observada na primeira amostragem, aos 90 dias após a adição dos restos. No entanto, diferenças na abundância da fauna de solo só foram observadas, 330 dias após a adição dos resíduos.

This study was conducted under field conditions, in order to determine the effect of pineapple crop (Ananas comosus L.) residues on the edaphic arthropod fauna. Slips were planted in June, in Red-Yellow Latossol , with crop residues in amounts of 0, 30 and 60 t/ha, placed on the surface or tilled under 10cm, with and without 10 percent (v/v) Agrobio biofertilizer applied along with the residues and sprayed monthly at 3 percent (v/v) two months after planting. Soil samples were collected from the top 5.0 cm of soil at 90, 210, 330 and 450 days after the application of residues. Over 15 months, the predominance of Acari and Collembolan was observed. The highest density of animals was observed in the first sample, at 90 days after the addition of residues. Nevertheless, differences in soil fauna abundance between treatments were not detected until 330 days after soil management with crop residues.

Carbono e frações granulométricas da matéria orgânica do solo sob sistemas de produção orgânica / Carbon and granulometry fractions of soil organic matter under organic production system

Os resultados do fracionamento granulométrico da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) podem contribuir para o entendimento da sua dinâmica em áreas com sistemas de manejo orgânico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as frações granulométricas da MOS e o carbono orgânico total em áreas submetidas a manejo orgânico sob diferentes sistemas de uso do solo. As áreas selecionadas apresentavam os seguintes sistemas: preparo convencional (PC, milho/feijão), plantio direto (PD, beringela/milho), consórcio maracujá - Desmodium sp, uma área cultivada com figo e um sistema agroflorestal (SAF). As amostras de solo foram coletadas em duas profundidades (0-5 e 5-10cm) e duas épocas (verão - 17 de novembro de 2005 e inverno - 23 de junho de 2006-). Foi medido o carbono orgânico total (COT), calculado seu estoque e realizado o fracionamento granulométrico da MOS, obtendo-se o carbono orgânico particulado (COp) e o carbono orgânico associado aos minerais (COam). As áreas com figo e beringela/milho apresentaram os maiores teores de COT e estoques de COT na estação do verão. No inverno, os sistemas com rotação de culturas (PD e PC) foram mais eficientes no estoque de COT que os demais sistemas avaliados. Maiores variações foram observadas nos teores de COT na profundidade de 5-10cm, decorrentes dos sistemas de manejo adotados. Pelos valores de COp foi possível identificar diferenças entre todos os sistemas de uso avaliados na estação do verão e na profundidade de 0-5cm, destacando-se a área em plantio direto com os maiores valores, nas duas estações. O COp mostrou-se mais eficiente que o COT no verão para evidenciar diferenças entre os sistemas avaliados na profundidade de 0-5cm. As diferenças observadas entre os sistemas de manejo para o COam foram atribuídas ao uso constante da adubação orgânica.

The soil organic matter (SOM) granulometry fractioning can contribute to the understanding of the SOM dynamics in areas under organic production systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the granulometry fractions of SOM and total organic carbon in areas with organic management systems and under different soil usages. The selected areas presented the following systems: conventional tillage (CT, corn/beans), no tillage (NT, eggplant/corn), passion fruit and Desmodium sp consortium, fig grove, and agroforest system (AFS). Soil samples were taken in two depths (0-5 and 5-10cm) and two periods of the year (17/11/2005 - summer and 23/06/2006 - winter). The total organic carbon (TOC) was evaluated, and calculated the TOC stocks. The SOM was granulometrically fractioned, obtaining the particulate organic carbon (POC) and organic carbon associated to minerals (OCam). The fig grove and eggplant/corn areas presented the highest TOC and TOC stocks in the summer season. In the winter the crop rotation (NT and CT) systems were more efficient in the stocking of TOC that the other systems. There were observed highest TOC variations in the 5-10cm depth, resulting from the management systems adopted. From the POC values it was possible to identify differences among all systems evaluated, in the summer season and in the 0-5cm depth, standing out the area with no tillage, which showed the highest values, in the two seasons. The POC was more efficient than the TOC, in the summer, to evidence differences among the evaluated soil usage systems, in the 0-5cm depth. The differences observed among the production systems for OCam were attributed to the constant usage of organic manure.