Levantamento transversal da relação do índice de placa com o grau de escolaridade, idade e frequência do uso do fio dental e escova em pacientes de 31 a 69 anos de idade / The relationship of plaque index, educational degree, age, and frequency of dental fl oss in patients from 31 to 69 years-old ­ a cross-sectional study

Objetivo: estudar o índice de placa e a sua correlação com a técnica de higiene empregada, com o grau de escolaridade, idade, frequência e o conhecimento sobre a higiene oral. Material e métodos: em uma amostra da população da cidadede Divinópolis/MG, foi aplicado um questionário específico sobre os hábitos de higiene oral. O exame clínico foi realizado com sonda milimetrada, e a placa evidenciada pelo corante. Todos os pacientes foram divididos em quatro faixas etárias e receberam reforço na higiene oral. As possíveis associações entre os critérios foram investigadas com o teste Qui-quadrado. Resultados: 216 pacientes (86 homens, 130 mulheres) foram incluídos. No total, 5.853 dentes e 23.412 faces foram analisados. O nível de placa variou de 54,29% (60-69 anos) a 60,10% (40-49 anos), e as faces interproximais foram as mais coradas (83,27%). Um total de 140 pacientes não tinha realizado tratamento periodontal prévio; dos 76 pacientes com tratamento prévio, 34 não haviam sido instruídos sobre a higiene oral. Metade dos pacientes relatou usar a escova dental três vezes ao dia; 1/3 dos pacientes usavam o fio dental duas vezes e estavam no ensino médio. Conclusão: 1) há necessidade de uma campanha maciça sobre a importância da escova dental e do fio dental, e como usá-los; 2) os menores índices de placa estão nos indivíduos de grau superior; 3) as faces proximais coradas confirmam a falta de uso do fio dental, principalmente nos pacientes que foram submetidos ao tratamento periodontal, por ausência de informação profissional.

Objective: to study the plaque index and possible correlations with oral hygiene, educational levels, age, and frequency of dental flossing. Material and methods: a patient sample from Divinopolis/MG received an appropriate questionnaire survey regarding their oral hygiene habits. The clinical exam was made with a periodontal probe and a disclosing agent. All patients were divided according to 4 age conditions and receive further oral instructions. Possible associations were investigated with the Chi-square method. Results: 216 patients (86 men, 130 women) were included. Overall, 5,852 teeth and 23,412 surfaces were examined. Plaque levels varied from 54.29% (60-69 years) to 60.10% (40-49 years), being most prevalent at the proximal surfaces (83.27%). 140 patients did not have previous periodontal treatment; from 76 patients under active periodontal treatment, 34 had no oral hygiene instructions. Half of the patients reported the use of toothbrushing 3 times a day; 1/3 of patients reported flossing twice a day. Conclusion: 1) a massive campaign is needed to underscore the importance of oral hygiene and dental floss, 2) the lowest plaque scores were observed in people with higher education, 3) the proximal surfaces confirmed the lack of dental floss, particularly in patients under periodontal treatment due to the lack of professional information.

Investigation and analysis of psychological health status in the primary caregivers of schizophrenia patients in agricultural and pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To understand the psychological health status and related factors in the primary caregivers of schizophrenia patients in Inner Mongolia,in order to provide empirical basis for nursing care.Methods A sample of 264 chronic schizophrenia patients and their primary caregivers,and 260 local normal individuals were selected according to random cluster sampling.The Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS)were used to evaluate the psychological health status.Symptom severity was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).Results The total SCL-90 score of caregivers of patients was higher than that of local normal individuals,especially the scores of somatization,interpersonal sensitivity,depression,anxiety,hostility,and paranoid ideation were higher than those of local normal individuals.Multiple regression analysis showed that caregivers' sex,caregivers' age,duration of illness,positive symptomatology,negative symptomatology and social support were significant predictors of caregivers' psychological health status.Conclusions The primary caregivers of patients with schizophrenia have worse mental health.Health care professionals should pay close attention to psychological health status in the primary caregivers and provide continuous individualized services,and thereby to improve the primary caregiver' psychological health status.

Dependencia a la nicotina en Bucaramanga, Colombia: prevalencia y factores de riesgo / Nicotine dependence in Bucaramanga, Colombia: prevalence and risk factors

Antecedentes: La dependencia a la nicotina (DN) es la dependencia más frecuente en la población general colombiana; sin embargo, a la fecha no se conocen los factores asociados.Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a DN en adultos del área urbana de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Método: Se diseñó un estudio poblacional transversal para estudiar una muestra probabilística de personas entre 18 y 65 años. La DN se determinó en fumadores diarios durante el último mes con la escala de Etter para dependencia al cigarrillo (CDS), con un punto de corte de 30/60. Mediante regresión logística se ajustaron las variables asociadas.Resultados: Participaron 2.496 personas con edad promedio de 38,0 años (DE=13,5), 69,7% mujeres. Un total de 250 (10,0%) personas informaron consumo diario de cigarrillo; de este grupo, 154 (61,6%) presentaron DN. La prevalencia ajustada de DN en la población global fue 5,6%. La DN fue más frecuente en varones (3,0; IC95% 2,0-4,4), en personas con menor escolaridad (OR=1,1; (IC95% 1,0-1,1), en personas empleadas (OR=1,5; IC95% 1,0-2,2), en residentes en estrato bajo (OR=1,7; IC95% 1,2-2,4), en consumidores diarios de café (OR=2,8; IC95% 1,9-4,1), en presencia de consumo abusivo de alcohol (OR=4,1; IC95% 2,4-7,2) y quienes informaron trastornos mentales comunes (OR=3,5; IC95% 2,3-5,1).Conclusiones: La prevalencia de DN es alta en la población general de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Dos tercios de los fumadores diarios presentan DN. La DN se asocia a consumo diario de café, consumo abusivo de alcohol y la presencia de trastornos mentales comunes.

Prevalência de sintomas depressivos, ansiosos e estresse em acadêmicos de medicina / Prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety and stress in medical students

Objetivo: Considera-se a formação médica como um momento de estresse, tornando os estudantes de medicina vulneráveis a transtornos psiquiátricos como depressão e ansiedade. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e ansiosos em estudantes de uma escola pública medicina, do primeiro ao sexto ano. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, observacional de uma amostra representativa de estudantes de medicina do primeiro ao sexto ano, regularmente matriculados. Foram utilizados no presente estudo um questionário sócio demográfico, o Inventário Beck de Depressão (IBD) e o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE), e, para verificar diferenças estatisticamente significativas (testar hipóteses) foi utilizada a ANOVA seguida (quando significativas) com os testes Scheffe, Tukey ou Fischer. Resultados: O grupo estudado caracterizou-se por ser predominantemente do gênero feminino (56,5%) com idade entre 17 e 26 anos (95,5%). Na avaliação da manifestação depressiva com a utilização do IBD, obteve-se um escore médio de 9,08 (delta = 6,7). E na avaliação da manifestação de ansiedade com a utilização IDATE obteve-se para o conceito ansiedadetraço o escore médio de 46,1 pontos (delta = 6,0), e, para o conceito ansiedadeestado escore médio de 46,25 pontos (delta = 5,37). Quando estratificado por ano, o terceiro ano do curso obteve o maior escore médio no IBD com 10,1 pontos (delta = 8,0). E, o segundo e o terceiro ano do curso obtiveram o maior escore médio no IDATE (traço) com 46,7 pontos (delta = 6,0 e delta = 6,2 respectivamente), e o segundo ano, no IDATE (estado), obteve o maior escore médio com 47,1 pontos (delta = 5,5). As associações do ano do curso com os escores do IBD se mostraram estatisticamente significativa (p=0,06). E, as associações do ano do curso com os escores do IDATE, nos conceito traço e estado, não se mostraram estatisticamente significativa (p=0,45). As associações do gênero com os escores...

Objective: It is considered medical training as a time of stress, making medical students vulnerable to psychiatric disorders like depression and anxiety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in students of a public school medicine, first to sixth year. Method: This is a cross-sectional, observational study of a representative sample of medical students from first to sixth years, regularly registered. Used in this study were a demographic questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI), and to verify statistically significant differences (test hypotheses) was used ANOVA followed (where significant) with Scheffe tests, Tukey or Fisher. Results: The group studied was characterized by being predominantly female (56.5%) aged between 17 and 26 years (95.5%). In assessing the manifestation of depression using the BDI, we obtained an average score of 9.08 (delta=6.7). In the assessment of the manifestation of anxiety with the STAI was obtained using the concept for the trait anxiety mean score of 46.1 points (delta=6.0), and the concept for state-anxiety mean score of 46.25 points (delta=5.37). When stratified by year, the third year of the course had the highest average score with 10.1 points in IBD (delta=8.0). And the second and third years of the course had the highest average score on the STAI (trait) with 46.7 points (delta=6.0 and delta=6.2 respectively), and the second year in STAI (state), obtained the highest average score with 47.1 points (delta=5.5). The associations of years of travel with the BDI scores were statistically significant (p=0.06). And the associations of years of travel with the scores of the STAI, trait and state the concept, not statistically significant (p=0.45). The associations of gender with BDI and STAI scores were statistically significant (p=0.05). Also in relation to the results of questions about suicidal ideation...

Comportamientos de riesgo para la salud en adolescentes estudiantes: prevalencia y factores asociados / Risks behaviors for health in young students: prevalence and associated factors

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con la presencia de un patrón de comportamiento de riesgo para la salud (PCRS) en adolescentes estudiantes de un colegio público de Cartagena (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Estudiantes entre 13 y 19 años de edad diligenciaron un cuestionario anónimo, durante el segundo semestre de 2005, con preguntas sobre consumo de cigarrillo durante el último mes, consumo de alguna sustancia ilegal alguna vez en la vida, horas diarias dedicadas a ver televisión, días dedicados a una actividad física aeróbica, relaciones sexuales antes de los 13 años, el cuestionario CAGE para consumo abusivo de alcohol, el cuestionario SCOFF para trastornos de conducta alimentaria, la escala de Zung para depresión y la escala de Francis de actitud frente al cristianismo. Informar tres o más de estos comportamientos se consideró PCRS. Mediante regresión logística se controlaron factores de confusión. Resultados: La edad promedio del grupo fue 14,8 años (DE=1,6), 51,3 % varones y escolaridad promedio de 8,5 años (DE=1,6). El 21,2 % (IC95 % 17,6-24,8) presentaba un PCRS. Se observó que los síntomas depresivos con importancia clínica (OR=2,74; IC95 % 1,46-5,16), ser varón (OR=2,35; IC95 % 1,47-3,78) y baja religiosidad (OR=1,93; IC95 % 1,24-3,02) se asociaban significativamente al PCRS. Conclusiones: EL PCRS se presenta en uno de cada cinco estudiantes de esta institución y está asociado a síntomas depresivos con importancia clínica, sexo masculino y baja religiosidad...

Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with a health risk behaviors pattern (HRBP) among adolescent students of a public school at Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and Methods: Students at ages between 13 and 19 year-olds completed, during the second semester in the year 2005, an anonymous questionnaire, about last-month cigarette smoking, ever illegal drug use, daily hours for watching television, number of days for aerobical physical activity, sexual intercourse before 13 years, the CAGE questionnaire for alcohol use, the SCOFF questionnaire for eating disorders, the Zung’ self-report rating scale for depression, and the Francis scale of attitude towards Christianity. Reporting three or more health risk behaviors was classified as a HRBP. A logistic regression model was computed for controlling confounding factors. Results: The mean age of group was 14,8 years (SD=1,6), 51,3 % were boys, and the mean scholarship was 8,5 years (SD=1,6). A percentage of 21,2 % (95 % CI 17,6-24,8) presented a HRBP. Reporting clinically significant depressive symptoms (OR=2,74; 95 % CI 1,46- 5,16), being male (OR=2,35; 95 % CI 1,47-3,78) and low attitude towards Christianity were associated (OR=1,93; 95 % CI 1,24-3,02) with PHRB. Conclusions: The HRBP is present in one out of five adolescent students of this school, and it is related to clinically significant depressive symptoms, male sex, and low attitude towards Christianity...

Current Status of Violence in the Emergency Centers: Frequency and Management

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to describe the current status of violence in emergency departments (ED) in Korea, especially in the aspect of frequency and management. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey of 60 academic emergency departments was performed. The questionnaires were posted to the chief resident physicians of emergency medicine. RESULTS: Thirty-three EDs (55%) responded to the survey questionnaire. The responders were experienced 18.4 verbal insults, 5.5 physical threats, 0.4 threats by weapon, 1.8 physical violences and 3.3 facility damages per 100,000 patients in a month. All kinds of violence occurred more frequently in the ED which annual census was less than 30,000. The current coping strategies for violence were video surveillance (93.9%), security personnel (75.8%), access control (36.4%), and educational programs (18.2%). The rate of threat by weapon and facility damage was significantly lower in the ED having security personnel. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that ED violence occurred frequently. The rate of violence of the ED having high annual census was more higher, because violence events may be suppressed by security personnel.