Rendimiento del sistema Bethesda en el diagnóstico citopatológico del nódulo tiroideo en un centro universitario (Hospital de Clínicas) de Uruguay, diez años de experiencia / Performance of the Bethesda SYSTEM in the cytopathological diagnosis of the thyroid nodule in a university center (Hospital de Clínicas) in Uruguay, ten years of experience / Desempenho do sistema Bethesda no diagnóstico citopatológico de nódulos tireoidianos em um centro universitário (Hospital de Clínicas) no Uruguai, dez anos de experiencia

Resumen: Introducción: el estudio citológico por punción ecoguiada se caracteriza por ser rápido, confiable, mínimamente invasivo y rentable. Permite reducir procedimientos quirúrgicos innecesarios y clasifica apropiadamente a los pacientes con nódulos sospechosos o malignos para una intervención quirúrgica oportuna. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la correlación citológica-anatomopatológica del sistema Bethesda en un centro universitario (Hospital de Clínicas) de Uruguay. Metodología: se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, retrospectivo, descriptivo, basado el análisis de historias clínicas de pacientes sometidos a cirugía tiroidea en el Hospital de Clínicas, en el período comprendido entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2018. Resultados: del total inicial de 119 pacientes, 93 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El rango de edad de la muestra fue entre 15 y 79 años. Del total de puncionados 49,5% (46) fueron informados como benignos y 50,5% (47) como malignos. Se calculó en forma global una sensibilidad de 96% (0,96) con IC 1,0-0,90, especificidad de 98% (0,97) con IC 1,0-0,93, un VPP de 98% y VPN de 96%. La sensibilidad diagnóstica para la categoría IV, V y VI fue de 96%, con una especificidad de 100, 94 y 100% respectivamente. Conclusiones: el sistema Bethesda aplicado a las PAAF de nódulos tiroideos potencia la certeza diagnóstica y asiste en la decisión terapéutica. En nuestra institución contamos con una buena correlación citopatológica, similar a otros trabajos reportados en la literatura, lo que permite predecir adecuadamente el riesgo de malignidad y facilitar la toma de decisiones.

Summary: Introduction: the ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) study is characterized by being fast, reliable, minimally invasive, and cost-effective. It reduces unnecessary surgical procedures and appropriately classifies patients with suspicious or malignant nodules for timely surgical intervention. Objective: the objective of this study is to evaluate the cytological-pathological correlation of the Bethesda System in a university center (Hospital de Clínicas) in Uruguay. Methodology: an observational, retrospective, descriptive study was carried out, based on the analysis of medical records of patients undergoing thyroid surgery at the Hospital de Clínicas, in the period between January 2008 and December 2018. Results: of the initial total of 119 patients, 93 met the inclusion criteria. The age range of the sample was between 15 and 79 years. Of the total of punctured, 49.5% (46) were reported as benign and 50.5% (47) as malignant. A sensitivity of 96% (0.96) with CI 1.0-0.90, specificity of 98% (0.97) with CI 1.0-0.93, a PPV of 98% and NPV of 96%. The diagnostic sensitivity for categories IV, V and VI was 96% with a specificity of 100, 94 and 100% respectively. Conclusions: the Bethesda system applied to FNA of thyroid nodules enhances diagnostic certainty and assists in the therapeutic decision. In our institution we have a good cytopathological correlation, similar to other works reported in the literature. This makes it possible to adequately predict the risk of malignancy and facilitate decision-making.

Resumo: Introdução: o estudo citológico por punção guiada por ultrassom caracteriza-se por ser rápido, confiável, minimamente invasivo e de baixo custo. Permite reduzir procedimentos cirúrgicos desnecessários e classificar adequadamente pacientes com nódulos suspeitos ou malignos para intervenção cirúrgica oportuna. Objetivo: avaliar a correlação citológico-patológica do Sistema Bethesda em um centro universitário (Hospital de Clínicas) no Uruguai. Metodologia: foi realizado um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, descritivo, baseado na análise de prontuários de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de tireoide no Hospital de Clínicas, no período janeiro de 2008-dezembro de 2018. Resultados: do total inicial de 119 pacientes, 93 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A faixa etária da amostra foi entre 15 e 79 anos. Do total de punções, 49,5% (46) foram relatadas como benignas e 50,5% (47) como malignas. No geral, uma sensibilidade de 96% (0,96) com IC 1,0-0,90, uma especificidade de 98% (0,97) com IC 1,0-0,93, um VPP de 98% e VPN de 96%. A sensibilidade diagnóstica para as categorias IV, V e VI foi de 96% com especificidade de 100, 94 e 100%, respectivamente. Conclusões: o sistema Bethesda aplicado à PAAF de nódulos tireoidianos aumenta a certeza diagnóstica e auxilia na decisão terapêutica. Em nossa instituição temos uma boa correlação citopatológica, semelhante a outros trabalhos relatados na literatura. Isso permite prever adequadamente o risco de malignidade e facilitar a tomada de decisão.

O rastreamento do câncer de colo de útero no contexto da expansão da Estratégia de Saúde da Família no município do Rio de Janeiro / Cervical cancer screening in the context of the expansion of the Family Health Strategy in the city of Rio de Janeiro

O presente estudo busca correlacionar o rastreamento do câncer de colo do útero através do número de coletas de exames citopatológicos preventivos do câncer de colo de útero com a expansão da Atenção Básica no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Foi possível perceber que devido ao aumento do investimento na expansão das equipes e cobertura da atenção básica na cidade do Rio de Janeiro houve uma correlação com o aumento dos exames no período de 2008 a 2016. Em contrapartida no período de 2016 houve redução dos exames, no mesmo período que houve cortes de equipes, greves e posteriormente a pandemia. Foram sugeridos alguns fatores que podem interferir ao não alcance do indicador preconizado no município do Rio de Janeiro como a necessidade de qualificação de profissionais na coleta dos exames, qualificação dos laboratórios que fazem análise dos exames, aprimoramento nos registros dessas informações nos prontuários eletrônicos. Necessitando ainda de ampliação do acesso, completude das equipes, redução das vacâncias. Concluindo que de fato existiu uma correlação com aumento de exames durante o período de expansão da ESF no Município do Rio de Janeiro, entretanto, assim que faz se necessário uma nova pesquisa quantitativa sobre o comparativo do número de exames que de fato são coletados pelos profissionais das unidades e os números disponíveis nas plataformas de dados do Ministério da Saúde, bem como identificar possíveis motivos para a não realização desse exame por parte das usuárias.

The present study seeks to correlate the screening of cervical cancer through the number of collections of preventive cytopathological exams of cervical cancer with the expansion of Primary Care in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. It was possible to notice that due to the increase in investment in the expansion of teams and coverage of primary care in the city of Rio de Janeiro, there was a correlation with the increase in exams in the period from 2008 to 2016. In contrast, in the period of 2016 there was a reduction in exams, in the same period that there were staff cuts, strikes and later the pandemic. Some factors that may interfere with the non-achievement of the recommended indicator in the city of Rio de Janeiro were suggested, such as the need for qualification of professionals in the collection of exams, qualification of laboratories that analyze the exams, improvement in the recording of this information in electronic medical records. Still needing expansion of access, completeness of teams, reduction of vacancies. Concluding that in fact there was a correlation with the increase in exams during the period of expansion of the ESF in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro, however, so new quantitative research is necessary on the comparison of the number of exams that are actually collected by professionals of the units and the numbers available on the data platforms of the Ministry of Health, as well as identifying possible reasons for the users not performing this test.

Value of an online interactive training program for improving cytopathological diagnostic ability of endoscopists in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of pancreas / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective:To develop an online interactive cytopathological training program, and to evaluate it for improving the cytopathological diagnostic ability of endoscopists in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of pancreas.Methods:A total of 5 500 cytopathological images were collected from 194 patients with pancreatic solid mass who underwent EUS-FNA in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from August 2018 to August 2019. The cell type in each cytopathological picture was labeled by senior cellular pathologists, which was used to build a learning and testing platform for online interactive cytopathological training. Five endoscopists without cytopathological background were invited to participate in this training. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of endoscopists in differential diagnosis of cancer and non-cancer before and after training were compared to evaluate the effect of the online interactive cytopathological training program on improving the ability of endoscopists in diagnosis of cytopathology.Results:A cytopathological training platform for endoscopists to learn and take online test was successfully built. Before training, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of diagnosis of cancer and non-cancer for endoscopists were 0.55 (95% CI: 0.53-0.58), 0.32 (95% CI: 0.30-0.35), 0.43 (95% CI: 0.41-0.45), 0.44 (95% CI: 0.41-0.47) and 0.43 (95% CI: 0.42-0.45), respectively. After training, the above indicators were 0.96 (95% CI: 0.95-0.97), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.68-0.73), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.72-0.76), 0.95 (95% CI: 0.94-0.96) and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.80-0.83), respectively, which were significantly improved compared with those before ( P<0.001). Conclusion:The online interactive cytopathological training program can improve the understanding and diagnostic ability of endoscopists in pancreatic cytopathology, help to implement rapid on-site evaluation in the process of EUS-FNA, and improve the diagnostic efficiency of EUS-FNA.

Correlation of Ultrasound Findings with Cytopathological Findings in Different Types of Thyroid Disorders in 120 Patients.

Background: The disorders of thyroid glands are most common in female population compared to male population. Maximum numbers of patients were in the second to fifth decade. Patients of benign multinodular goitre formed the largest proportion of the cases in the study. The second most common lesion detected was solitary nodules. Ultrasound was able to detect an increase in gland size. Both micro-calcification and macro-calcification were easily detected by ultrasound study. Ultrasound was able to detect lymph node metastasis and cystic degeneration. High-resolution ultrasonography (USG) is the most sensitive imaging modality available for examination of the thyroid gland and associated abnormalities. Ultrasound scanning is non-invasive, widely available, less expensive, and does not use any ionizing radiation. Further, real time ultrasound imaging helps to guide diagnostic and therapeutic interventional procedures in cases of thyroid disease. Methods: All patients are examined in supine position with hyper extended neck, using a high frequency lineararray transducer (7-15 MHz) in Toshiba USG machine that provides adequate penetration and high resolution image. Scanning is done both in transverse and longitudinal planes. Results: Out of 120 patients, maximum number of patients were between the age of 20 to 50 years and 70% of patients were female but only 30% were males. Ultrasound can detect multiple nodules in 52 patients (43.33%) and single nodule in 20 patients (16.66%). Conclusion: Ultrasound was able to predict micro-calcifications in malignancies and the presence of macro-calcifications in benign nodules. This finding was of considerable importance for predicting malignancy in the nodules. Ultrasound was able to detect lymph node involvement in malignancies.

Cytopathological diagnosis of primary synovial sarcoma of lung–A rare case report.

Synovial sarcomas represent about 10% of all soft tissue sarcomas. Primary pleuropulmonary synovial sarcoma (SS) is a rare neoplasm. We report a case where lung mass was detected on imaging and was reported as synovial sarcoma on cytopathological, histopathological, immunohistochemical analysis and confirmed by cytogenetics.

Freqüência de alterações cérvico-vaginais em mulheres submetidas ao exame citopatológico / Frequency of cervico vaginalis alteration in submitted patients of cytopathological exam / Frecuencia de las alteraciones cervicovaginal en mujeres sometidas al examen citopatógico

O Exame citopatológico é o método de triagem que auxilia na detecção precoce do câncer e de lesões pré-cancerosas da cérvix. No Brasil, o câncer cervical representa a segunda neoplasia maligna mais incidente em mulheres. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a freqüência das alterações citopatológicas de acordo com a faixa etária. A seleção dos casos foi realizada através dos resultados dos exames citopatológicos, de mulheres na faixa etária entre 14 a 80 anos, obtidos no Centro de Atenção Integrada à Saúde da Mulher, Uberaba (MG), no período de 2001 a 2003. Dos 35.220 resultados obtidos, em 3,34% foram descritos alterações no epitélio cérvico-vaginal, sendo mais freqüentes as alterações escamosas e glandulares de significado indeterminado (53,7%) e as infecções pelo HPV (31%). As mulheres mais jovens (< 40 anos) foram significativamente mais acometidas por essas alterações (p<0,005). Neoplasias invasivas acometeram 5,6% das mulheres a partir da quarta década de vida (p<0,005). Os diagnósticos das alterações no epitélio cérvico-vaginal de acordo com a faixa etária das mulheres foram semelhantes aos descritos na literatura, sendo que infecção pelo HPV, principal agente potencialmente carcinogênico, acometeu mulheres mais jovens e as neoplasias invasivas foram mais freqüentes a partir da quarta década de vida.

The cytopathological exam is useful recommended for early diagnoses of neoplastic and of pre-neoplastic lesions of the uterine cervix. In Brazil, cervix neoplasm is the second most frequent malignant neoplasm in women. The aim of this study was evaluate the frequency of cytopathologic alterations and its relationship with age. The cases selection was performed by means of cytopathological exam results in women aged 14 to 80 years old, by the revision in Centro de Atenção Integrado a Saúde da Mulher, Uberaba (MG), during the period of 2001-2003. From de 35.220 reviewed exams, 3.34% tests showed alterations in the cervico vaginalis epithelium, with a higher frequency in the squamous cervical epithelium alterations and glandular epithelium alterations of unknown significance (53.7%) as well as infection by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) (31%). The infections caused by the HPV and atypical glandular and scamous cells of undetermined significance were more frequent in ages under the 40 (p<0.005), yet the occurrence of cervical carcinoma was more frequent in women over 40 (p<0.005). Therefore, the frequency of cytopathologic alterations of the cervical and vaginal epithelium and its relationship to age were resemblance to described in literature. The HPV infection, the best carcinogenic potential agent attacked younger patients and the invasive neoplasm was more frequent in women over 40 years old.

El exámen citopatológico es un método de triage que ayuda a realizar una detección precoz del cáncer y de lesiones pre-cancerosas del cérvix uterino. En el Brasil, el cáncer cervical representa la segunda neoplasia maligna mas incidente en mujeres. El objetivo del estudio fue avaliar la frecuencia de las alteraciones citopatológicas de acuerdo con el grupo etario. La selección de los casos fue realizada a través de los resultados de los exámenes citopatológicos, de mulheres dentro del grupo etario entre 14 a 80 años, obtenidos del Centro de Atención Integrada a la Salúd de la Mujer, Uberaba (MG), durante el período del 2001 al 2003. De los 35.220 resultados obtenidos, en 3,34% fueron descritas alteraciones en el epitélio cervico-vaginal, siendo mas frecuentes las alteraciones escamosas e glandulares de significado indeterminado (53,7%) y las infecciones por el HPV (31%). Las mulheres más jóvenes (<40 años) fueron significativamente más acometidas por esas alteraciones (p<0,005). Así, las neoplasias invasivas acometieron al 5,6% de las mulheres a partir de la cuarta década de vida (p<0,005). Los diagnósticos de las alteraciones del epitélio cérvico-vaginal de acuerdo con el grupo etario de las mulheres fueron semejantes a otros hallazgos ya descritos en la literatura, siendo que la infección por el VPH, principal agente con potencial carcinogénico, acometió a mulheres más jóvenes y las neoplasias invasivas fueron más frecuentes a partir de la cuarta década de vida.