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Regulatory T cells (Treg) are important inhibitory immune cells to establish immune tolerance, which play a pivotal role in regulating excessive immune response and autoimmune diseases of the host. Previous studies related to transplant immune tolerance have confirmed that increasing the number of Treg in vivo or enhancing the function of Treg serve as a therapeutic strategy to induce transplant immune tolerance. At present, Treg-based induction methods for transplant immune tolerance include adoptive infusion of Treg, in vivo amplification of Treg and utilization of antigen-specific Treg. In this article, the characteristics and mechanism of Treg, the latest research progress on basic experiments and clinical practice of Treg related to transplant immune tolerance at home and abroad were reviewed, and future challenges and development of Treg therapy were prospected, aiming to unravel the significance and application prospect of Treg in transplant immune tolerance, explore the advantages and limitations of Treg therapeutic strategies, and provide reference and evidence for subsequent research in this field.
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Objective: To explore the effects of Saikosaponin d (SS-d) on autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) by observing the expression changes of some differentially expressed genes screened with the Agilent-085631 gene chip in the liver of AIH mice. Methods: Forty healthy male SPF C57BL/6 mice were divided into chip group (n=8) and SS-d treatment group (n=32). The mice in the chip group were divided into the normal group and the model group [concanavalin A (Con A) was administered to the tail vein at a dose of 15 mg/kg] (both n=4). The mice were sacrificed after 12 h. The differentially expressed genes of liver were screened, some of which were verified by qRT-PCR. The SS-d treatment group was further divided into the normal group, the model group (treatment was the same with the chip group), SS-d low-dose group and SS-d high-dose group [according to the literature and pre-experiment results, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg dose of intraperitoneal injection of SS-d were given respectively, and 15 mg/kg of Con A was administered to the tail vein 8 h later] (all n=8). After 12 h, total venous blood, liver total protein and total RNA of mice were collected. The levels of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-17 were detected by ELISA, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) was detected by Western blotting. qRT-PCR technology was used to detect the mRNA levels of IL-10, IL-17 and CTLA-4. Results: A total of 11 512 differentially expressed genes were screened (up 5 189, down 6 323), which were related to 138 signal pathways. The qRT-PCR results of IL-10, IL-17 and CTLA-4 gene were consistent with the results of chip screening. Compared with the normal group, the serum levels of GPT and GOT in the model group increased, IL-17 mRNA level increased, IL-10 mRNA and CTLA-4 mRNA levels decreased, the content of serum IL-17 increased, the content of serum IL-10 decreased, and the level of CTLA-4 protein expression in the liver tissues decreased. Compared with the model group, the serum GPT and GOT levels of SS-d in the low-dose and high-dose groups decreased, IL-17 mRNA level decreased, the levels of IL-10 mRNA and CTLA-4 mRNA increased, the content of serum IL-17 decreased, the content of serum IL-10 increased, and the level of CTLA-4 protein expression in the liver tissue increased. Conclusion: Multiple signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of AIH, and SS-d can alleviate the liver inflammation in AIH mice by regulating the expression of IL-10, CTLA-4, and IL-17.
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Objective To investigate the association of cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4(CTLA 4) gene polymorphism with type 1 diabetes in Chinese Han population.Methods The A/G phenotype at position 49 of the CTLA 4 gene exon 1 was determined by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR RFLP)method in 33 typical type 1 diabetes patients,57 latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA) patients and 84 healthy control subjects of Chinese Han.Results The frequency of the CTLA 4/G 49 phenotype was significantly higher in type 1 diabetes patients than in control subjects(55.6% vs 36.9%, respectively, P =0.0005),but there was no significant difference between typical type 1 DM and LADA groups. Neither the presence nor the absence of G 49 allele influenced the occurrence of islet autoantibody(ICA) and glutamate decarboxylase antibody(GADAb).Conclusion The polymorphism of CTLA 4 gene exon1 confers susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. This association is independent of ICA and GADAb.