Daphnane-type diterpenes from genus Daphne and their anti-tumor activity / 中草药·英文版

Daphnane-type diterpenenoids are the major biologically active constituents in the genus Daphne. We find that there are about 101 Daphnane-type diterpenes in this genus, most of those compounds show different degrees of inhibitory effect on various cancer cell. Some of them have been studied in depth and the potent molecular mechanisms might be associated with modulation of different cell-signaling pathways. In addition, some compounds of this type also can inhibit the synthesis of protein and DNA. Absolutely, the anti-tumor activity of Daphnane-type diterpenes is worthy of attention. Unfortunately, most of the current research on the activity of these compounds is focused on simple drug efficacy, and its in-depth mechanism research is far from enough. On the other point of view, there still exists wide growing space on the depth of these compounds.

Recognizing Late Onset Frontotemporal Dementia with the DAPHNE scale: A case report / Reconhecendo a demência frontotemporal de início tardio com a escala daphne: um relato de caso

ABSTRACT Frontotemporal dementias are classically described as early onset dementias with personality and behavioral changes, however, late onset forms can also be found. Considering the paucity of information about late onset behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and its challenging diagnosis, we present a case report of an 85-year-old woman with behavioral changes and slow progression to dementia who was first diagnosed as having bipolar disorder and then Alzheimer's disease. The Daphne scale provided a structured means to improve clinical diagnosis, also supported by characteristic features on MRI and SPECT, while CSF biomarkers ruled out atypical Alzheimer's disease.

RESUMO As demências frontotemporais são classicamente descritas como demências de início precoce com mudanças de personalidade e comportamento, porém as formas de início tardio também podem ser encontradas. Considerando a escassez de informações sobre a demência frontotemporal - variante comportamental de início tardio e o diagnóstico desafiador, apresentamos um relato de caso de uma mulher de 85 anos com alterações comportamentais e progressão lenta para demência que foi diagnosticada pela primeira vez com transtorno bipolar e, em seguida, doença de Alzheimer. A escala DAPHNE foi utilizada permitindo a estruturação das características clínicas, aumentando a precisão do diagnóstico clínico, apoiado por características em RM e SPECT, enquanto os biomarcadores no líquor descartaram a doença de Alzheimer.

Vinegar processing attenuates toxicity on IEC-6 cells caused by chloroform extraction of Daphne genkwa / 中国中药杂志

To screen the toxic polar fractions of Daphne genkwa, compare the toxicity of D. genkwa on crypts epithelial cells IEC-6 before and after vinegar processing, and preliminarily investigate the mechanism of D. genkwa vinegar processing on toxicity reducing. The proliferation of IEC-6 cells was observed by MTT. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as the enzyme activity of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase were determined in IEC-6 cells to evaluate the oxidative damages degree of IEC-6 cells. The apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed by Flow Cytometry. The results showed that the dichloromethane extraction was the toxic polar fraction of D. genkwa, and after vinegar processing, the toxicity of dichloromethane fraction was significantly reduced (<0.01). As compared with the blank control group, the dichloromethane fraction of D. genkwa can obviously decrease the levels of SOD, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase (<0.01) and content of GSH, but increase the level of LDH and MDA in cell supernatant (<0.01). Besides, it obviously increased the early and late apoptotic rate of IEC-6 cells, obviously decreased the proportion of G₁stage cells, increased the ratio of S stage cells and M stage cells (<0.01). After vinegar processing, as compared with D. genkwa groups of various doses, it can significantly increase the levels of SOD, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase (<0.01) and content of GSH, decrease the level of LDH, MDA(<0.01), significantly decrease the early and late apoptosis rate of IEC-6 cells (<0.01), increase the proportion of G₁stage cells, and decrease the ratio of S stage cells and M stage cells (<0.01). Vinegar processing can reduce the toxicity of dichloromethane fraction of D. genkwa, and its mechanism may be associated with improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes and permeability in IEC-6 cells, and decreasing the oxidative damage.

Simultaneous determination of daphnetin, daphnoretin, daphneticin in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetic study / 中国中药杂志

To establish HPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of daphnetin, daphnoretin, and daphneticin in rat plasma after oral and intravenous administration of Daphne giraldii extract, and then use them in the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. Six sprague-dawley rats received intragastric administration of D. giraldii extract (daphnetin, daphnoretin and daphneticin were 88.40, 3.24 and 4.28 mg•kg⁻¹, respectively). Their drug plasma concentration was determined by LC-MS/MS with schisandrin as an internal standard to draw plasma concentration-time curve. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by Kinetica 4.4. The results showed that the linear range was 5-1 000 μg•L⁻¹ for daphnetin, daphnoretin and daphneticin, and the method ological test showed conformance to the requirements.The intraday and inter-day variable coefficients (RSD) were both less than 15.0%, indicating that both of legitimate precise and accuracy were consistent with the analysis requirements of biological samples. For daphnetin, the pharmacokinetic parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, T1/2 and MRT were 4 h, 858.96 μg•L⁻¹, 10 566.4 μg•L⁻¹•h, 5.19 h and 9.43 h, respectively. For daphnoretin, the pharmacokinetic parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, T1/2 and MRT were 2.92 h, 178.00 μg•L⁻¹, 905.89 μg•L⁻¹•h, 3.50 h and 6.95 h, respectively. For daphneticin, the pharmacokinetic parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, T1/2 and MRT were 2 h, 36.67 μg•L⁻¹, 355.11 μg•L⁻¹•h, 4.95 h and 8.27 h, respectively. The LC-MS/MS analysis method established in this study was proved to be so accurate and sensitive that it can be applied to the pharmacokinetic study of daphnetin, daphnoretin and daphneticin.

Study on anti-inflammatory activity of the main component of Girald Daphne Bark in vitro / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the main active ingredients in the dried stem bark of Daphne giraldii Nitsche.Methods Severialchemical compounds like vladinol D, pinoresinol, daphneticin, daphnoretin, daphnetin, giraloid A and giraldoid B were isolated from the stem barks. The CCK-8 experiemnts were analyzed for the cytotoxicity study. The cells were divided into the control group, the model group and the treatment group according to random number table method. The control group and the model group were added with 50μl culture medium. Moreover, treatment group was added with different concentrations (50.00, 25.00, 12.50, 6.25, 3.12μg/ml) of the solutions of giraloid A, giraldoid B and daphneticin. Then, RAW264.7 cells were treated with 50μl LPS (4μg/ml) for 24 h in the model group and treatment group. Griess reagent was used to determine the amount of NO release, and the secretion of TNF-α was detected by ELISA kit.Results Cytotoxicity test indicated that giraldoid A (50.00μg/ml), giraldoid B (50.00μg/ml) and daphneticin (50.00μg/ml) showed noobvious cytotoxicity. Giraldoid B (12.50, 25.00, 50.00μg/ml) could inhibit the production of NO (271.86% ± 20.92%, 256.48% ± 20.92%, 199.31% ± 15.16%vs.358.62% ± 28.64%) and  TNF-α (647.87% ±115.79%, 618.42% ± 87.52%, 588.33% ± 87.94%vs. 1035.06% ± 58.29%) in RAW264.7 induced by LPS compared with the model group. Giraldoid A (25, 50μg/ml) could inhibit the production of NO (234.99% ± 34.28%, 167.36% ± 25.76% vs.358.62%±28.64%) and TNF-α (691.76% ± 60.37%, 534.01% ± 41.60% vs. 1035.06% ± 58.29%) in RAW264.7 induced by LPS compared with the model group. Daphneticin (12.5, 25, 50μg/ml) could inhibit the production of NO (283.89% ± 36.69%, 243.08% ± 48.19%, 225.92% ± 33.67% vs.358.62% ± 28.64%) and TNF-α (713.77% ± 121.96%, 670.62% ± 18.70% vs. 1035.06% ± 58.29%) in RAW264.7 induced by LPS compared with the model group.Conclusions Giraldoid A, giraldoid B and daphneticin exhi bited anti-inflammatory effect through inhibiting the release of NO and the production of TNF-α in RAW264.7 induced by LPS.

Morphological and microscopical identification of Genkwa Ramulus and its adulterants / 中国中药杂志

The purpose of this article is to identify Daphne genkwa and its adulterants, Wikstroemia chamaedaphne, according to the morphological and microstructure characteristics of their stem and foliage. The root of D.genkwa was studied simultaneously. The results indicated that the crude drug and processed pieces of Genkwa Ramulus were mainly composed of stems and branches where obvious opposite petiole scars and branch marks were able to be seen on their nodes. Otherwise, foliage or peduncles generally couldn't be found. Moreover, the fine silver flocculent fibers could be observed in the bark of fracture surface. The adulterants were the plant segments which were composed of stems, foliage and peduncles with spikelet-pedicel scars. There existed microstructures differences between Genkwa Ramulus and its adulterants. In the former, single thick lignified phloem fibers were interspersed in the stem phloem of the transverse section with very thick wall and unicellular non-glandular hairs could be observed on the lower epidermis of foliage. Nevertheless, in the latter, there was no thick lignified phloem fibers in cross section of stem phloem, the outer wall of epidermal cells of foliage hadthick cuticles and no non-glandular hairs in lower epidermis of foliage. The results can be used for the identification and the quality standard of the crude drug and processed pieces of D.genkwa.The characteristics of the microstructures and the transverse section can be used to identify the radix D.genkwa.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of aerial parts of the Daphne mucronata Royle extract in mice: Opioid-independent action

Objective: To investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory property and possible involvement of opioid receptors of ethyl acetate extract from aerial parts of Daphne mucronata (D. mucronata) in mice by formalin test. Methods: Single doses of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg of body weight of ethyl acetate extract of D. mucronata were intraperitoneally administered to the mice 30 min before analgesic test. The anti-nociceptive effect of preparations was evaluated based on the formalin in mice. Results: The results indicated that the extract (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) increased the pain threshold of mice and induced analgesia in both phases of formalin test. Like morphine sulfate (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.), the extract also showed more effective analgesic effect on the late phase of formalin test. Pre-treatment of animals with naloxone (5.0 mg/kg i.p.) did not inhibit the effects of the extract. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that D. mucronata contains potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory compounds which support its traditional use. Moreover, it seems that the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the extract is mediated by non-opioid mechanisms. Further pharmacological studies are required to determine whether the analgesic mechanisms are actually responsible for such properties.

Phenylpropanoids from Daphne aurantiaca / 中草药

Objective: To study the phenylpropanoids from Daphne aurantiaca. Methods: The constituents were separated by column chromatography, their structures were elucidated by spectral data analyses. Results: Thirteen phenylpropanoids were isolated from the EtOAc extract and were identified as caffeic acid tricosyl ester (1), caffeic acid eicosanyl ester (2), caffeic acid nonadecyl ester (3), caffeic acid octadecyl ester (4), caffeic acid heptadecyl ester (5), caffeic acid hexadecyl ester (6), caffeic acid tetradecyl ester (7), caffeic acid dodecyl ester (8), caffeic acid undecyl ester (9), caffeic acid isopentyl ester (10), ferulic acid (11), 3, 4-dimethoxy-cinnamaldehyde (12), and caffeic alcohol (13). Conclusion: The compounds are obtained from this plant for the first time.

Anti-herpes Activity of Vinegar-processed Daphne genkwa Flos Via Enhancement of Natural Killer Cell Activity

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common causative agent of genital ulceration and can lead to subsequent neurological disease in some cases. Here, using a genital infection model, we tested the efficacy of vinegar-processed flos of Daphne genkwa (vp-genkwa) to modulate vaginal inflammation caused by HSV-1 infection. Our data revealed that treatment with optimal doses of vp-genkwa after, but not before, HSV-1 infection provided enhanced resistance against HSV-1 infection, as corroborated by reduced mortality and clinical signs. Consistent with these results, treatment with vp-genkwa after HSV-1 infection reduced viral replication in the vaginal tract. Furthermore, somewhat intriguingly, treatment of vp-genkwa after HSV-1 infection increased the frequency and absolute number of CD3-NK1.1+NKp46+ natural killer (NK) cells producing interferon (IFN)-gamma and granyzme B, which indicates that vp-genkwa treatment induces the activation of NK cells. Supportively, secreted IFN-gamma was detected at an increased level in vaginal lavages of mice treated with vp-genkwa after HSV-1 infection. These results indicate that enhanced resistance to HSV-1 infection by treatment with vp-genkwa is associated with NK cell activation. Therefore, our data provide a valuable insight into the use of vp-genkwa to control clinical severity in HSV infection through NK cell activation.

Chemical constituents of ethanol extracts from Daphne altaica pall and their pro-apoptotic role in cancer cell / 天津医药

Objective To investigate the chemical constituents of the ethanol extract of Daphne altaica Pall (DA-Et), to determine total phenolic content in DA-Et and to study the effect of DA-Et on cell apoptosis in Eca-109 cells. Meth?ods Different chemical assays were performed to detect chemical constituents of DA-Et. The content of total phenolics ,ex?pressed as gallic acid equivalents,was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu assay; Cell apoptosis induced by DA-Et was detected by AnnexinV-FITC/PI flow cytometry. Results Flavonoids,coumarins,sugars,alkaloids and phenolics in DA-Et. The contents of total phenolics in DA-Et was quantified as 159.78 mg/g. Average recovery rate of this method ranged from 99.4% to 108.3% and the precision relative standard deviation was 2.04%. Apoptosis rate of Esophageal cancer cell line Eca-109 induced by DA-Et was detected as 29.633%±1.779%(n=3). Conclusion Our study provide guidance for the im?provement of DA-Et quality, its appropriate application and further research of its activity.

Study of Liver Damage Mechanism in Mice Caused by the Incompatibility of Daphne genkwa Combined with Glycyrrhiza uralensis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the liver damage mechanism in mice caused by the incompatibility of Daphne genkwa com-bined with Glycyrrhiza uralensis in aspect of liver transporter. METHODS:40 mice were equally randomized into a normal control (isometric normal saline)group,a group of G. uralensis [15 g(medicinal matierias)/kg],a group of D. genkwa [15 g(medicinal tatierias)/kg],a group of D. genkwa with G. uralensis in the ratio of 1∶1 [15 g(crude drug)/kg],a group of D. genkwa with G. uralensis in the ratio of 1∶3 [15 g(medicinal matierias)/kg](n=8). The mice were given the corresponding drug,ig,once a day for 7 consecutive days. HE staining was performed and then the pathomorphology of liver tissues were observed under the light mi-croscope,and calculation was made for pathological grading. Western blot method was employed to determine the protein expre-ssion of the transporter Ntcp protein in the livers of mice. The contents of total bile acids(TBA)in livers of mice were determined. RESULTS:Compared to the mice in the normal control group,those in the group of 1∶1 and 1∶3 demonstrated higher protein ex-pression of Ntcp. In the group of 1∶1,the mice with grade“+++”hepatocyte degeneration were more (8). The mice with grade“+++”and“++”hepatocyte degeneration in the groups of 1∶3 were more (2 and 8 respectively). CONCLUSIONS:D. genkwa combined with G. uralensis can induce liver damage in mice by a mechanism which may be related to the accumulation of a large amount of TBA in the liver as a result of the increase in the expression of Ntcp in mice.

Wikstroelide M potently inhibits HIV replication by targeting reverse transcriptase and integrase nuclear translocation / 中国天然药物

AIM@#To evaluate the anti-HIV activity and mechanism of action of wikstroelide M, a daphnane diterpene from Daphne acutiloba Rehder (Thymelaeaceae).@*METHODS@#The anti-HIV activities of wikstroelide M against different HIV strains were evaluated by cytopathic effect assay and p24 quantification assay with ELISA. The inhibitory effect of wikstroelide M on HIV reverse transcription was analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA. The effect of wikstroelide M on HIV-1 integrase nuclear translocation was observed with a cell-based imaging assay. The effect of wikstroelide M on LEDGF/p75-IN interaction was assayed by molecular docking.@*RESULTS@#Wikstroelide M potently inhibited different HIV-1 strains, including HIV-1IIIB, HIV-1A17, and HIV-19495, induced a cytopathic effect, with EC50 values ranging from 3.81 to 15.65 ng·mL⁻¹. Wikstroelide M also had high inhibitory activities against HIV-2ROD and HIV-2CBL-20-induced cytopathic effects with EC50 values of 18.88 and 31.90 ng·mL⁻¹. The inhibitory activities of wikstroelide M on the three HIV-1 strains were further confirmed by p24 quantification assay, with EC50 values ranging from 15.16 to 35.57 ng·mL⁻¹. Wikstroelide M also potently inhibited HIV-1IIIB induced cytolysis in MT-4 cells, with an EC50 value of 9.60 ng·mL⁻¹. The mechanistic assay showed that wikstroelide M targeted HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and nuclear translocation of integrase through disrupting the interaction between integrase and LEDGF/p75.@*CONCLUSION@#Wikstroelide M may be a potent HIV-1 and HIV-2 inhibitor, the mechanisms of action may include inhibition of reverse trascriptase activity and inhibition of integrase nuclear translocation through disrupting the interaction between integrase and LEDGF/p75.

Study on chemical constituents of Daphne gracilis / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents of Daphne gracilis. Methods: The constituents were separated and purified by chromatographic methods and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical analyses. Results: Fifteen compounds were obtained and identified as β-sitosterol (1), friedelin (2), stigmast-4-ene-3-one (3), stigmast-4-ene-3, 6-dione (4), lupeol (5), stigmasterol (6), 1, 3-distearate glycerol (7), glycerin-docosanate (8), octadecanol (9), phytol (10), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (11), epoxyconiferyl alcohol (12), oleodaphnone (13), 14-gingerol (14), and matairesinol (15). Conclusion: All the compounds are isolated from the plants of D. gracilis for the first time. Among them, compound 2-4, 7-9, 11, 12, and 14 are isolated from the plants in Daphne L. for the first time; Compounds 11, 12, and 14 are isolated from the plants of family Thymelaeaceae for the first time.

Biflavans or biflavons from stems of Daphne acutiloba / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the stems of Daphne acutiloba. Methods: The constituents were separated by column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by spectral data analyses. Results: Fourteen biflavans or biflavons were isolated from the EtOAc fraction of 95% ethanol reflux extract in the stems of D. acutiloba and were identified as daphnodorin A (1), daphnodorin C (2), daphnodorin C' (3), daphnodorin F (4), daphnodorin E (5), wikstrol A (6), daphnodorin K (7), iso-chamaejasmin (8), (+)-chamaejasmin (9), daphnodorin D1 (10), daphnodorin H (11), 3-methoxyl daphnodorin H (12), daphnodorin K' (13), and daphnodorin B (14). Conclusion: All the compounds except 14 are obtained from the stems of this plant for the first time.

Anti-inflammatory constituents from the stems of Daphne genkwa / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To study the anti-inflammation contents in the stems of Daphne genkwa. Methods: The anti-inflammation contents were obtained from Daphne genkwa by bio-assay guide isolating method. The pharmacological model of dimethylbenzene-induced ear swelling was used for pharmacological study. The fractions of Ligroine and chloroform part of the the EtOH extraction were isolated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 and recrystallization. Their structures were studied by using UV, IR,1 H-NMR,13 C-NMR, and MS, techniques. Results: Nineteen compounds were isolated from the stems of Daphne genkwa and were identified as 2, 3-dihydroxypropyl hexadecoate(1), β-sitosterol(2), dueicosanyl caffeate(3), docosyl caffeate(4), octadecyl caffeate(5), daucosterol(6), genkwanin(7), luteolin(8), (+) lariciresinol (9), apigenin (10), kaempferol (11), daphnodorin B (12), genistein (13), dihydrokaempferol (14), p-hydroxybenzonic acid (15), quercetin (16), syringin (17), syringaldehyde (18), ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (19). Conclusion: Compounds 1, 3-5, 7, 15, 17-19 have been isolated from the stems of Daphne genkwa for the first time. The high dosage of petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract and compound 4 have significant anti-inflammation activity in mice with ear swelling.

Three biflavonoids from ethanol extract of the root of Daphne genkwa / 药学学报

Aim To investigate the chemical constituents of the secondary metabolites of the roots of Daphne genkwa. Methods The roots of D. genkwa were extracted with 95% ethanol at 60 - 70 ℃ for 7 days to obtain the crude extract. The crude extract was purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography as well as the HPLC techniques. The structures of the isolates were elucidated by combined spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR, MS, UV, IR and CD. Results Three new biflavonoids were isolated from the ethanol extract of the roots of D. genkwa and their structures were identified as daphnodorin H-3-methyl ether (1), daphnodorin H-3"-methyl ether (2) and daphnodorin G-3"-methyl ether (3). Conclusion Compounds 1, 2 and 3 are three new biflavonoids.

Chemical constituents from stem bark of Daphne giraldii / 中草药

Objective To study the chemical constituents from the stem bark of Daphne giraldii. MethodsThe chemical constituents in the alcoholic extract from the stem bark of D. giraldii were isola-ted and purified using liquid/liquid extraction and silica gel column chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined on the basis of NMR, and mass spectra. ResultsSeven compounds were isolated from the alcohol extract. Their structures were identified as E-octadecyl caffeinate (Ⅰ), (+)-nortrachelogenin (Ⅱ), daphnoretin (Ⅲ), daphneticin (Ⅳ), 7, 8-dihydroxy coumarin (Ⅴ), 7-hydroxy coumarin (Ⅵ), and luteolin (Ⅶ) on the basis of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and MS. ConclusionCompound Ⅰ is a new one. Compounds Ⅱ, Ⅳ, and Ⅶ are isolated from the title plant for the first time.

Effect of serum containing total flavonoids from roots of Daphne genkwa on cell immunity in mice / 中草药

Objective To establish HPLC method for assaying total flavonoids from the roots of Daphne genkwa(TFRD) in serum of mice and to elucidate the effect of mice serum containing TFRD on cell immunity in mice.Methods TFRD Concentration in serum was determined from the mice received single ig TFRD at certain time intervals using HPLC method.The effects of TFRD serum on lymphocyte proliferation,killing activities of NK and LAK cell,and phagocytic activity of macrophage were detected by MTT method.Results TFRD in serum reached its highest concentration in 20—30 min after ig admi-(nistration.) TFRD-containing serum significantly improved the proliferation of lymphocyte,enhanced the killing activities of NK and LAK cells,and enforced the phagocytic activity of macrophage.Conclusion(TFRD-)containing serum is an effective agents for enhancing cell immunity in mice.

Analgesic activity of ethanol extracts from root of Daphne genkwa / 中草药

Objective To elucidate the analgesic activity of the ethanol extracts from the root of Daphne genkwa (EERD). Methods The analgesic activity of EERD was evaluated by the effects on adjuvant-induced nociceptive response and paw swelling, the formation of PGE_2 and IL-1? in adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats, the activities of SOD and CAT, the levels of NO/iNOS in serum and brain tissue as well as by the effects on c-Fos protein expression in spinal cord of AA rats. Results EERD at used doses significantly delayed the adjuvant-induced nociceptive response and eased the paw swelling in AA rats. EERD also evidently inhibited the production of PGE_2 and IL-1?, and enhanced the activities of SOD and CAT in the tissue of paws being injected by adjuvant. Furthermore, it remarkably reduced the content of NO and inactivated the activity of iNOS in brain tissue of AA rats. In addition, EERD at used doses exhibited prominent inhibition on adjuvant-induced expression of c-Fos protein in the spinal cord of AA rats. Conclusion EERD is an effective agent for analgesia. The possible mechanisms for its analgesia might be the actions of inhibiting the production of PGE_2 and the release of IL-1?, reducing the activity of iNOS and hence the generation of NO in brain tissue, and blocking superoxidation through enhancing the activity of SOD and CAT.

Study on biflavonoids from stem bark of Daphne giraldii / 中草药

Object To isolate and identify the biflavonoids from the stem bark of Daphne giraldii Nitsche. Methods The flavonoids were isolated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, including IR, 1HNMR, 13 CNMR, HMBC and FAB-MS.Results Four biflavonoids daphnodorins A-D 1 (Ⅰ-Ⅳ) were isolated from the stem bark of D. giraldii. Conclusion The above four biflavonoids were isolated from the title plant only.