Rapid screening of 28 alkaloids in food poisoning samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To investigate a poisoning incident caused by eating eight treasure congee, and establish liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS screening method of 28 alkaloids to provide references for disposal of similar poisoning incidents. Methods　LC-MS/MS was used for screening 28 alkaloids in the urine, eight treasure congee and food raw material, and the detected alkaloids were quantified. Samples were extracted with 0.4% formic acid aqueous solution and separated by a Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 μm, 100 × 2.1 mm). Acetonitrile-0.2% formic acid aqueous solution was used as the mobile phase and gradient elution was adopted. The ionization mode was electrospray positive ionization mode, and the detection method was multi-reaction monitoring (MRM). Analytes were quantified with the external standard method. Results　In the concentration range of 0-100 ng/mL, the linear correlation coefficient r were greater than 0.999 for 28 alkaloids. The recovery of 28 alkaloids in urine sample ranged from 63.0% to 105.0%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were between 5.8% and 8.6%. The recovery of 28 alkaloids in eight treasure congee sample ranged from 72.0% to 109.0%, and the RSDs were between 6.3% and 9.7%. The recovery of 28 alkaloids in semen sesami nigrum sample ranged from 60.0% to 95.0%, and the RSDs were between 4.8% and 8.2%. Hyoscyamine (2 380.0 ng/mL), scopliamine (3.6 ng/mL) and rac-anisodamine (4.7 ng/mL) were detected in the patient's urine. Hyoscyamine (63.3 μg/g), scopliamine (5.7 μg/g) and rac-anisodamine (2.1 μg/g) were detected in eight treasure congee. Hyoscyamine (901.0 μg/g), scopliamine (80.0 μg/g) and rac-anisodamine (30.1 μg/g) were detected in the seed of Datura stramonium L. The ratio of scopliamine and hyoscyamine in the seed of D. stramonium was 1∶11, which complies with the characteristics of D. stramonium L. In urine sample, the proportion of scopliamine and rac-anisodamine was 0.15% and 0.20%, and hyoscyamine accounted for 99.65%. Conclusion　Seed morphology, the content range and proportion of three alkaloids are all in accord with the characteristics of D. stramonium. Combined with the clinical symptoms of atropine poisoning, it can be deduced that this incident is a family food poisoning caused by accidental consumption of seed of D. stramonium L. The method can provide technical support for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of alkaloid poisoning patients, and also provide a basis for emergency detection and disposal of alkaloid poisoning events.

Health promotion through herb information: a special discussion of GEGEMU herb in yoruba setting of Nigeria

Gegemu herb (Datura Stramonium) is a plant that is common in the environment. It is a cosmopolitan weed of word wide distribution. It is found in many countries. The herb is widely available and dominates the surroundings of houses in Yoruba land. However, only few people know about its uses, toxicity and hazards. This paper is a review on Gegemu herb, the toxic effects of the plant and the various uses in Yoruba land. The paper recommendations that information about gegemu should be made known to the public through print and other mass media, Librarians should make efforts to communicate indigenous knowledge and herb information to the community and Researchers on health sciences and pharmacology are urged to further study this plant for the benefits of mankind. Keywords: Gegemu Herb, Datura Stramonium, Herb Information, Health Promotion.

Selective Effects of Datura Stramonium on the Granular Parallel Fibres and Purkinje Cells of the Cerebellum in Wistar Rats.

Introduction: Datura stramonium (DS) is a tropical ubiquitous shrub which is often used to increase intoxication in some beverages and is also freely used as a hallucinogen. It is a depressant of the central nervous system, yet commonly smoked in like manner tobacco. The present study investigated changes induced by intoxication with DS on the purkinje cells and parallel fibres of the cerebellum in Wistar rats to further elucidate the effects of this drug on cerebellar structure. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on both male and female Wistar rats (200-250 g). They were placed into three batches and four groups were derived from each batch, with eight animals per group. Ethanolic dried seed extract of DS was diluted in normal saline and administered intraperitoneally (I.P.) at a dose of 750mg/kg and given to the treatment groups: once in batch 1, twice in batch 2, twelve hourly and thrice in batch 3, eight hourly per day respectively for 4 weeks, while the control groups received an equivalent of normal saline. The rats were euthanized and sections of the cerebellum were histologically processed in all groups. Silver impregnation stain for degenerating axons and neurons was used to elucidate the actions of DS on purkinje cells and the parallel fibres of the cerebellum. Results: The result of IP administration of DS extract (750 mg/kg) given three times daily to the treated rats showed significant histological changes, which included atrophy of the parallel fibres but no significant changes in the purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Conclusions: Intoxication of DS seed as a result of excessive ingestion may have a selective degenerative effect on the parallel fibres of the granule cells of the cerebellum while the purkinje cells are spared; the implication being motor dysfunction.

Cambios observados en la concentración cerebral de catecolaminas, con Datura stramonium / Changes observed in brain catecholamine concentration, with Datura stramonium

Datura stramonium ha sido empleada empíricamente en la medicina tradicional mexicana desde antes de la conquista española, y después, a partir del siglo XVI, para diversos fines; entre otros datos se refiere que produce anorexia y agresividad. También se ha usado en la enfermedad de Parkinson. Con esos antecedentes se consideró de interés investigar el efecto de un extracto hidroalcohólico de esta planta sobre la concentración de dopamina (DA) cerebral en la rata. Se administró la substancia en estudio por medio de un catéter esofágico a la dosis de 0.25 ml/d a diferentes dinamizaciones. El grupo testigo mostró valores (X ± A) de 1197 ± 138 ng/g, y el que recibió la droga a la 12CH tuvo un promedio de 1607 ± 398 ng/g (p < 0.05). Las dinamizaciones más bajas (3CH y 6CH) produjeron elevaciones más moderadas, sin significación estadística...

Datura stramonium has been used empirically in ancient Mexican medicine and after the XVI century. It is known to produce anorexia and aggressiveness. It has also been used in Parkinson’s disease. For these reasons it seemed interesting to study the effect of different dynamizations of Datura stramonium on brain dopamine (DA) in the rat. The drug was administered by esophagic catheter at a dose of 0.25 ml/d. The control group showed values (X ± A) of 1197 ± 138 ng/g and the animals which received the extract at 12CH had a mean value of 1607 ± 398 ng/g (p < 0.05). The lower dynamizations (3CH and 6CH) induced more moderate increases without statistical significance...

In vitro anti-leishmanial activity of methanolic extracts of Calendula officinalis flowers, Datura stramonium seeds, and Salvia officinalis leaves / 中国天然药物

AIM@#The anti-leishmanial activity of methanolic extracts of Calendula officinalis flowers, Datura stramonium seeds, and Salvia officinalis leaves against extracellular (promastigote) and intracellular (amastigote) forms of Leishmania major were evaluated in this study.@*METHOD@#In the first stage, promastigote forms of L. major, were treated with different doses of the plant extracts in a 96-well tissue-culture microplate and IC50 values for each extract were measured with colorimetric MTT assay. In the second stage, macrophage cells were infected with L. major promastigotes. Infected macrophages were treated with plant extracts. Then the macrophages were stained with Gimsa and the number of infected macrophages and amastigotes were counted with a light microscope.@*RESULTS@#The results indicated that the plant extracts inhibited the growth of promastigotes and amastigotes of L. major. Inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for promastigote assay were 108.19, 155.15, and 184.32 μgmL(-1) for C. officinalis flowers, D. stramonium seeds and S. officinalis, respectively. The extracts also reduced the number of amastigotes in macrophage cells from 264 for control group to 88, 97, and 102 for test groups. Although the anti-leishmanial activity of the extracts were not comparable with the standard drug, miltefosine; but they showed significant efficiency in reducing the number of amastigotes in macrophages, in comparison with the control group (P < 0.001). These plant extracts had lower toxicity compared with miltefosine.@*CONCLUSION@#This study demonstrates the potential efficacy of the methanolic extracts of C. officinalis flowers, D. stramonium seeds, and S. officinalis leaves to control of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

A new essential oil component from Datura stramonium / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of the medicinal halophyte Datura stramonium. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and ODS column chromatography, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. Results: Six compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of D. stramonium and their structures were identified as (3R, 5R, 7Z)-3-hydroxy-5-dec-7-enolide (1), (R)-tuberolactone (2), daturadiol (3), monolinoleoyl glycerol (4), linoleic acid (5), and lutein (6). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new essential oil component with a δ-lactone unit, named stramenlactone. Compounds 1 and 2 are isolated from the plants in genus Datura L. for the first time.

Pharmacological properties of Datura stramonium L. as a potential medicinal tree: an overview

India has a great wealth of various naturally occurring plant drugs which have great potential pharmacological activities. Datura stramonium (D. stramonium) is one of the widely well known folklore medicinal herbs. The troublesome weed, D. stramonium is a plant with both poisonous and medicinal properties and has been proven to have great pharmacological potential with a great utility and usage in folklore medicine. D. stromonium has been scientifically proven to contain alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrates and proteins. This plant has contributed various pharmacological actions in the scientific field of Indian systems of medicines like analgesic and antiasthmatic activities. The present paper presents an exclusive review work on the ethnomedical, phytochemical, pharmacological activities of this plant.

Larvicidal activity of plant extracts on Aedes Aegypti L

Objective: To evaluate the larvicidal activity of plant extracts on Aedes aegypti. Methods:Petroleum ether, Chloroform and aqueous extracts obtained from Acalypha indica, Aerva lanata,Boerhaavia diffusa, Commelina benghalensis, Gompherna sps, Datura stramonium, Euphorpia hirta, Cynodon dactylon, Lantana camara and Tridax procumbens were used for larvicidal activity at concentration of 1000μg/ml and the mortality rate was calculated after 24 and 48hrs . The LC50 for the extracts were also estimated after 24 hrs. Results: The petroleum ether extract ofLantana camara, Tridax procumbens and Datura stramonium showed 100% mortality after 48hrs of incubation. Tridax procumbens petroleum ether extract had the least LC50 of 219 μg/ml followed by Lantana and Datura with 251and 288 μg/ml respectively. A combination of petroleum ether extracts of Aerva lanata and Cynodon dactylon, Boerhaavia diffusa and Commelina benghalensis exhibited 100% mortality of larvae. Formulation-1 inhibited the metamorphosis of the larvae by retaining 60% in its larval stage. Petroleum ether extracts of Lantana, Tridax, Datura and a combination of extracts were effective larvicide. The formulations proved to be effective in inhibiting the metamorphosis. Alkaloids and flavonoids were present in datura petroleum ether extract . Conclusions: Either the crude extracts of Datura stramonium, Lantana camara and Tridax procumbens or its phytochemicals can be used as effective vector control agents individually or in combination.

Pharmacological properties of Datura stramonium L. as a potential medicinal tree:An overview

India has a great wealth of various naturally occurring plant drugs which have great potential pharmacological activities. Datura stramonium (D. stramonium) is one of the widely well known folklore medicinal herbs. The troublesome weed, D. stramonium is a plant with both poisonous and medicinal properties and has been proven to have great pharmacological potential with a great utility and usage in folklore medicine. D. stromonium has been scientifically proven to contain alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrates and proteins. This plant has contributed various pharmacological actions in the scientific field of Indian systems of medicines like analgesic and antiasthmatic activities. The present paper presents an exclusive review work on the ethnomedical, phytochemical, pharmacological activities of this plant.

Intoxicaciones por plantas tóxicas atendidas desde un servicio de información toxicológica / Cases of poisoning caused by toxic plants seen at a toxicological information service

En muchos países la exposición accidental o voluntaria a sustancias tóxicas es causa frecuente de procesos patológicos agudos y crónicos, que constituyen la segunda causa de muerte, después de las enfermedades infecciosas. En reportes estadísticos predominan las intoxicaciones por psicofármacos y plaguicidas, pero existen otras como las provocadas por sustancias vegetales que también son consultas frecuentes en los servicios de urgencias...

In many countries, the accidental or intentional exposure to toxic substances is the frequent cause of acute and chronic pathological processes that represent the second cause of death after the infectious illnesses. In statistical reports, poisoning from pscyho drugs and herbicides prevail, but there are others as those caused by vegetable substances that are also commonly treated in the emergency services...