RESUMEN
Among the various microorganisms reported for their capabilities of cellulases and xylanases production, fungi are the most potent producers. This study reports the production of xylanolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by potential decomposing fungal isolates using a cheap medium containing green manure substrate and chemically defined basal medium under solid-state culture. A number of decomposing fungi were screened for cellulolytic and xylanolytic potential. The enzyme production with purified carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and birch wood xylan was studied and found to be promising. Aspergillus niger produced the highest amount of endoglucanase and xylanase viz., 3.635 U mg-1 protein min-1 and 2498.20 U mg-1 protein min-1, respectively at 25ºC. Growth and enzyme production was affected by the alterations in temperature. Highest production of endoglucanse and xylanase were noted at 25ºC and 30ºC.
RESUMEN
Coleoptera of the family Melolonthidae plays an important role in decomposition and nutrient recycling in the environment, however the information of this group is scarce in Brazil; therefore studies were developed with the objective of understanding the biological aspects of saproxylophagous. The studies were developed in the experimental farm of the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, in Aquidauana, from March 2011 to April 2012. In a forest fragment of the cerrado, when encountering fallen tree trunks, they were cut into small pieces for extraction and acquisition of immature and adult Melolonthidae. Larvae were taken to the laboratory where they were reared until emergence of adults, obtaining biological and biometric data. A total of 145 larvae and 11 adults were collected. Third instar larvae of Strategus surinamensis Burmeister, 1847, collected in this phase lasted 230 days and 31.3 days in the pupal stage. Third instar larvae of Phileurus valgus (Linnaeus, 1758), in this phase lasted 49 days and 13 days in the pupal stage. Third instar larvae Pelidnota fulva Blanchard, 1850, after being collected remained for 61 days in this phase and 25.3 days in the pupal stage. Adults Pelidnota aff. vazdemeloi were collected inside tree trunks. To Macraspis festiva Burmeister, 1844, the third instar larvae collected lasted for 39 days at this stage, and pupae lasted 17 days. Third instar larvae of Rutela lineola (Linnaeus, 1767), in this phase lasted 23 days, and pupae lasted 16.3 days. To Hoplopyga liturata (Olivier, 1789), third instar larvae collected lasted 21 days and pupae lasted 18 days. To Hoplopyga boliviensis (Moser, 1918), third instar larvae lasted 33 days and pupae 16 days. Second and third larval instar Marmarina maculosa (Olivier, 1789) collected lasted respectively, 105 and 171.3 days and pupae lasted 26 days. The species collected in greatest quantity were M. festiva with 75 larvae,R. lineola with 20 larvae and H. boliviensis with 18 larvae. Larvae were collected during several months, where in July 32 larvae were sampled and in August 39 larvae, the largest quantities encountered.
Os coleópteros da família Melolonthidae desempenham importante função na decomposição e reciclagem de nutrientes no meio ambiente, assim, foram desenvolvidos estudos com o objetivo de se conhecer as espécies saproxilófagas ocorrentes e os aspectos biológicos. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos na fazenda experimental da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, em Aquidauana, de março de 2011 a abril de 2012. Em área de fragmento de mata de cerrado, troncos de árvores caídos, eram cortados em pequenas partes para realizar a extração e obtenção de imaturos e adultos. As larvas coletadas foram levadas para o laboratório para realizar a sua criação até a emergência dos adultos, sendo obtidos os dados biológicos e biométricos. Foram coletadas 145 larvas e 11 adultos. Larvas de terceiro instar de Strategus surinamensis Burmeister, 1847, coletadas duraram 230 dias nessa fase e 31,3 dias na fase de pupa. Larvas de terceiro instar de Phileurus valgus (Linnaeus, 1758) duraram 49 dias nessa fase e 13 dias na fase de pupa. Larvas de terceiro instar de Pelidnota fulva Blanchard, 1850, após serem coletadas permaneceram por 61 dias nessa fase e 25,3 dias na fase de pupa. Foram coletados adultos de Pelidnota aff. vazdemeloi dentro de troncos de árvores. Para Macraspis festiva Burmeister, 1844, as larvas de terceiro instar coletadas duraram por 39 dias nessa fase, e as pupas duraram 17 dias. Larvas de terceiro instar deRutela lineola (Linnaeus, 1767) duraram 23 dias nessa fase, e as pupas duraram 16,3 dias. Para Hoplopyga liturata (Olivier, 1789) as larvas de terceiro instar coletadas duraram 21 dias e as pupas duraram 18 dias. Para Hoplopyga boliviensis (Moser, 1918) larvas de terceiro instar duraram 33 dias e as pupas 16 dias. Larvas de segundo e terceiro instar de Marmarina maculosa (Olivier, 1789) coletadas, duraram respectivamente, 105 e 171,3 dias e as pupas duraram 26 dias. As espécies coletadas em maior quantidade foramM. festiva com 75 larvas, R. lineola com 20 larvas e H. boliviensis com 18 larvas. As larvas foram coletadas em vários meses, sendo que em julho amostrou-se 32 larvas e em agosto 39 larvas, sendo as maiores quantidades encontradas.
RESUMEN
A fauna do solo exerce importante papel nos processos ecológicos do ecossistema. Estudos sobre a composição e estrutura dessas comunidades são importantes para entender o seu funcionamento. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a comunidade de Coleoptera, coletada mediante armadilhas de solo, quinzenalmente, durante o período de treze meses (08/2003-08/2004), na Mata do Mergulhão, Rio de Janeiro. Foram capturados 10.820 espécimes, representados por 24 famílias, sendo considerados abundantes Nitidulidae (4.782 indivíduos), Curculionidae (3.176 indivíduos), Scarabaeidae (2.019 indivíduos) e Staphylinidae (326 indivíduos), capturadas em todo período de coleta. De acordo com as guildas tróficas, os indivíduos das famílias coletados, podem ser agrupados em detritívoros (4.802 espécimes), herbívoros (3.218 espécimes), decompositores (2.019 espécimes), predadores (621 espécimes) e fungívoros (160 espécimes). Foi constatada maior ocorrência de detritívoros (44,4 por cento), herbívoros (29,7 por cento) e decompositores (18,7 por cento). Foram capturados 6.685 exemplares (61,8 por cento) no período de outubro/2003 a março/2004, na estação chuvosa, e 4.135 exemplares (38,2 por cento) na estação seca. Foram observadas maiores capturas nos meses de outubro e dezembro de 2003, e março de 2004.
The soil fauna plays an important role in the ecological function of an ecosystem and studies on the composition and structure of these communities are important to understand your functioning. The objective of our study was to evaluate of community of the soil fauna Coleoptera, collected bimonthly through pitfall trap, from August 2003 to August 2004. A total of 10,820 specimens from 24 families of Coleoptera were captured, but Nitidulidae (4,782 individuals), Curculionidae (3,176), Scarabaeidae (2,019) and Staphylinidae (326) were considered abundant families. According to the trophic guild, the collected individuals can be divided into detritivores (4,802 specimens), herbivores (3,218), decomposers (2,019), predators (621) and fungivoros (160). These results indicate no dominance of a single trophic group, however, the high occurrence of detritivores (44.4 percent), herbivores (29.7 percent) and decomposers (18.7 percent) was registered. About 61.8 percent (6,685 individuals) were captured during October 2003 to March 2004, a rainy period, and 38.2 percent (4,135) during the dry period indicating a pronounced seasonal difference in the relative abundance of individuals sampled. The high frequency of individuals was observed during the October and December, 2003, and March, 2004.