Combined application of extended depth of field imaging, image stitching and polarized microscopy techniques in identification of Spatholobus suberectus / 中草药·英文版

Objective: As traditional techniques for microscopic identification of Chinese medicines currently lack objective and high-quality reference images, here we developed a systemic procedure to be used in microscopic identification of Chinese medicines, which would lead to more objective, effective and accurate identification process. Methods: Spatholobi Caulis (Jixueteng in Chinese) was used as the specimen in the development of such procedure. Jixueteng samples were microscopically examined in bright- and dark-field microscopy. Microscopic images were obtained by regular, EDF, and image stitching techniques. Results: The microscopic images of the characteristics in pulverized Jixueteng were captured, thanks to EDF imaging and image stitching techniques which allowed the detailed and full sighting of each characteristic to be obtained simultaneously. Different layers in anatomical transverse section, including cork, phelloderm, cortex, phloem, cambium, xylem and pith, were distinctively observed. Moreover, by comparing images of bright- and dark-field microscopy, birefringent and non- birefringent components could readily be distinguished. Conclusion: With application of the developed procedure, high-definition, panoramic and microscopic images were acquired, which could be used as the reference images for microscopic identification of Chinese medicines.

Identification Study on Cryptotympana pustulata Ecdysis Based on 3D Depth of Field Synthesis Technology / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish the rapid field identification method of Cryptotympana pustulata ecdysis. METHODS ： 3D depth of field synthesis technology was used to identify 50 batches of C. pustulata ecdysis and its adulterants from the length of beak ，size and protrusion degree of upper labial base ，the protrusion degree of the lower labial base ecdysis and the color of its upper transverse groove ，the number and shape of main and lateral spines on the foot ，significance of abdominal valves ，the number of webs ，the number and shape of side plates ，the number of tergum rings ，terminaliae，etc. RESULTS ：Among 50 batches of samples ，S1-S5，S26-S30，S36-S50 were C. pustulata ecdysis；S21-S25 was adulterants of C. pustulata ecdysis after weight gain ；S31-S35 was adulterants of C. pustulata ecdysis after extraction ；S6-S20 were ecdysis from Tibicen flammatus ，C. flammatta，Lyristes pekinensis ，all of which were adulterants. The main distinguishing feature of C. pustulata ecdysis and its adulterants was that abdomen and ventral surface of C. pustulata ecdysis were triangular ，and the abdomen and ventral surface of other species was nearly parallel ；the valve of C. flammatta ecdysis was obvious ，but those of other varieties were not obvious ；the lateral appearance of terminaliae of C. flammatta ecdysis was sharper than those of other species ；there was an acute angle between the front foot accessory thorns and the end thorns of the T. flammatus ecdysis，and an obtuse angle between the front foot accessory thorns and the end thorns of the L. pekinensis ecdysis. CONCLUSIONS ：The method is simple ，reliable and suitable for rapid field identification of C. pustulata ecdysis and its adulterants.

Statistical evaluation of a novel SSVEP-BCI stimulation setup based on depth-of-field

Abstract Introduction The main drawback of a Brain-computer Interface based on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP-BCI) that detects the emergence of visual evoked potentials (VEP) in reaction to flickering stimuli is its muscular dependence due to users must redirect their gaze to put the target stimulus in their field of view. In this work, a novel setup is evaluated in which two stimuli are placed together in the center of users' field of view, but with dissimilar distances from them, so that the target selection is performed by focus shifting instead of head, neck and/or eyeball movements. Methods A model of VEP generation for the novel setup was developed. The Spectral F-test based on Bartett periodogram was used to evaluate the null hypothesis of absence of effects of the non-focused stimulus (NFS) within the VEP elicited by the focused stimulus (FS). To reinforce that there is not statistical evidence to support the presence of NFS effects, the PSDA detection method was employed to find the frequency of FS. Electroencephalographic signals of nine subjects were recorded. Results Approximately in 80% of the tests, the null hypothesis with 5% level of significance was non-rejected at the fundamental frequency of NFS. The average of the accuracy rate attained with PSDA detection method was 79.4%. Conclusion Results of this work become further evident to state that if the focused stimulus (FS) will be able to elicit distinguishable VEP pattern regardless the non-focused stimulus (NFS) is also present.

Photographic Implication And Basis of Camera Lens.

Our patients expect us to show them what we do, but just making a click is by far not enough to make good intra oral pictures. Being good in photography is an absolute necessity in today’s dentistry. Photographs are not used for diagnosis only but also for communication and medicolegal reasons.This article takes a full and clear review of selection of camera, lenses and camera setting for intra and extra oral shots.We know that good quality accurate clinical photography can easily be obtained using correct focusing technique, proper focal length of lens and aperture size. So aim of his article is to take the readers to the basics of camera lens.