Cost analysis of medical consumables for patients undergoing coronary stent implantation surgery before and after volume procurement in the context of diagnosis related groups payment / 中国医学装备

Objective:To study the changes of patient-related costs and the use of stents and other consumables before and after the centralized procurement of coronary stents.Methods:The inpatient medical insurance settlement case data of 1,973 patients with coronary stent implantation admitted to Daping Hospital of Army Medical University from December 2019 to October 2021 were selected.Among them,the data of 1,317 cases of percutaneous cardiovascular surgery and coronary stent implantation with serious or complications and accompanying disease group were slected according to disease diagnosis related groups(DRG),which were divided into the pre-centralized procurement group(667 cases)and the post-centralized procurement group(650 cases)according to the centralized procurement of coronary stents before and after.The costs of patients'medical consumables with the consumption of patients'medical consumables and the impact of the use of consumables such as coronary stents on the costs of medical consumables were compared.Results:There was no significant statistical difference in the hospitalization days and the average number of stents used in patients undergoing percutaneous cardiovascular procedures and coronary stent implantation with centralized procurement of coronary stents.There was a statistically significant difference in the total diagnosis and treatment cost,medical consumables cost,medicines and consumables cost and medicines cost between the pre-centralized procurement group and the post-centralized procurement group(Z=-22.316,-23.546,-22.917,-5.724,P<0.05).The cost of stents[16 260(13 300,32 272)yuan],the number of catheter guidewire balloon sheaths consumables[5(4,8)sets(pieces)],and the cost of catheter guidewire balloon sheaths consumables[8 719(5 805,15 372)yuan]in the pre-collection group were collected.There were statistically significant differences in the stent cost[1 059(590,1 770)yuan],the number of catheter guidewire balloon sheaths consumables[8(7,12)sets(pieces)],and the cost of catheter guidewire balloon sheaths consumables[5 708(3 392,12 871)yuan]between the two groups(Z=-30.452,16.582,-7.670,P<0.05).There was a statistical correlation between the cost of coronary stents and the cost of catheter guidewire balloon sheaths before and after centralized volume procurement on the cost of medical consumables for patients(r=0.903,0.473,0.785,0.953,P<0.05).The correlation coefficient between the cost of coronary stents and the cost of medical consumables for patients in the post-centralized procurement group decreased compared to the pre-centralized procurement group,the correlation coefficient between the cost of catheter guidewire balloon sheath and the cost of medical consumables for patients increased.Conclusion:The centralized procurement of coronary stents has a significant cost control effect on patients in the disease groups,and affects the cost structure of medical consumables.Combined with DRG reform,it can continuously improve the standardization and scientificity of clinical use of medical consumables.

Data-driven DRG-DIP-clinical pathway multidimensional fusion analysis and evaluation / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To analyze the correlation between the grouping and weighting of two sets of disease combination systems, namely diagnosis-related groups(DRG) and diagnosis-intervention packet(DIP), and to establish a multidimensional analysis and evaluation mode by applying DRG, DIP, and clinical pathway to guide the standardized diagnosis and treatment and management of disease types.Methods:DRG grouping and DIP simulation full enrollment were applied to patients discharged from a tertiary Grade A general hospital in 2019. The correlation analysis between DRG, DIP, and clinical pathway inclusion(entry), correlation analysis between relative weight of DRG group and DIP standard score, and correlation analysis between clinical pathway entry and cost structure of the two disease groups were conducted by using chi-square test, Pearson correlation analysis, t-test, structural change value, degree of structural change, and incremental contribution rate. Results:Among the 130 395 patients, 41 460 cases entered the clinical pathway, 127 535 cases were enrolled in DRG, and 104 227 cases were enrolled in DIP. There was a correlation between the enrollment of DRG, DIP, and clinical pathway( P<0.05), and there was also a correlation between the relative weight of DRG groups and the enrollment of clinical pathway. The relative weight of the DRG disease group was positively correlated with the DIP standard score( r2=0.761 7, P<0.001). There was a significant difference in hospitalization costs between patients with and without clinical pathway access for some diseases( P<0.05), and different cost categories had different impacts on the total costs. Conclusions:The weight assignment and value orientation of DRG and DIP disease types are consistent, and the multi-dimensional fusion evaluation mode for DRG-DIP-clinical pathway is feasible. The correlation analysis of DRG, DIP, and clinical pathways can serve as the basis for disease classification and cost structure evaluation, which could help to carry out hospital′s refined management and optimize disease structure.

Evaluation of the implementation effectiveness of the medication pathway in the orthopedic department of a tertiary hospital under DRG payment / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for improving the disease diagnosis related groups （DRG） payment reform， promoting refined hospital operation and management and rational drug use. METHODS Taking the orthopedic department of our hospital （the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University） as the research object， based on evidence-based medicine， a medication clinical pathway （hereinafter referred to as medication pathway） for DRG diseases in this department was constructed and implemented. All patients who met the DRG disease were included in the medication path management， and the patients in the same DRG disease group were treated with the same treatment method. Segmented regression model （SRM） was adopted to analyze the effects of medication pathway on the medical service capacity， efficiency and quality of our hospital. RESULTS During the implementation of medication pathway， significant decreases were observed in average length of hospital stay， cost per hospitalization， the proportion of medication expenses， medication cost per hospitalization and defined daily dose； the proportion of medical service revenue and the qualified rate of medical orders significantly increased （P＜0.05）. After the implementation of medication pathway， the average length of hospital stay and defined daily dose continued to decrease， and the qualified rate of medical orders also continued to significantly increase （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of medication pathway enhances the quality of medical services， improves operational efficiency， reduces medical expenses， and contributes to the development of a refined hospital management system.

Application of diagnosis-related groups performance evaluation in fine management of medical quality / 预防医学

Abstract@#Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), designed to reflect the complexity of grouped cases and the consumption of medical resources, has been utilized for evaluating hospital specialty capabilities and assessing performance. A provincial tertiary hospital in Zhejiang Province has developed a management model based on DRGs performance evaluation with strengthening the medical record quality control, optimizing disease admission structures, and refining data analysis. This article introduced the application of DRGs performance evaluation in this hospital, and proposed suggestions for improvement, including leveraging artificial intelligence and big data and integrating clinical pathway management to further enhance medical care quality. These insights provided the reference for high quality development of hospitals.

Comparative Study on the Payment of Medical Insurance for Innovative Drugs Between China and Foreign Countries / 医药导报

Payment by diagnosis related groups(DRG)is an important research direction in China's current medical insurance payment reform.However,it limits the clinical development and utilization of innovative medicines to a certain extent.Additional payments for innovative medicines have been thoroughly studied in many countries.This paper conducted an analysis and summary of the global experience regarding additional payment for innovative medicines under the DRG payment system.U-sing the United States,France,and Germany as case studies,this paper also examined the current state of medical insurance pay-ment for innovative medicines in China and the influence of DRG payment on the development of such medicine.In addition,it has put forward explicit policy recommendations,including the establishment of inclusion criteria,the selection of appropriate payment modes,the implementation of dynamic adjustment mechanisms,the enhancement of payment methods,etc.This paper aims to provide references to comprehensively promote DRG payment reform while further establishing and enhancing medical in-surance payment mechanisms related to innovative medicines in the context of China's national conditions.

An Initial Study of Evaluating and Controlling Decomposed Hospitalization under DRG Payment / 中国卫生经济

Objective:Evaluate the occurrence of repeated hospitalizations during the DRG payment reform of a tertiary general hospital and attempt to establish an operational method for evaluating decomposed hospitalization.Methods:The relevant data of inpa-tients in a tertiary public hospital in Beijing from November 1,2020,to August 31,2023,were collected,the occurrence of repeated hospitalization before and after the DRG reform were compared,and the suspicious decomposed hospitalization groups were screened and analyzed.Results:After the DRG reform,the incidence of 14-day,7-day,3-day,and same-day repeated hospitalization increased significantly compared with that before the reform(P＜0.05).Malignancies of the digestive system,a disease with a high readmission rate in the four categories,had a consistency of 6.02％in the ADRG group for two adjacent repeated hospitalizations,and the subsequent admissions of this disease may be assigned to different DRG groups for payment settlement.Conclusion:It is crucial to further enhance the medical insurance payment system,clarify criteria for"decomposed hospitalization",reduce the supervision cost of decomposed hospitalization,and prioritize management strategies targeting avoidable unplanned readmissions.

Lecciones y desafíos del uso de los grupos relacionados por el diagnóstico en Chile / Using diagnosis-related groups in Chile: lessons and challenges / Lições e desafios do uso de grupos de diagnósticos relacionados no Chile

RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar la implementación de los grupos relacionados por el diagnóstico (GRD) en Chile con miras a optimizar la distribución de los recursos públicos. Método. Se utilizó un análisis narrativo cronológico de los principales hitos, complementado por simulaciones de aplicación de los GRD mediante competencia emulada y análisis de conglomerados para fines evaluativos. Resultados. En el año 2001 se introdujeron los GRD en Chile, en un contexto académico. El Fondo Nacional de Salud (FONASA) comenzó a utilizarlos en el sector privado y, con un piloto, en el sector público en el 2015. Tras casi dos décadas de avances, en el 2020 se instaló el programa GRD como mecanismo de pago para los hospitales públicos desde el FONASA. Sin embargo, la pandemia de COVID-19 enlenteció su desarrollo. En el 2022 se retomó la aplicación y, tras evaluar el programa, se evidenció que los conglomerados de hospitales predefinidos para el pago diferenciado por GRD no lograron diferenciar grupos homogéneos. En el 2023 se reformó el programa y se aumentaron los recursos financieros, se definió un solo conglomerado y una tasa base, y se reconoció una mayor complejidad hospitalaria que la de años previos. Además, se agregaron tres hospitales al programa, con un total de 68. Conclusiones. La experiencia muestra que es posible dar continuidad a una política pública de financiamiento de la salud para lograr una mayor eficiencia y equidad en el sistema de salud, sobre la base de la existencia de instituciones robustas que persistan en su desarrollo y mejoramiento continuo.

ABSTRACT Objective. Analyze the implementation of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) in Chile with a view to optimizing the distribution of public resources. Methods. A chronological narrative analysis of the main milestones was complemented by simulated application of DRGs through emulated competition and cluster analysis for evaluative purposes. Results. In 2001, DRGs were introduced in Chile in an academic context. The National Health Fund (FONASA) began using DRGs in the private sector. A public sector pilot was launched in 2015. After nearly two decades of progress, in 2020 FONASA established the DRG program as a payment mechanism for public hospitals. However, the COVID-19 pandemic slowed its development. In 2022, implementation was resumed. After evaluating the program, it was evident that the hospital clusters that had been predefined for differentiated payment did not successfully differentiate homogeneous groups. In 2023, the program was reformed, financing was increased, a single cluster and base rate were defined, and greater hospital complexity was recognized, compared to previous years. Three hospitals were added to the program, for a total of 68. Conclusions. This experience shows that it is possible to sustain a public health financing policy that achieves greater efficiency and equity in the health system, based on the existence of robust institutions that continuously develop and improve.

RESUMO Objetivo. Analisar a implementação de grupos de diagnósticos relacionados (DRG, na sigla em inglês) no Chile, com o objetivo de otimizar a distribuição de recursos públicos. Método. Foi utilizada uma análise narrativa cronológica dos principais marcos, complementada por simulações da implementação de DRG usando concorrência simulada (yardstick competition) e análise de agrupamento para fins de avaliação. Resultados. O modelo de DRG foi introduzido no Chile em 2001, em um contexto acadêmico. Em 2015, o Fundo Nacional de Saúde (FONASA) começou a utilizá-lo no setor privado e, com um projeto-piloto, no setor público. Após quase duas décadas de progresso, em 2020, o programa de DRG foi implementado como mecanismo de pagamento do FONASA para os hospitais públicos. No entanto, a pandemia de COVID-19 interrompeu seu desenvolvimento. Em 2022, a aplicação foi retomada e, após uma avaliação do programa, ficou claro que os grupos hospitalares predefinidos para o pagamento diferenciado por DRG não formavam grupos homogêneos. Em 2023, o programa foi reformulado, com aumento dos recursos financeiros e a definição de um único agrupamento e de uma taxa básica, reconhecendo-se uma maior complexidade hospitalar do que nos anos anteriores. Além disso, três hospitais foram adicionados ao programa, elevando o total para 68. Conclusões. A experiência mostra que é possível dar continuidade a uma política pública de financiamento da saúde para alcançar maior eficiência e equidade no sistema de saúde com base na existência de instituições sólidas que persistam em seu desenvolvimento e contínuo aprimoramento.

Los determinantes de la estancia hospitalaria en un hospital universitario de alta complejidad

Objetivo: Establecer y cuantificar los determinantes de la estancia hospitalaria en un hospital universitario de Medellín de alta complejidad de Medellín, entre 2013 y 2018, valorar su importancia y modelar la estancia esperada. Metodología: Estudio observacional analítico retrospectivo de datos agregados. Siguiendo el método paso a paso, se corrieron siete modelos con estancia hospitalaria media como variable dependiente y las respectivas variables independientes: complejidad, oportunidad de apoyos diagnósticos, disponibilidad de insumos, casos de estancia prolongada y capacidad financiera. Se seleccionó el mejor modelo usando los criterios de ajuste Akaike e información Bayesiana, junto con las medidas de significancia global y significancia individual de los coeficientes. Se realizaron pruebas estadísticas de validez del modelo y se calcularon los coeficientes estandarizados. Resultados: Los valores medios de las variables más relevantes y su desviación estándar (de) fueron: estancia hospitalaria media, 8,09 días (de = 0,40); complejidad por consumo de recursos, 1,28 unidades (de = 0,07); apoyos diagnósticos, 90,74 mil estudios (de = 10,05); casos de estancia extrema, 4,36 % (de = 0,70), y complejidad por casuística, 1 (de = 0,03). Significancia global F = 55,2, p< 0,001. Significancia de los coeficientes: complejidad por consumo de recursos, p< 0,01; apoyos diagnósticos y casos de estancia extrema, p< 0,001; complejidad por casuística, p< 0,05. Coeficientes estandarizados: complejidad por consumo de recursos, 0,35; apoyos diagnósticos, 0,35; casos de estancia extrema, 0,26, y complejidad por casuística, 0,24. R2 ajustado 0,82. Conclusión: Los determinantes de la estancia hospitalaria en orden de importancia son: complejidad por consumo de recursos, apoyos diagnósticos, casos de estancia extrema, complejidad por casuística, inventario disponible y ganancias brutas.

Objective: To establish and quantify the determinants of hospital stay in a high complexity university hospital in Medellin between 2013 and 2018, assess their importance, and model the expected length of stay. Methodology: Retrospective analytical observational study of aggregate data. While following the method step by step, seven models were used, where mean hospital stay was the dependent variable and the respective independent variables were complexity, timeliness of diagnostic procedures, availability of supplies, cases of prolonged stay and financial capacity. The best model was selected using the Akaike and Bayesian information criterion, along with measures of both overall significance and individual significance of the coefficients. Statistical tests of model validity were performed and standardized coefficients were calculated. Results: The mean values of the most relevant variables and their standard deviation (SD) were: mean hospital stay, 8.09 days (SD = 0.40); complexity by resource consumption, 1.28 units (SD = 0.07); diagnostic procedures, 90.74 thousand studies (SD = 10.05); cases of extremely prolonged stay, 4.36% (SD = 0.70), and complexity by casuistry, 1 (SD = 0.03). Overall significance: F = 55.2, p < 0.001. Significance of coefficients: complexity by resource consumption, p < 0.01; diagnostic procedures and cases of extremely prolonged stay, p < 0.001; complexity by casuistry, p < 0.05. Standardized coefficients: complexity by resource consumption, 0.35; diagnostic procedures, 0.35; cases of extremely prolonged stay, 0.26; and complexity by casuistry, 0.24. Adjusted R2 0.82. Conclusion: In order of importance, the determinants of hospital stay are complexity by resource consumption, diagnostic procedures, extremely prolonged stay, complexity by casuistry, available inventory and gross profit.

Objetivo: Estabelecer e quantificar os determinantes da permanência hospitalar em um hospital universitário de alta complexidade de Medellín, entre 2013 e 2018, valorar sua importância e fazer a modelação da permanência esperada. Metodologia: Estudo observacional analítico retrospectivo de dados agregados. Seguindo o método passo a passo, foram aplicados sete modelos com permanência hospitalar média como variável dependente e as respectivas variáveis independentes: complexidade, oportunidade de apoios diagnósticos, disponibilidade de insumos, casos de permanência prolongada e capacidade financeira. Selecionou-se o melhor modelo usando os critérios de ajuste Akaike e informação Bayesiana, junto com as medidas de significância individual dos coeficientes. Realizaram-se provas estatísticas de validade do modelo e calcularam-se os coeficientes padronizados. Resultados: Os valores médios das variáveis mais relevantes e seu desvio-padrão (DP) foram: permanência hospitalar média, 8.09 dias (DP = 0,40); complexidade por consumo de recursos, 1,28 unidades (DP = 0,07); apoios diagnósticos, 90,74 mil estudos (DP = 10,05); casos de permanência extrema, 4,36 % (DP = 0,70), e complexidade por casuística, 1 (DP = 0,03). Significância global F = 55,2, p < 0,001. Significância dos coeficientes: complexidade por consumo de recursos, p < 0,01; apoios diagnósticos e casos de permanência extrema p < 0,001; complexidade por casuística, p < 0,05. Coeficientes padronizados: complexidade por consumo de recursos, 0,35; apoios diagnósticos, 0,35; casos de permanência extrema, 0,26 e complexidade por casuística, 0,24. R2 ajustado 0,82. Conclusão: Os determinantes da permanência hospitalar em ordem de importância são: complexidade por consumo de recursos, apoios diagnósticos, casos de permanência extrema, complexidade por casuística, inventário disponível e lucros brutos.

Prevalencia nacional de Eventos Adversos Medicamentosos en pacientes hospitalizados / Adverse Drug Events in Hospitalized Patients in Chile: Prevalence & Implications

OBJETIVO: El propósito de este trabajo es estudiar la prevalencia de eventos adversos medicamentosos (EAM) en pacientes hospitalizados durante el período 2019-2020 en Chile. Además, como parte de la investigación, se realizó una validación del método que etiqueta la ocurrencia de EAM en base a los diagnósticos de egreso de los casos analizados. Diseño: La prevalencia de EAM fue estudiada para cerca de 1,7 millones de pacientes, para los cuales se analizó, además de los diagnósticos CIE10 de egreso, información sociodemográfica e indicadores de resultado sanitario de la atención, tales como el peso GRD, largo de estadía y mortalidad. Para la validación del método de identificación de EAM, se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria representativa estratificada por sexo y especialidad médica del año 2019 en un hospital público de Chile, cuyos resúmenes de egreso fueron analizados por un grupo de expertos de forma retrospectiva. Resultados: Los resultados muestran una prevalencia de EAM u otras sustancias de 2,7% y 3,1% en los egresos hospitalarios de los años 2019 y 2020 a nivel nacional y una precisión del instrumento de al menos un 83,3% (IC 90%). Conclusiones: Este estudio permite describir un fenómeno por medio de la estimación basada en datos reales, el cual es esencial para el diseño de políticas públicas en salud y estudios que apunten a enriquecer la calidad y seguridad del paciente.

OBJETIVE: To study the prevalence of adverse drug events (ADE) in hospitalized patients in Chile. As part of our research, we also assessed the validity of the method used to identify the occurrence of an ADE based on the discharge diagnoses of the patient. Design: The study included 1,7 million patients hospitalized during 2019-2020. We analyzed the following variables for each patient: ICD-10 discharge diagnoses, sociodemographic information, and clinical outcome indicators, i.e., diagnosis-related group (DRG) weight, length of stay, and mortality. To validate the method for the identification of ADEs, first, we generated a random representative sample of patients, stratified by sex and medical specialty, hospitalized in a Chilean public hospital in 2019, and then we compared the outcome of the method with the opinion of a group of clinical experts that reviewed each patient's discharge summary retrospectively. Results: The prevalence of ADEs in hospitalized patients in Chile during 2019 and 2020 was 2,7% and 3,1%, respectively. The precision of the method used to identify ADEs was 83,3% or higher (CI 90%). Conclusions: This paper uses nationwide data to describe the prevalence of ADEs and their correlation with different factors associated with the patient, the patient's disease, and the health service. These studies are essential to designing public health policies that effectively address healthcare quality and patient safety.

Research on Influencing Factors of Percutaneous Coronary Stent Implantation by Group Settlement Based on CHS-DRG / 中国医院管理

Objective To analyze the data of percutaneous coronary stent implantation related groups in certain hospi-tal of Beijing,so as to provide data support for promoting CHS-DRG payment reform and provide guidance and reference for its refined management.Methods The case data of local medical insurance patients in Beijing who received percutaneous coronary stent implantation from January 2020 to December 2021 in certain hospital were statistically analyzed,collect the medical insurance settlement information of the selected patients,and analyze the factors that affect their entry into FM19 group settlement.Results There are differences in the factors affecting FM19 inclusion in different reform stages,overtransfer personnel is a new independent factor that interferes with the group settlement in the actual operation stage.Some special operation codes may interfere with cases entering FM19 group due to pri-ority effect among disease groups.Conclusion The grouping settlement conditions of CHS-DRG are more complex,patients with different expense types need to be specifically analyzed according to the current grouping scheme and reimbursement policy.At present,there are relatively few disease groups settled by package for urban residents,and they continue to be affected by the rule of grouping priority.However,it is necessary to fully implement and strengthen the cost control of disease groups for urban employees,and rationally optimize the diagnosis and treat-ment plan to finely control medical costs.

Reform measures of nursing vertical management under the background of diagnosis related groups / 中华护理杂志

To summarize the reform measures of nursing vertical management in our hospital under the background of diagnosis related groups,including refined performance management,cancellation of nursing main pharmacy classes,implementation of attending nursing working group,establishment of DRGs nursing quality control coder position,head nurse responsible for bed allocation,deepening nursing quality management and other measures,so as to provide references for other hospitals to carry out the reform of nursing vertical management under the background of DRGs.

Practice of refined management of anti-tumor drugs based on value healthcare / 中华医院管理杂志

In recent years, the rapid increase in cancer treatment costs in China had brought a huge economic burden to society, and it was urgent to standardize the rational application of anti-tumor drugs. In the context of the reform of group payment related to disease diagnosis, a tertiary first-class hospital focused on the needs of patients and guided by value-based healthcare, established a professional and normalized refined anti-tumor drug management system, setted up a multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment team, and promoted " Internet plus pharmaceutical services" in December 2018.From 2019 to 2021, the proportion of hospital drugs were 30.8%, 30.1%, and 27.3%, respectively. The amount of money spent on anti-tumor drugs were 83.25 million yuan, 76.41 million yuan, and 62.48 million yuan, respectively, showing a decreasing trend year by year. The practice of refined management of anti-tumor drugs fully reflected the core concept of value based healthcare, achieving closed-loop management of the entire process of drugs, improving the level of rational drug use, reducing the economic burden on patients, and providing reference for improving the level of rational use of anti-tumor drugs in public hospitals.

Enlightenment of the DRG payment reform in the United States on the reform of China′s medical insurance payment methods / 中华医院管理杂志

In order to curb the excessive growth of medical expenses, the United States has initiated payment reform of diagnosis-related groups (DRG) since 1983, and developed a series of complementary measures to address issues such as overcoding and declining healthcare service quality which were exposed during the reform. The authors discussed the implementation of DRG payment reform in the United States, namely the case-mix specialization of medical institutions and the reduction of costs, as well as the relationship between the two. On this basis, the authors suggested that when implementing reforms to the medical insurance payment system in China, it is imperative to avoid such loopholes as overcoding by medical institutions and excessive pursuit of efficiency at the expense of quality control, as well as the decline of comprehensive rescue capability and quality of care incurred by the exacerbated specialization.

Study on DRG grouping of acute myeloid leukemia based on decision tree model / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To explore the influencing factors of hospitalization cost of acute myeloid leukemia, to group the cases based on decision tree model and to provide reference for improving the DRG management in this regard.Methods:Homepage data were retrieved from the medical records with acute myeloid leukemia as the main diagnosis (the top four ICD codes were C92.0, C92.4, C92.5, and C93.0). These patients were discharged from the clinical hematology department of the Fujian Institute of Hematology from January 2020 to December 2021. Then the influencing factors of hospitalization expenses were identified using Wilcoxon rank sum test or Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis, with such factors used as classification nodes. The decision tree model of χ2 automatic interactive testing method was used to group the cases so included. At the same time, the included cases were grouped according to the trial run C-DRG version in Fujian province, for comparison of the differences between the two grouping methods. Results:The length of stay, the type of treatment, whether associated complications and age of patients were found as the influencing factors for the hospitalization costs of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, and such factors were included in the decision tree model to form 9 case mixes. The variance reduction of this model was 75.77%, featuring a high inter-group heterogeneity, and the coefficient of variation was 0.33-0.61, featuring a low in-group difference. The patients were divided into two groups according to the C-DRG version in Fujian province. The variance reduction of this method was 27.57%, featuring a low inter-group heterogeneity, and the coefficients of variation were 0.59 and 1.25, featuring high in-group difference.Conclusions:The cases of acute myeloid leukemia were grouped based on length of stay, type of treatment, whether accompanied by complications, and age proved reasonable enough to serve as reference for DRG management and cost control of this disease.

Efficiency analysis and management strategies of hospital beds based on diagnosis-related groups / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To improve the evaluation method of hospital beds efficiency based on diagnosis-related groups (DRG), and to provide a basis for hospitals to allocate beds reasonably and improve bed efficiency.Methods:Taking a tertiary hospital in Beijing as the research object, the types of beds were evaluated by the beds utilization matrix with the time consumption index as the X-axis and the bed utilization rate as the Y-axis. The types of beds in the department were divided into efficiency type, pressure type, turnover type, and idle type. The efficiency of medical services and the level of diagnosis and treatment were evaluated by the weight of DRG per bed. The calculation method of theoretical number of beds was improved by incorporating hospital case mix index as a risk adjustment factor into the formula to evaluate the status of beds allocation. Combining the bed type, DRG weight per bed, and bed allocation status, the improvement emphasis and management strategy of bed utilization could be comprehensively analyzed.Results:Among the 24 departments in the hospital, there were 5, 9, 1 and 9 departments being efficiency type, pressure type, turnover type and idle type, respectively. The weight per bed of 11 departments was higher than the average level of the hospital. There were 16, 5, and 3 departments with appropriate, fewer, and excessive beds, respectively.Conclusions:The comprehensive analysis of beds utilization type, allocation status and weight of each bed based on DRG is an effective method to evaluate the efficiency of hospital beds, and can provide decision-making basis for hospital bed resource allocation, hospital operation focus adjustment, and subject development planning.

Analysis of factors influencing the medical insurance balance of hospitalization expenses for gastric cancer surgery patients under DRG payment / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To analyze the influencing factors of the medical insurance balance of hospitalization expenses for gastric cancer surgery patients under DRG payment, for reference for promoting the reform of DRG payment in public hospitals and controlling hospitalization expenses reasonably.Methods:The gastric cancer patients enrolled in the gastroenterology department of a tertiary comprehensive hospital from January to July 2022 were selected as the research subjects. The indicators such as patient age, medical insurance balance, hospitalization expenses and their composition were extracted from the hospital information management system and the medical insurance settlement system a certain city. Descriptive analysis was conducted for all data, and stepwise multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of patients′ medical insurance balance. Monte Carlo simulation method was used to simulate different combination scenarios of various influencing factors to analyze the probability of medical insurance balance.Results:A total of 205 patients were contained, including 117 in the medical insurance balance group and 88 in the loss group. The difference in hospitalization expenses and medical insurance balance between the two groups of patients were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The intervention of medical insurance specialists, correct DRG enrollment, parenteral nutrition preparation costs, anti infective drug costs, examination costs, and consumables costs were the influencing factors of patient medical insurance balance ( P<0.05). Through Monte Carlo simulation verification, patients with different cost parenteral nutrition preparations, or different anti infective drug schemes had the higher probability of medical insurance balance in the scenario where the medical insurance commissioner intervenes and the DRG enrollment was correct. Conclusions:The hospital adopted interventions from medical insurance specialists to ensure the correct DRG enrollment of patients, accurate use of parenteral nutrition and anti infective drugs, and reasonable control the cost of examinations and consumables, which could increase the probability of medical insurance balance for gastric cancer surgery patients. In the future, hospitals should further promote the procurement of drug consumables in bulk, reduce unnecessary examinations, develop standardized perioperative nutritional interventions and anti infection treatment pathways, ensure the accuracy of DRG enrollment, optimize clinical diagnosis and treatment pathways to improve the efficiency of medical insurance fund utilization and provide high-quality medical services for patients.

Exploration of A Cost-control Model for Conducting Group-related Rational Drug Use Management under CHS-DRG Simulation Operation / 医药导报

Objective To investigate the medical expense control model of rational drug use based on the China healthcare security diagnosis related groups(CHS-DRG)simulation in Beijing in 2021.Methods By analyzing the simulated operation data from January to March 2021 before the intervention,the groups with rational drug management improving potential among the top three surgical disease groups in terms of the number of cases enrolled in the surgical department were selected.Then,the targeted intervention and guidance were implemented to the selected disease groups.Finally,the analysis was obtained by comparing the changes in several key indicators such as the average drug cost,average antibacterial drug cost,average surplus and average length of stay during June to August 2021.Moreover,the differences in antimicrobial drug use intensity and hospital infection reporting of the department as a whole where the problematic groups were located were also investigated.Results Before the intervention,the otolaryngology related groups(including DD29 and DE19),urology surgery related groups(including LD19 and LJ13)could be improved in antibacterial drug use during the perioperative period.Meanwhile,the chest surgery related group(including EB19)had space to be improved in auxiliary medication.After the intervention,the five groups'average drug cost and average antibacterial drug cost in the otolaryngology and urology surgery departments are all decreased.The antibiotics use intensity is also declined in otolaryngology and urology surgery departments.The average surplus of otolaryngology and urology surgery related groups are increased,with the DE19 disease group in ENT also achieving a profit turnaround.As for the indicators related to the quality of care,there were no significant differences in the groups'average length of stay and nosocomial infection reporting of these departments.Conclusion The hospital operation based on CHS-DRG payment is both an opportunity and a challenge.The all-inclusive payment model has prompted hospitals to take the initiative in controlling costs,and the exploration of a rational medication management and cost-control model related to disease groups has begun to show results in terms of cost reductions without affecting the quality of medical care.The research can also provide a solid foundation for the CHS-DRG actual payment and sustainable development of medical insurance fund.

Associação entre peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e diagnósticos secundários na permanência hospitalar de recém-nascidos prematuros / Asociación entre peso al nacimiento, edad gestacional y diagnóstico secundario en estancia hospitalaria de recién nacido prematuro / Association between birth weight, gestational age and secondary diagnoses in the hospital stay of premature newborns

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a associação entre peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e diagnósticos médicos secundários no tempo de permanência hospitalar de recém-nascidos prematuros. Métodos: estudo transversal, com 1.329 prontuários de recém-nascidos no período de julho de 2012 a setembro de 2015, em dois hospitais de Belo Horizonte, que utilizam o sistema Diagnosis Related Groups Brasil. Para determinar um ponto de corte para o peso ao nascer e a idade gestacional no nascimento que melhor determinasse o tempo de internação, foi utilizada a curva Receive Operator Characteristic. Posteriormente, utilizou-se o teste de análise de variância e teste de Duncan para a comparação entre a média de tempo de permanência hospitalar. Resultados: a prematuridade sem problemas maiores (DRG 792) foi a categoria mais prevalente (43,12%). O maior tempo médio de internação foi de 34,9 dias, identificado entre os recém-nascidos prematuros ou com síndrome da angústia respiratória (DRG 790). A combinação de menor peso ao nascer e menor IG ao nascimento apresentou o maior risco de permanência hospitalar, aumentada quando comparados aos demais perfis formados para esse DRG. Conclusão: os achados poderão direcionar a assistência em relação à mobilização de recursos físicos, humanos e de bens de consumo, além da análise crítica de condições que influenciam os desfechos clínicos. A possibilidade da otimização do uso desses recursos hospitalares aliada à melhoria da qualidade dos atendimentos e da segurança dos pacientes está associada à minimização do tempo de permanência hospitalar e da carga de morbidade e mortalidade neonatal.

RESUMEN Objetivo: verificar la asociación entre el peso al nacer, la edad gestacional y los diagnósticos médicos secundarios en la duración de la estancia hospitalaria de los recién nacidos prematuros. Métodos: estudio transversal, con 1.329 registros de recién nacidos de julio de 2012 a septiembre de 2015, en dos hospitales de Belo Horizonte, que utilizan el sistema Diagnosis Related Groups Brasil. Para determinar un punto de corte para el peso al nacer y la edad gestacional al nacer que mejor determina la duración de la estadía, se utilizó la curva Receive Operator Characteristic. Posteriormente, se utilizó la prueba de análisis de varianza y la prueba de Duncan para comparar la duración media de la estancia hospitalaria. Resultados: la prematuridad sin mayores problemas (DRG 792) fue la categoría más prevalente (43,12%). La estancia media más larga fue de 34,9 días, identificada entre los recién nacidos prematuros o aquellos con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (DRG 790). La combinación de menor peso al nacer y menor IG al nacer presentó el mayor riesgo de estancia hospitalaria, que se incrementó en comparación con los otros perfiles formados para este DRG. Conclusión: los hallazgos pueden orientar la atención en relación con la movilización de recursos físicos, humanos y de bienes de consumo, además del análisis crítico de las condiciones que influyen en los resultados clínicos. La posibilidad de optimizar el uso de estos recursos hospitalarios, aliada a mejorar la calidad de la atención y la seguridad del paciente, está asociada a minimizar la duración de la estancia hospitalaria y la carga de morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal.

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the association between birth weight, gestational age, and secondary medical diagnoses in the length of hospital stay of premature newborns. Methods: cross-sectional study, with 1,329 medical records of newborns from July 2012 to September 2015, in two hospitals in Belo Horizonte, which use the Diagnosis Related Groups Brasil system. To determine a cutoff point for birth weight and gestational age at birth that best determined the length of hospital stay, the Receive Operator Characteristic curve was used. Subsequently, the analysis of variance test and Duncan's test were used to compare the mean length of hospital stay. Results: prematurity without major problems (DRG792) was the most prevalent category (43.12%). The longest mean length of hospital stay was 34.9 days, identified among preterm infants or infants with respiratory distress syndrome (DRG 790). The combination of lower birth weight and lower GA at birth presented the highest risk of hospital stay, increased when compared to the other profiles formed for this DRG. Conclusion: the findings may direct assistance in relation to the mobilization of physical, human and consumer goods resources, in addition to the critical analysis of conditions that influence clinical outcomes. The possibility of optimizing the use of these hospital resources, allied to improving the quality of care and patient safety, is associated with minimizing the length of hospital stay and the burden of neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Sociodemographic determinants of multimorbidity in Brazilian adults and older adults: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity due to non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) constitutes a significant challenge for healthcare systems. To attenuate its impacts, it is essential to identify the sociodemographic determinants of this condition, which can discriminate against population segments that are more exposed. OBJECTIVE: To identify associations between multimorbidity conditions and sociodemographic indicators among Brazilian adults and older adults. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional telephone-based survey in 26 Brazilian state capitals and the federal district. METHODS: The Vigitel 2013 survey was used, with data collected via a questionnaire. The outcome was multimorbidity (2, 3 or 4 NCDs), and the exposures were sociodemographic indicators (age, sex, skin color, marital status and education). The analysis consisted of multinomial logistic regression (odds ratio), stratified by age. RESULTS: Among adults, multimorbidity comprising two, three or four diseases was associated with advancing age (P < 0.001); two and three diseases, with having a partner (P = 0.004 and P < 0.001, respectively); and two, three or four diseases, with lower education (P < 0.001). Among older adults, two, three or four diseases were associated with female sex (P < 0.001); three diseases, with living with a partner (P = 0.018); two diseases, with black skin color (P = 0.016); and two or three diseases, with lower education (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: To control and prevent multimorbidity, strategies for individuals with existing chronic diseases, with partners and with lower education levels are needed. Particularly for adults, advancing age should be considered; and for older adults, being a woman and having black skin color.

Quantitative evaluation for payment policy of diagnosis-related groups in China based on PMC index model / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To quantitatively evaluate the existing payment policies of diagnosis-related groups （DRGs）in China ， so as to provide reference for the formulation and improvement of policies. METHODS Totally 58 documents related to DRGs payment issued by the national and provincial medical security bureaus from 2017 to 2022 were processed by text mining method. PMC index evaluation model of DRGs payment policy was established. Nine typical DRGs payment policies were quantitatively evaluated and analyzed by 10 primary variables and 40 secondary variables. RESULTS Among the 9 policies，5 were excellent and 4 were acceptable. The average score of PMC index was 6.882. Generally ，there was still room for improvement because of the acceptable level. By comparing the two representative policies ，it was found that the main reasons was a lack of consideration in terms of supervision and management ，incentives and constraints when facing policy changes ，reason of the lower level of urban development. CONCLUSIONS Although DRGs payment policy in China is basically perfect ，there is still a lot of room for improvement in terms of extending the time limit of the policy ，summarizing and spreading the successful experience of pilot cities.