Evaluation of Chinese Food Guide Pagoda (2022) / 环境与职业医学

Background A rational diet is the foundation of health. Dietary guidelines for Chinese residents and Chinese Food Guild Pagoda aim to provide healthy eating guidance for Chinese residents. Objective To evaluate the rationality and applicability of the "Chinese Food Guild Pagoda" (2022). Methods The energy and nutrient supplies of foods recommended by the Food Pagoda-were calculated based on the chinese food composition Table. The degree of requirement satisfaction for energy or nutrients was calculated by comparing with the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) or adequate intake (AI) for adults (≥ 18 years) with light physical activity according to the Chinese dietary reference intakes. Results The estimated energy intake was 46662.79-10062.28 kJ, which met the 6697.36-10046.04 kJ set by the Food Pagoda. We estimated that 65.74-102.78 g of protein, 59.67-82.71 g of fat, and 211.27-333.19 g of carbohydrate were provided by following the Food Pagoda. Adequate vitamins and minerals were also provided by following the Food Pagoda. However, the amounts of vitamin E was estimated to be 2.40-3.28 times and sodium was 1.59-1.75 times of AI, while selenium was 63.40%-98.15% of RNI. Conclusion The amounts of vitamin E and sodium by following the Food Pagoda may be higher and selenium may be lower than recommended intakes. Energy and other nutrients in the Food Pagoda are suitable for general adults in China.

Elemental Study of Common Iced Fish Species Sold in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

There is a death of information on the mineral composition of essential, toxic elements of commonly consumed frozen fishes in Nigeria, hence, this study was conducted to determine the proximate, elemental composition and also estimate the daily intake of the minerals obtained in the frozen samples of Hake (Merluccius merluccius), Sardine (Sardinella eba), Chub Mackerel (Scomber jopanicus), Atlantic horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) and, Croaker (Pseudolithus elongatus) obtained from four markets in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The fish species examined contained appreciable concentrations of protein which ranged from 15.19% in Chub mackerel to 21.75 % in Atlantic horse mackerel. The ash and moisture content suggest that the fish species are a good source of minerals and a veritable medium for microbial proliferation respectively, while, the crude fat value ranging between 0.16 % in Atlantic horse mackerel to 0.27 % in Hake showed that they are lean fat fishes. The Estimated Dietary Intake (EDI) of the macro and microelements analysed in the fish species (except for phosphorus) fell short of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) that were established by the Institute of Medicine. However, the concentrations of toxic elements such as lead, arsenic and cadmium exceeded the maximum limits set for these elements in foods, and this consequently poses a long term risk as a result of the bioaccumulation and biomagnifications of these toxic elements in the body.

Folate food source, usual intake, and folate status in Korean adults

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purposes of the study were to investigate folate intakes and plasma folate concentrations as well as estimate folate status in Korean healthy adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 254 healthy 19- to 64-year-old adults (68 men and 186 women) living in Seoul metropolitan area, Gumi, and Kwangju, Korea participated. Three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls, information on folate supplementation, and fasting blood samples were collected from the subjects. RESULTS: The mean dietary folate intakes were 587.4 and 499.2 µg dietary folate equivalent (DFE)/day for men and women, respectively. The median dietary intakes of men and women were 566.6 and 474.6 µg DFE/day, respectively. Forty subjects (16.7% of total) less total folate than the estimated average requirement (EAR). Folate intakes of 23.3% of men and 34.8% of women aged 19–29 years did not meet the EAR for folate. Major food sources consumed for dietary folate were baechukimchi (Chinese cabbage kimchi), rice, spinach, eggs, and laver, which provided 44% of dietary folate intake for the subjects. Plasma folate concentrations were 23.4 nmol/L for men and 28.3 nmol/L for women, and this level was significantly lower in men than in women. Approximately 13% of men and 3% of women were folate-deficient, and the percentages of subjects showing folate concentrations lower than 10 nmol/L were 27.9% of men and 6.4% of women. CONCLUSIONS: Folate intakes of Korean adults in this study were generally adequate. However, one-third of young adults had inadequate folate intakes.

Nutritional Adequacy Analysis of Recommended Menu in Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015 / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Recommended Menu (RM) prepared according to the Target Pattern expected to meet the dietary reference intake (DRI) of nutrients. Nutritional adequacy of RM in ‘DRI for Koreans 2015’ were analyzed to verify whether such expectation was fulfilled. METHODS: Dishes in RM are categorized by 5 food groups, and number and types of dishes for main meal and between-meals were analyzed. The energy and 12 nutrients (protein, dietary fiber, Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C) contents in 10 RMs were calculated using the food composition table (CD) in ‘DRI for Koreans’. Energy, energy contribution ratio, and nutrient contents in 10 RMs for 18 age groups were evaluated based on the ‘DRI for Koreans 2015’. RESULTS: Number of dishes per meal were 4.83, and representative table setting consisted of cooked rice + soup (or stew) +3 side dishes. Energy contents of RM were 75~109% of estimated energy requirement (EER). None of the RM met the DRI of all 12 nutrients examined. Calcium was the most insufficient nutrient. Only 1-2 years' RM met the DRI, all the other RMs did not meet the calcium DRI. Dietary fiber and potassium contents were also insufficient in most RM. In adult male's RM, only 1 nutrient, i.e. calcium did not meet the DRI, but in female adult's RM, 5~6 nutrients did not meet the DRI. Energy contribution ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat in RM were 59.0~70.4%, 15.7~17.5%, 12.1~23.5%, respectively. And 4 RMs out of 10 exceeded the upper limit of acceptable macro-nutrient distribution range (AMDR) of carbohydrate and 3 RMs out of 10 RM were below the lower limit of fat AMDR. Contribution ratio of nutrients were ≥ 40% by food groups were as follows: grain group in energy and carbohydrate; meat·fish·egg·legume group in fat, protein, and niacin; vegetables group in dietary fiber, vitamin A, and vitamin C; milk·dairy products group in calcium. CONCLUSIONS: RM prepared according to the Target Pattern did not meet nutritional adequacy as expected. Especially calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber contents are needed to be increased in many RMs. Further, energy content in RM needs to be adjusted for fat·sugar food group assigned in Target Pattern and condiment.

Establishment of reference intake of water for Korean adults in 2015 / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This review was performed to establish a reference intake of water for Korean (KDRI-water) adults in 2015 by examining current knowledge of the relationship between water intake and health and the general status of water intake and loss. We expect that this study will be utilized for further refinement of KDRI-water. METHODS: Documents were searched using RISS, NDSL, DBPIA, CINAHL, and Pubmed with the keywords ‘water intake, water supply, water ingestion, hydration, dehydration, water balance, and fluid balance’. RESULTS: Water balance is essential for the maintenance of health. Based on this assumption, numerous studies have been performed to investigate the association of water intake with several diseases such as urolithasis, obesity, diabetes, and cancer as well as other health problems, including constipation, cognition, and fetal weight. Effects of water intake for prevention or relief of these health problems vary. Water is supplied to the body by eating foods and drinking liquids such as plain water and beverages. Metabolic water is another source of water input. Water is lost through urine, skin, respiration, and feces. KDRI-water 2015 was set by adequate intake (AI) based on water intake volume, which was the sum of water intakes from foods and fluids reported by the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with extra milk intake of 200 mL. AIs in some age groups were modified considering their estimated energy requirements. CONCLUSION: Accurate data of water intake is critically important for the establishment of KDRI-water. Therefore, improvement of systems investigating water intake is required, and more studies on the status of water intake and loss in Korean people are needed for definite KDRI-water establishment.

Resumen de la evidencia disponible del beneficio de ácidos grasos EPA y DHA para determinar un valor referencial recomendado para su ingesta: Overview / Summary of the available evidence from the benefit of EPA and DHA fatty acids for Determine a reference value recommended for intake

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO Dentro de los ácidos grasos n-3 polinsaturados, el ácido eicosapentaenoico(EPA) y el ácido docosahexaenoico(DHA) han sido estudiados ampliamente por los efectos beneficiosos de su ingesta. En este contexto el Departamento de Nutrición solicita este resumen con el objetivo de informar la toma de decisiones respecto del efecto de EPA y DHA sobre la salud de la población. METODOLOGÍA Se buscó en 5 bases de datos con el objetivo de identificar revisiones sistemáticas del tema. Se utiliza la metodología sobre la certeza de la evidencia GRADE. Se excluyen estudios que incluyeran ensayos clínicos con animales, que describieran mecanismos de acción de omega-3, artículos en otro idioma que no sea inglés/español. RESULTADOS -Los ácidos grasos omega-3 podrían reducir la mortalidad de la población por toda causa, pero la evidencia no es contundente. -La ingesta de EPA y DHA no prevendría el cáncer en la población. -En términos cardiovasculares, el EPA y DHA probablemente reducen la presión arterial, reducen la mortalidad por causa cardiovascular, y reduce los eventos coronarios. -Los ácidos grasos n-3 polinsaturados probablemente mejoran la eficiencia neuronal. -Podrían existir algunos beneficios de ácidos grasos Omega-3 en la reducción del riesgo de presentar partos prematuros, fibrosis quística, metabolopatías, inmunopatías y concentraciones sanguíneas elevadas de triglicéridos y colesterol. -Los ácidos grasos Omega-3 no generan beneficios en el crecimiento de los recién nacidos y su desarrollo neurológico. Sin embargo, EPA y DHA pueden impactar sobre el desarrollo visual. -La ingesta de EPA y DHA no tiene un efecto sobre la depresión maternal. -La ingesta de DHA en dosis entre 0.5-3.4g por día reduce la depresión maternal perinatal. Sin embargo, dosis de 1.68g aumentan los niveles de colesterol HDL y LDL, a la vez que reducen el nivel de triglicéridos. -Ingestas mayores a 200mg diarios de EPA y DHA reducen el nivel sanguíneo de triglicéridos, mientras que dosis mayores a 3g aumentarían los niveles de colesterol LDL. -Las recomendaciones de organizaciones a lo largo del mundo varían en cuanto a sexo y edad de las personas. Además, exceptuando a Japón, las recomendaciones se encuentran entre 100-500mg diarios de EPA y DHA.

A study on the prevalence of adequacy of Iron and Vitamin C in children's diets / Estudo de prevalência de adequação de Ferro e Vitamina C em dietas infantis

The aim of this study was to apply methodological procedures to determine the prevalence of adequacy of Iron and vitamin C in children's diets. It was included 238 children aged 2 to 3 years enrolled in 2009 in 25 day care centers in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Dietary intake was assessed by weighing the food and food record. Assessing the prevalence of nutrient adequacy took into consideration the individual and the group. The best estimate of the needs of the individual is given by the estimated average requirement (EAR), since we do not know the true needs of the individual who is being evaluated. To estimate the need of the group method was used EAR as the cutoff. The prevalence of adequacy of iron and vitamin C in children's diets was 91.2 and 62.2%, respectively. All necessary to achieve the method EAR as the cutoff were used, but became unviable the adjustment of the observed consumption data to estimate the distribution of usual intake in this group. We conclude that the study of probability of adequacy of habitual diet in iron and vitamin C in the age group in question was only possible with the use of procedures for the individual.

O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar procedimentos metodológicos para determinar a prevalência de adequação de ferro e vitamina C em dietas infantis. Foram incluídas na amostra 238 crianças de 2 e 3 anos matriculadas no ano de 2009 em 25 creches no município do Rio de Janeiro. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por pesagem de alimentos e registro alimentar. Para avaliação da prevalência de adequação de um nutriente levou-se em consideração o indivíduo e o grupo. A melhor estimativa das necessidades do indivíduo é dada pela necessidade média estimada (EAR), já que não se conhece a necessidade verdadeira do indivíduo que se está avaliando. Para estimar a necessidade do grupo foi utilizado o método da EAR como ponto de corte. A prevalência de adequação de ferro e vitamina C nas dietas infantis para cada criança foi de 91,2 e 62,2%, respectivamente. Foram utilizadas todas as premissas necessárias à consecução do método da EAR como ponto de corte, porém tornou-se inviável o ajustamento dos dados de consumo observado para estimar a distribuição do consumo habitual neste grupo. Conclui-se que o estudo de probabilidade de adequação da dieta habitual em ferro e vitamina C no grupo etário em apreço só foi possível com a utilização dos procedimentos destinados ao indivíduo.

Methodological issues in estimating sodium intake in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / 한국역학회지

For policy goal setting, efficacy evaluations, and the development of related programs for reducing sodium intake, it is essential to accurately identify the amount of sodium intake in South Korea and constantly monitor its trends. The present study aimed to identify the status of sodium intake in South Korea and to review the methods and their validity for estimating sodium intake in each country; through this, we aim to determine more accurate methods for determining sodium intake and to monitor the trend in sodium intake for Korean citizens in the future. Using 24-hour dietary recall data from the 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to estimate daily sodium intake, the average daily sodium intake among Koreans was 4,546 mg (men, 5,212 mg; women, 3,868 mg). In addition to the nutrition survey that uses the 24-hour dietary recall method, sodium intake can also be calculated from the amount of sodium excreted in 24-hour urine, 8-hour overnight urine, and spot urine samples. Although KNHANES uses the 24-hour dietary recall method to estimate the sodium intake, the 24-hour dietary recall method has the disadvantage of not being able to accurately determine the amount of sodium intake owing to its unique characteristics of the research method and in the processing of data. Although measuring the amount of sodium excreted in 24-hour urine is known to be the most accurate method, because collecting 24-hour urine from the general population is difficult, using spot urine samples to estimate sodium intake has been suggested to be useful for examining the trend of sodium intake in the general population. Therefore, we planned to conduct a study for estimating of 24-hour sodium excretion from spot urine and 8-hour overnight urine samples and testing the validity among subsamples in the KNHANES. Based on this result, we will adopt the most appropriate urine collection method for estimating population sodium intake in South Korea.