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OBJECTIVE: To identify the sources of different Aurantii Fructus Immaturus utilizing electronic tongue technology. METHODS: Principal component analysis and discriminant factor analysis were constructed to assess the response similarities of various Aurantii Fructus Immaturus based on classification model. The sources of the unknown Aurantii Fructus Immaturus were further identified, and the results were verified by HPLC fingerprint. RESULTS: Aurantii Fructus Immaturus in the market were divide into two categories and the recognition result of tested Aurantii Fructus Immaturus was consistent with the HPLC result. CONCLUSION: Electronic tongue technology is very efficient in the identification of the unknown Aurantii Fructus Immaturus. Copyright 2012 by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.
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INTRODUCTION:Type 1A diabetes mellitus (T1ADM) is a multifactorial disease in which genetic and environmental aspects are important to its development. The association of genetic variations with disease has been demonstrated in several studies; however, the role of some gene loci has not yet been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE:To compare the frequency of HLA alleles and polymorphism in CTLA-4 and insulin genes in Brazilians with T1ADM and individuals without the disease, as well as to identify genetic markers that are able to discriminate between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. METHODS: The presence of HLA DQB1, DQA1 and DRB1 alleles, as well as the -2221 MspI polymorphism in the insulin gene and 49 A/G in the CTLA-4 gene were identified by the "Time-resolved fluorometer" technique after hybridization with probes labeled with Eu (III) / Sm (III) and Tb (III). RESULTS: The DQB1 *0302 and DQA1 *03 alleles were identified as predisposed to T1ADM, and the DQB1 *0301 allele presented a protective effect against the disease.The DQA1 label proved to be able to differentiate between 71.13 percent of the diabetic and non-diabetic individuals.This value increased to 82.47 percent when the DQB1 label was added. No significant difference in the frequency of polymorphisms in the insulin and CTLA-4 genes was observed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic markers that best characterized and discriminated diabetic and non-diabetic individuals were the HLA DQA1 and DQB1.alleles.
INTRODUÇÃO: O diabetes melito tipo 1 (T1ADM) é uma doença multifatorial em que os aspectos genéticos e ambientais são importantes para o seu desenvolvimento. A associação das variações genéticas com a doença tem sido demonstrada em vários trabalhos, no entanto, o papel de alguns locos gênicos não foi ainda completamente elucidado. OBJETIVOS: Comparar a frequência de alelos do HLA e polimorfismos nos genes CTLA-4 e insulina em brasileiros com T1ADM e indivíduos sem a doença, além de identificar marcadores gênicos que sejam capazes de discriminar indivíduos diabéticos e não diabéticos. MÉTODOS: A presença dos alelos de HLA DQB1, DQA1 e DRB1, bem como dos polimorfismos -2221 MspI no gene da insulina e 49 A/G no gene CTLA-4, foram identificados por meio da técnica Time-resolved fluorometer, após hibridização com sondas marcadas com Eu (III)/Sm (III) e Tb (III). RESULTADOS: Os alelos DQB1*0302 e DQA1*03 foram identificados como sendo de predisposição ao T1ADM, e o alelo DQB1*0301 mostrou um efeito protetor à doença. Analisando somente o marcador DQA1, este mostrou ser capaz de diferenciar 71,13 por cento dos indivíduos entre diabéticos e não diabéticos, cujo valor aumentou para 82,47 por cento quando adicionado o marcador DQB1. A frequência dos polimorfismos nos genes da insulina e CTLA-4 não mostrou diferença significativa entre os dois grupos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: Os marcadores genéticos que melhor caracterizaram e discriminaram diabéticos e não diabéticos foram os alelos de HLA DQA1 e DQB1.