Herbal Textual Reseach on Haliotidis Concha in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By reviewing the ancient materia medica， medical books and modern literature， this paper made a systematic textual research on Haliotidis Concha in famous classical formulas， including the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing， in order to provide a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing Haliotidis Concha. The textual research showed that Shijueming was the official name of Haliotidis Concha in past dynasties， and there were also aliases such as Qianliguang， Jiukongluo and Zhenzhumu named after its efficacy， properties and near-phonetic characters. Before the Tang dynasty， the original description of Haliotidis Concha was too concise， which could only be identified as the animal of genus Haliotis， family Haliotidae. During the Song， Yuan， Ming and Qing dynasties， the main varieties were H. diversicolor and H. discus hannai. At the beginning of the Republic of China， a variety of animals from genus Haliotis were used as Haliotidis Concha， and varieties were numerous and continued to this day. In ancient and modern times， the main producing areas in China are Hainan， Guangdong and Shandong， while the foreign producing areas are mainly Japan and Vietnam. The quality evaluation of Haliotidis Concha in ancient books was roughly determined by the number of openings of the expiratory orifice， and seven-hole and nine-hole abalone shells were preferred. In modern times， characters as big， neat， unbroken， clean inside and outside， lustrous， thick shells are preferred. Based on the textual research results and combined with the record years of the Shijueming San， it is suggested that the shells of H. diversicolor or H. discus hannai should be used in the development of this formula， and the raw products should be used as medicine.

Relationships between take-off speed and performance in F-44 and F-46 paralympic discus throwers / Relações entre a velocidade de decolagem e desempenho em lançadores de disco paraolímpicos da classe F-44 e F-46 / Relaciones entre la velocidad de despegue y el rendimiento en los lanzadores de discos paralímpicos de las clases F-44 y F-46

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze discus throwing in Paralympic athletes from two functional classes (FCs). Seven athletes from two classes F-44 (N=4) and F-46 (N=3) performed three throws each during a regional competition and were evaluated through 3D kinemetry. The assessed athletes presented a similar throwing technique, with a preparation movement opposite to the throw preceding the shot. Class F-44 showed a weak correlation between take-off speed and range (r= 0.15; p>0.05). F-46 showed a strong correlation between take-off speed and range (r=0.77; p=0.014). We conclude that athletes from the assessed FCs present important differences in terms of performance.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo a análise do lançamento de disco em atletas paralímpicos de duas classes funcionais (CFs). Sete atletas de duas classes F-44 (N=4) e F-46 (N=3) executaram 3 lançamentos cada durante uma competição regional, e foram avaliados por meio de cinemetria 3D. Os atletas avaliados apresentaram uma técnica de lançamento semelhante, com movimento de preparação em direção oposta ao lançamento que antecedia o arremate. Na classe F-44 houve uma fraca correlação entre a velocidade de decolagem e o alcance do disco (r= 0,15; p>0,05). Na F-46 houve forte correlação entre a velocidade de decolagem e o alcance (r= 0,77; p=0,014). Conclui-se que atletas das CFs avaliadas apresentam diferenças importantes em termos de desempenho.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el lanzamiento de disco en atletas paralímpicos de dos clases funcionales (FC). Siete atletas de dos clases F-44 (N = 4) y F-46 (N = 3) realizaron 3 lanzamientos cada uno durante una competencia regional, y fueron evaluados usando cinemetría 3D. Los deportistas evaluados presentaron una técnica de lanzamiento similar, con un movimiento de preparación en sentido contrario al lanzamiento que precedió al tiro. En la clase F-44 hubo una correlación débil entre la velocidad de despegue y el alcance del disco (r = 0,15; p> 0,05). En el F-46 hubo una fuerte correlación entre la velocidad de despegue y el alcance (r = 0,77; p = 0,014). Se concluye que los deportistas de los CF evaluados presentan importantes diferencias en cuanto a rendimiento.

Perfeccionamiento del desempeño técnico en la fase de descarga del lanzador de disco prejuvenil / Improving the technical performance of junior discus throwers during the delivery phase

Introducción: La técnica deportiva implica la enseñanza-aprendizaje de modelos o patrones específicos estudiados observacional y biomecánicamente que operan integralmente en cada gesto deportivo. El entrenamiento eminentemente técnico puede potenciar el rendimiento deportivo a corto y mediano plazo. Objetivo: Valorar los efectos de la implementación de ejercicios para el perfeccionamiento técnico en la fase de descarga del lanzador de disco prejuvenil. Métodos: Bajo un muestreo intencional no probabilístico se seleccionaron a 15 atletas femeninas de lanzamiento de disco en la categoría prejuvenil (16-17 años). Como diagnóstico preliminar se detectaron esencialmente 12 errores básicos del movimiento técnico en la fase de descarga. Se implementó en un macrociclo de entrenamiento (2017-2018) ejercicios especializados en las 9 fases del lanzamiento del disco, y aplicándose en dos momentos de la preparación una prueba de lanzamiento del disco. Resultados: El mayor promedio o media se alcanzó como parte del postest (30,33m), incrementándose la distancia del lanzamiento en más de 6m al comparar los datos con el pretest (23,73m), existiendo unas diferencias significativas (p= 0,000) al comparar los datos obtenidos en los dos diagnósticos realizados. Conclusiones: El entrenamiento deportivo basado en un enfoque de preparación eminentemente técnico posibilita perfeccionar la preparación deportiva al potenciar los lanzamientos en el disco pre-juvenil. La estrategia implementada con los ejercicios técnicos especializados aplicados durante el macrociclo estudiado (2017-2018) fue significativamente útil para el perfeccionamiento del desempeño técnico en la fase de descarga del lanzador de disco pre-juvenil (AU)

Introduction: Sport technique implies the teaching-learning of specific observationally and biomechanically studied models or patterns which operate integrally in each sport gesture. Eminently technical training may improve sport performance in the short and medium terms. Objective: Evaluate the effects of the implementation of exercises aimed at the technical improvement of the delivery phase among junior discus throwers. Methods: Fifteen junior (16-17 year-old) female discus throwers were selected by intentional non-probabilistic sampling. Preliminary diagnosis essentially detected 12 basic technical movement errors in the delivery phase, leading to implementation of a training macrocycle (2017-2018) of exercises focusing on the nine discus throw phases. A discus throw test was applied at two moments along the training. Results: The highest average or mean was achieved as part of the post-test (30.33 m), with a throw distance increase of over 6 m in comparison with pre-test data (23.73 m), and significant differences (p= 0.000) when comparing the data obtained in the two diagnostic evaluations conducted. Conclusions: Sport training based on a mainly technical approach leads to sport preparation improvement by strengthening discus throw skills among junior throwers. The strategy implemented, based on specialized technical exercises applied during the study macrocycle (2017-2018), proved significantly useful to improve the technical performance of junior discus throwers during the delivery phase (AU)

Chromosomal variability in the wild ornamental species of Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Amazon

Cytogenetic studies were conducted on three discus species which inhabit the Amazon in Brazil: Symphysodon haraldi from Manacapuru, S. aequifasciatus from Tefé and S. discus from Barcelos. All individuals showed 2n=60 chromosomes, most of them biarmed. No sexual chromosomal heteromorphism was verified. However, different karyotypic formulae, owing to the presence of subtelocentric chromosomes, were verified for S. aequifasciatus and S. discus. One of the karyotypic formulae from S. aequifasciatus (cytotype 2) differs from the others, due to one of the homologues in the first chromosome pair being significantly larger than the other. A large variability was observed toward the nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) of S. haraldi and S. aequifasciatus. Although the number of silver-stained blocks varied from 2 to 5, confirming different NOR patterns, at least seven homologue pairs were involved with NORs. In S. discus only two marks were observed, however two chromosome pairs were involved, characterizing a multiple NOR system for the three species. The heterochromatic blocks were mainly located in the pericentromeric region of all chromosomes but, in some of them, they are also located in the proximal regions, both in the short and long arms. Moreover, in the cytotype 2 from S. aequifasciatus, an interstitial heterochromatic block was observed on the long arm of the largest homologue of the first pair. A direct comparison of karyotypes from more related genera (Heros, Uaru, Mesonauta and Pterophyllum), makes it clear that a succession of chromosomal rearrangements, mainly pericentric inversions, translocations and fissions/fusions occurred resulting in the present diploid number and intraspecific karyological variability found in Symphysodon.

Estudos citogenéticos foram conduzidos em três espécies de acará-disco que habitam a Amazônia no Brasil: Symphysodon haraldi coletada em Manacapuru, S. aequifasciatus coletada em Tefé e S. discus em Barcelos. Todos os indivíduos apresentaram 2n=60 cromossomos, a maioria deles com dois braços. Heteromorfismo de cromossomos sexuais não foi detectado. Porém, diferentes fórmulas cariotípicas, devido à presença de cromossomos subtelocêntricos, foram verificadas em S. aequifasciatus e em S. discus. Uma das fórmulas cariotípicas (citótipo 2) de S. aequifasciatus difere das outras, devido a um dos homólogos do primeiro par cromossômico ser significativamente maior que o outro. Uma grande variabilidade foi observada em relação à região organizadora do nucléolo (RON) de S. haraldi e de S. aequifasciatus. Embora, o número de marcações coradas por Nitrato de Prata variou de 2 a 5, confirmando diferentes padrões de RON, pelo menos sete pares de homólogos foram envolvidos com a RON. Em S. discus foram observadas apenas duas marcas, envolvendo, contudo, dois pares de cromossomos, caracterizando um sistema de RONs múltiplas, para as três espécies. Os blocos heterocromáticos estão localizados, principalmente, na região pericentromérica de todos os cromossomos, sendo que alguns deles também foram observados em regiões próximas aos centrômeros, tanto nos braços curtos quanto nos braços longos. Além disso, no citótipo 2 de S. aequifasciatus, um bloco heterocromático foi observado, intersticialmente no braço longo do maior homólogo do primeiro par. Uma comparação direta dos cariótipos dos gêneros mais relacionados (Heros, Uaru, Mesonauta e Pterophyllum), deixa claro que ocorreu uma sucessão de rearranjos cromossômicos, principalmente inversões pericêntricas, translocações e fissões/fusões, que resultou no presente número diplóide e na variabilidade cariotípica encontrada em Symphysodon.

THE DETERMINATION OF SOME NUTRITIONAL ELEMENTS IN ABALONE HALIOTIS DISCUS HANNAI INO / 中国海洋药物

This paper reported protein (50. 81%),rude fat (6. 24%),amio acids and mineral elements of abalone Haloitis discus hannai. And the shell and meat of the abalone for medical use was also introduced.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES OF VIBRIO FLUVIALS Ⅱ IN THE COATAL WATERS OF YELLOW SEA ,DALIAN / 微生物学通报

Using Vibrio fluvialis Ⅱ as host bacteria, 19 bacteriophages have been isolated from the 76 samples which were collected from Haliotis discus hannai ～growing seawater in Dalian marine culture company Dalian, liaoning province from May in 1996 to August I 1997. Ultrastructure of 19 bacteriophages were observed with electron to Bradley the results showed that of these bacteriophages belonged to Bradley A type, they have hexagonal heads of bacteriophages were identified with VP1,VP2,VP4,VP8 as representatives respectively. The phages remain stable at pH6. 0～10. 0, moreover VP2,VP4 and VP8 are rather stable at basic pHs. Although the characterization of heat inactivation course of VP4 is different from others, four phages are sensitive to heat and inactivated at 80℃ in 5 minutes. One step growth experiment showed that the eclipse period of VP1,VP2,VP4,VP8 are sensitive to heat and the eclipse period of VP1, VP2, VP4, VP8 are 42, 30, 46, 28 minutes. In this experiment we have isolated at least four different types phages, it suggest that in fact there is a population of phages in the seawater environment. The result of this study provided a way to find the potential value of phages as an indicator of pathogenic microorganisms Vibrio fluvilis Ⅱ in marine environment.