Reflections on "Health" from the Perspective of Immunology / 中国医学伦理学

The philosophical debate on "health" was examined based on three situations in immunology: the role of the immune system in cancer, maternal infant inheritance, and xenotransplantation. The concepts of "health" depicted by naturalism, dispositionalism inherited from naturalism, and constructivism are difficult to be well applied in the above three situations. Examining whether there is something "go wrong" in the organism on physiological and natural levels, and whether the occurrence of "wrong-goings" can bring "good" results, and then giving value judgments based on them, is a better approach to characterize "health". Conducting value judgments means arousing the imagination and expectation: there is a tension between the expectation that "health can be restored" through medical intervention and the inevitable uncertainty of actual medical knowledge. If expectation failed, patients’ well-being would be undermined. Therefore, in the clinical application and research of cutting-edge methods such as immunotherapy, it is still required to be cautious about statements such as "restoring health" that may bring excessive expectations to patients.

Adaptation and validation of the Adult Dispositional Hope Scale in the Ecuadorian context

Abstract This study aimed to evidence the validity and reliability ofthe Ecuadorian version ofthe Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, one of the most studied concepts of positive psychology. The adaptation process included translation and semantic and idiomatic validation. For content validation, an expert review and focus group were conducted. The questionnaire was applied to 2423 workers in Ecuador with a mean age of 37 years (SD = 9.04), and 65.6% were women. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the validity of the scale's dimensionality. The reliability and convergent and discriminant validity were also evaluated. In order to investigate the best solution for an Ecuadorian version ofthe Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, four structural models were assessed. The unidimensional solution was the most adequate structure for the scale. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate. The Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS) was developed to assess this positive psychological state and has been the most used tool in many contexts. To our knowledge, this study is the first to adapt the Adult Dispositional Hope Scale into the Ecuadorian context and evaluate its validity. The findings support its reliability, factorial, and construct validity in the Ecuadorian context. Furthermore, the results show that dispositional hope acts as a protective factor, promoting work engagement and preventing burnout.

Meninas em luta: processos comunicativos e estéticos das performances feministas no movimento secundarista / Girls in struggle: communicative and aesthetic processes of feminist performances in the secondary movement / Niñas en lucha: procesos comunicativos y estéticos de performances feministas en el movimiento secundario

Este artigo busca refletir sobre processos de emancipação postos em marcha pelos jovens envolvidos no movimento secundarista em 2015, conferindo especial atenção às meninas protagonistas desse levante, às suas corporeidades e às dimensões estético-políticas de suas reivindicações. Evidenciamos que, durante as ocupações, questões ligadas ao feminismo tornaram-se tema de debates, aparecendo também no documentário Lute como uma menina! (Flávio Colombini e Beatriz Alonso, 2016), que foi produzido durante as ocupações, tecido unicamente com depoimentos das meninas que participaram do movimento. A partir de cenas e trechos dessa produção, buscamos mostrar como a agência das meninas secundaristas produzem arranjos disposicionais e subjetivações políticas e cenas de dissenso nas quais outras formas de vida e outras performatividades são possíveis.

This article seeks to reflect on the processes of emancipation set in motion by the young people involved in the secondary movement in 2015, paying special attention to the girls protagonists of this uprising, their corporealities and the aesthetic-political dimensions of their claims. We showed that, during the occupations, issues related to feminism became the subject of debates, also appearing in the documentary Fight like a girl! (Flávio Colombini and Beatriz Alonso, 2016), which was produced during the occupations, woven only with testimonies from the girls who participated in the movement. From scenes and excerpts from this production, we seek to show how the agency of high school girls produces dispositional arrangements and political subjectivities and scenes of dissent in which other forms of life and other performativities are possible.

Este artículo busca reflexionar sobre los procesos de emancipación puestos en marcha por los jóvenes involucrados en el movimiento secundario en 2015, con especial atención a las niñas protagonistas de este levantamiento, sus corporealidades y las dimensiones estético-políticas de sus reivindicaciones. Demostramos que, durante las ocupaciones, temas relacionados con el feminismo se convirtieron en tema de debate, apareciendo también en el documental Laúd como niña! (Flávio Colombini y Beatriz Alonso, 2016), que se produjo durante las ocupaciones, tejido únicamente a partir de los testimonios de las niñas que participaron en el movimiento. Basándonos en escenas y extractos de esta producción, buscamos mostrar cómo la agencia de las niñas de secundaria produce arreglos disposicionales y subjetividades políticas y escenas de disenso en las que otras formas de vida y otras performatividades son posibles.

Association between the dispositional optimism and depression in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The objective of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of publications that reported the association between dispositional optimism and depression during youth, analyzing if the strength of this relationship varied according to potential factors. Systematic searches were carried out in APA PsycNet, Virtual Health Library, Embase, Web of Science, PubMed Central, and Scopus to collect English, Portuguese, or Spanish studies from 2009 onwards. Two reviewers selected the eligible articles, assessed the quality of each study, and extracted the data. For the synthesis of the results, a meta-analytic approach was used. We identified 4077 publications in the initial searches and 22 in the supplementary searches, from which 31 studies remained for analysis once the eligibility criteria were applied. The results showed a statistically significant negative association between dispositional optimism and depression in the young population, age being a factor that modifies the effect measure between these variables. This meta-analysis provides a consistent and robust synthesis on the interaction effect between dispositional optimism and depression in the young population. Based on these findings, early clinical admissions may effectively improve optimistic tendencies in young people, which could help them prevent depressive symptoms or episodes. (AU)

Otimismo Disposicional, Afetos e Personalidade em Pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica / Dispositional Optimism, Affects and Personality in Patients with Chronic Renal Disease / Optimismo Disposicional, Afectos y Personalidad en Pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica

Este estudo investiga relações entre otimismo disposicional, afetos e traços de personalidade em pacientes com doença renal crônica que aguardam por um transplante renal (grupo pré-transplante) e em pacientes que já fizeram o procedimento (grupo pós-transplante). Teve como objetivos específicos: verificar se houve diferença nos escores desses três constructos nas duas amostras; se houve diferenças de desempenho no teste de otimismo e na escala de afetos em função do tempo de transplante; e se houve diferenças de desempenho no teste de otimismo e na escala de afetos em função do tempo de espera em lista. A pesquisa contou com quinze participantes em cada grupo sendo usados quatro instrumentos para coleta de dados: questionário sociodemográfico, Teste para avaliar o Otimismo (LOT-R), Inventário dos Cinco Grandes Fatores (NEO-FFI-R) e Escala de Afetos Positivos e Afetos Negativos (Panas). Os resultados indicaram maior otimismo nos participantes do grupo Pré-transplante (Md = 29; IIQ = 2) comparado com os do grupo Pós-transplante (Md = 26; IIQ = 1). Conclui-se que no grupo pré-transplante, o otimismo disposicional não se associou de maneira significativa com nenhum fator de personalidade, o que pode indicar que o otimismo esteja voltado para um objetivo-alvo, mais do que para expectativas gerais de que coisas boas aconteçam e se evidencia como fator de proteção da personalidade, ou como mecanismo de ajustamento à condição crítica de hemodiálise. O tempo passado em lista de espera e de realização do transplante não tiveram associação significativa às demais variáveis....(AU)

This study investigated the relationship between dispositional optimism, affects and personality traits in patients with Chronic Renal Disease who are waiting for a renal transplant (Pre-Transplant Group) and in patients who have already undergone the procedure (PostTransplant Group). The specifics aims were to evaluate differences in construct scores between the groups, differences in performance on the optimism test and the affect scale associated with the waiting time in list, and differences in performance on the optimism test and the affect scale associated with the time of transplantation. Thirty people participated in the survey (fifteen in each group) and four instruments were used for data collection: sociodemographic questionnaire, Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI-R), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The results indicated greater optimism among the participants in the pretransplant group (Md = 29, IQR = 2) compared to those in the post-transplant group (Md = 26, IQR = 1). In the pre-transplant group, dispositional optimism was not significantly associated with any personality factor, which may indicate that optimism in this group is focused on a target objective rather than to general expectations that good things happen. Optimism overlaps with the general characteristics of the subject and is evidenced as a personality protection factor, or as a mechanism of adjustment to the critical condition of hemodialysis. The waiting list time, as well as the time of transplantation, did not show a significant association with the other variables....(AU)

Este estudio objetivó investigar relaciones entre optimismo disposicional, afectos y rasgos de personalidad en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica que esperan un trasplante renal (grupo pretrasplante) y en pacientes que ya fueron sometidos al procedimiento (grupo postrasplante). Los objetivos específicos fueron: evaluar si hay diferencia de puntuaciones de los constructos entre los grupos; si hay diferencias de desempeño en la prueba de optimismo y la escala de afectos en función del tiempo de trasplante; y si hay diferencias de desempeño en el test de optimismo y en la escala en función del tiempo de espera en la lista. La investigación tuvo quince participantes en cada grupo y se utilizaron cuatro instrumentos para recopilar los datos: cuestionario sociodemográfico, Test de Optimismo (LOT-R), Inventario de los Cinco Grandes Factores (NEO-FFI-R) y Escala de Afectos Positivos y Afectos Negativos (PANAS). Los resultados mostraron mayor optimismo en el grupo pretransplante (Md = 29, IIQ = 2) en comparación con el grupo postransplante (Md = 26, IIQ = 1). Se concluye que, en el grupo pretrasplante, el optimismo disposicional no se asoció de manera significativa con ningún factor de personalidad, lo que puede indicar que el optimismo esté más orientado hacia un objetivo que hacia expectativas generales de que cosas buenas pueden suceder y se evidencia como un factor de protección de la personalidad, o como un mecanismo de ajuste a la condición crítica de hemodiálisis. El tempo en la lista de espera y de realización de trasplante no mostraron asociación significativa con las demás variables....(AU)

Evidência de validade da Escala Brasileira de Gratidão (B-GRAT) na psicologia positiva / Evidence of validity of Brazilian Scale of Gratitude (B-GRAT), in positive psychology / Evidencia de validez de la Escala Brasileña de Gratitud (B-GRAT), en psicología positiva

Gratidão é um estado mental positivo de agradecimento por experiências de vida, adversas ou de risco, vinculadas à memória das lembranças afetivas que aumentam o bem-estar subjetivo. Foi desenvolvida uma escala brasileira com o objetivo de mensurar o construto da gratidão, definida para esta pesquisa. A escala original com 13 itens, construída e revisada com base nos padrões internacionais, foi preenchida por 762 participantes (625 mulheres, 82%; 137 homens), entre 18 e 90 anos, M = 41, DP = 13. A análise fatorial exploratória extraiu sete itens com estrutura interna unidimensional, resultando na Escala Brasileira de Gratidão (B-GRAT). A análise fatorial confirmatória, pela matriz de correlações policóricas demonstrou índice adequado para o modelo testado e consistência interna de a = 0,84. Foi testada a correlação de Pearson com a Escala de Esperança Disposicional. Os resultados indicam evidência da adequação psicométrica da B-GRAT na avaliação da gratidão no Brasil. (AU)

Gratitude is a positive mental state of gratefulness for adverse or risky life experiences related to affective memories that improve the subjective well-being. A new scale was developed aiming to produce an instrument for the assessment of gratitude. An original pool of 13 items, constructed and reviewed using accurate standards, was responded to by 762 participants (242 females, 72.5%; 88 males), aged 18-90 years, M = 41, SD = 13. An Exploratory Factor Analysis concluded with the selection of 7 items that presented an internal unidimensional structure, resulting in the Brazilian scale of Gratitude (B-GRAT). Confirmatory Factor Analysis using the polychoric correlations matrix showed an adequate fit of the model and an internal consistency de α = 0.84. The concurrent validity with the Hope Index Scale was checked by means of Pearson's correlation. The results indicate evidence that the B-GRAT is psychometrically adequate to assess gratitude in Brazil. (AU)

La gratitud es un estado mental positivo de agradecimiento por las experiencias de la vida, adversas o arriesgadas, relacionadas con la memoria afectiva que aumentan el bienestar subjetivo. Se desarrolló una escala brasileña con el propósito de medir el constructo de gratitud, definido para esta investigación. La escala original con 13 ítems, construida y revisada según los estándares internacionales, fue completada por 762 participantes (625 mujeres, 82%, 137 hombres), entre 18 y 90 años, M = 41, DS = 13. El análisis factorial exploratorio reveló 7 ítems con una estructura interna unidimensional, lo que resultó en la Escala de Gratitud Brasileña (B-GRAT). El análisis factorial confirmatorio, por la matriz de correlaciones policóricas, presentó un índice adecuado para el modelo probado y una consistencia interna de α= 0.84. La correlación de Pearson fue probada con la escala de esperanza disposicional. Los resultados indican evidencia de la adecuación psicométrica de B-GRAT en la evaluación de la gratitud en Brasil. (AU)

Florescimento no Trabalho: Impacto do Perdão Disposicional e do Suporte Social Emocional / Flourishing at Work: Impact of Dispositional Forgiveness and Emotional Social Support / Florecimiento en el Trabajo: Impacto del Perdón Disposicional y del Soporte Social Emocional

O florescimento no trabalho tem despertado interesse crescente dos estudiosos, no contexto do modelo de Demandas e Recursos do Trabalho. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as relações de um recurso pessoal (perdão disposicional) e de um recurso do trabalho (suporte social emocional) com o florescimento no trabalho de enfermeiros, bem como avaliar o papel mediador do suporte social emocional nessas relações. A amostra foi composta por 515 trabalhadores de enfermagem. Os resultados da modelagem de equações estruturais apontaram que o perdão disposicional e o suporte social emocional relacionaram-se positivamente ao florescimento no trabalho. Ademais, o suporte social emocional mediou parcialmente a relação entre o perdão disposicional e o florescimento no trabalho. A escolaridade também exerceu impacto sobre o florescimento no trabalho. O modelo de mediação parcial apresentou índices de ajuste adequados. Os resultados demonstraram a relevância do suporte social emocional para o florescimento no trabalho, assim como sua relação com o perdão disposicional. O estudo avançou, portanto, na explicação de alguns dos fatores responsáveis pelo florescimento no trabalho de enfermeiros, categoria profissional de grande importância para a sociedade em geral....(AU)

The flourishing at work has attracted growing interest from scholars, in the context of the Job Demands and Resources model. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships of a personal resource (dispositional forgiveness) and a job resource (emotional social support) with the flourishing at work of nurses, as well as to evaluate the mediating role of emotional social support on those relationships. The sample consisted of 515 nurses. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that dispositional forgiveness and emotional social support were positively related to flourishing at work. In addition, emotional social support mediated partially the relationship between dispositional forgiveness and flourishing at work. Schooling had also an impact on flourishing at work. The partial mediation model presented adequate fit indexes. The results demonstrated the relevance of emotional social support for the flourishing state at work, as well as its relation to dispositional forgiveness. The study has advanced on the explanation of some factors responsible for flourishing at work in nurses, an occupational category of great importance for the society....(AU)

El florecimiento en el trabajo ha despertado interés creciente de los estudiosos en el contexto del modelo de Demandas y Recursos del Trabajo. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las relaciones de un recurso personal (perdón disposicional) y de un recurso de trabajo (soporte social emocional) con el florecimiento en el trabajo de enfermeros, así como evaluar el papel mediador del soporte social emocional en esas relaciones. La muestra fue compuesta por 515 trabajadores de enfermería. Los resultados del modelaje de ecuaciones estructurales señalan que el perdón disposicional y el soporte social emocional se relacionan positivamente al florecimiento en el trabajo. Además, el soporte social emocional medió parcialmente la relación entre el perdón disposicional y el florecimiento en el trabajo. La escolaridad también ha ejercido impacto sobre el florecimiento en el trabajo. El modelo de mediación parcial presentó índices de ajuste adecuados. Los resultados demostraron la relevancia del soporte social emocional para el florecimiento en el trabajo, así como su relación con el perdón disposicional. El estudio avanzó, por lo tanto, en la explicación de algunos de los factores responsables por el florecimiento en el trabajo de enfermeros, categoría de gran importancia hacia la sociedad en general....(AU)

The Role of Dispositional Flow's Dimensions in the Prediction of Intention to be Physically Active in Adolescents / El rol de las dimensiones del flow disposicional en la predicción de la intención de ser físicamente activo en adolescentes

Abstract Within the flow theory framework, the aims of this study were a) to analyze differences in flow dimensions and future physical activity (FPA) practice intentions according to the level of current PA and b) to analyze the predictive role of flow dimensions for FPA practice intentions. The sample was composed by 1076 physical education students and segmented according to the current PA levels. Subjects reporting high levels of PA scored higher in all of the flow dimensions. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that autotelic experience was associated with FPA practice intentions among all of the participants. Furthermore, in the low-activity group the balance between challenge and skills also emerged as a predictor, while in the high-activity group both the sense of control and the perception of clear objectives resulted significant in the explanation of FPA practice intentions. The findings suggest that the implementation of different strategies to enhance dispositional flow in physical education settings may have the potential to increase FPA intentions, especially those oriented to enhance autotelic experience.

Resumen Enmarcado en la teoría del flow, este estudio pretende a) comprobar las diferencias en las dimensiones del flow disposicional y en la intención futura de realizar actividad física (IF) según el nivel de AF y b) estudiar el papel predictivo de dichas dimensiones sobre la IF. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1076 estudiantes de educación física y se segmentó según el nivel actual de AF. Los sujetos que mostraron mayores niveles de AF presentaron valores más elevados en todas las dimensiones. Los análisis de regresión por pasos indicaron que la experiencia autotélica se asoció con IF en todos los participantes. Además, en el grupo de baja actividad el equilibrio percibido entre el reto y la habilidad emergió como predictor mientras que en el grupo de alta actividad, tanto la sensación de control como la percepción de objetivos claros resultaron significativos en la explicación de la IF. Los resultados sugieren que la implementación en clases de EF de diferentes estrategias para mejorar la disposición a experimentar el flow, puede aumentar la IF.

Psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) and its relationship with psychological well-being and academic progress in college students / Propiedades psicométricas del Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) y su relación con el bienestar psicológico y el progreso académico en estudiantes universitarios

Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the dimensionality of the Spanish version of the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), to examine the relationship between psychological well-being and dispositional optimism/pessimism in a sample of college students (n = 291), as well as to consider the effect of dispositional optimism/pessimism on academic progress. The results indicated that the properties of the Spanish version of the LOT-R (a= .72) were very similar to the original. The questionnaire clearly presented two partially independent factors, and the items assessing optimism demonstrated greater discriminant validity than the items assessing pessimism. Optimism was positively linked to psychological well-being and negatively related to psychological-distress. In the male students, a certain degree of preoccupation about academic results was linked to progress in studies, while excessive worry about academic progress could obstruct the successful completion of studies in the female students. These results suggest that the LOT-R can be used as a reliable and valid tool for the analysis of optimism and its positive effects on health and academic progress.

Resumen Este estudio pretende analizar la dimensionalidad de la versión española del Revised Life Orientation Test, para examinar la relación entre el bienestar psicológico y el optimismo/pesimismo disposicional en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios (n = 291) y analizar la repercusión del optimismo/pesimismo disposicional en el progreso académico. Los resultados indican que las propiedades de la versión española del Revised Life Orientation Test (a = 0.72) son muy similares a los de la versión original. El test presenta una estructura clara con dos factores parcialmente independientes, los ítems del factor optimismo tienen un poder discriminatorio mayor que los del factor de pesimismo. El optimismo está relacionado positivamente con el bienestar psicológico y negativamente con el malestar psicológico. En hombres, cierto grado de preocupación por los resultados académicos estaría relacionado con el progreso académico en los estudios, mientras que en mujeres, una excesiva preocupación académica podría ser perjudicial para finalizar con éxito los estudios. Estos resultados sugieren que el Revised Life Orientation Test puede ser un instrumento fiable y válido para analizar el optimismo y su relación con la salud y progreso académico.

Religiosidade e o desenvolvimento da autoconsciência em universitários / Religiosity and the development of self-awareness in college students / Religiosidad y el desarrollo de la autoconsciencia en universitarios

O presente estudo objetivou investigar as relações entre religiosidade e autoconsciência situacional e disposicional, fundamentando-se na hipótese de uma possível coevolução conjunta na ontogênese em estudantes universitários de distintas orientações religiosas. A amostra foi composta por 958 universitários (52,1% de sexo feminino), os quais responderam ao protocolo de pesquisa contendo Questionário Sociodemográfico, Escala de Autoconsciência Situacional, Escala de Autoconsciência Disposicional e Escala de Religiosidade Global, e os dados foram analisados através de Análise Fatorial, Anova One-Way seguida do teste das diferenças honestamente significativas (DHS) de Tukey e coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Os achados levantaram evidências de uma sistemática interrelação entre fatores de autoconsciência situacional e disposicional e dimensões de religiosidade, corroborando a hipótese de um papel protetivo da religiosidade ao desenvolvimento dos processos autofocalizadores humanos

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between religiosity and situational and dispositional self-focus, based on the hypothesis of a possible joint co-evolution in ontogeny in university students of different religious orientations. The sample consisted of 958 college students (52.1% females), which responded to the research protocol containing Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Situational Self-focus Scale, Dispositional Self-focus Scale and Global Religiosity Scale. Data were analyzed using factor analysis one-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey's Honestly Significantly Different (DHS) test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings raised evidence of a systematic interrelation between factors of situational and dispositional self-focus and dimensions of religiosity, supporting the hypothesis of a protective role of religiosity in the development of human self-focused attention processes

El presente estudio está enfocado a la investigación de las relaciones entre religiosidad y autoconsciencia situacional y de disposición, basado en la hipótesis de una posible coevolución conjunta en la ontogénesis en estudiantes universitarios de diversas orientaciones religiosas. La muestra está compuesta de 958 universitarios (52,1% de sexo femenino), que respondieron al protocolo de investigación que contiene el Cuestionario Sociodemográfico, Escala de Autoconsciencia Situacional, Escala de Autoconsciencia de Disposición y Escala de Religiosidad Global, se analizaron los datos por medio de Análisis Factorial, ANOVA One-Way seguida del test de diferencias honestamente significativas (DHS) de Tukey y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Los hallazgos mostraron evidencias de una interrelación sistemática entre factores de autoconsciencia situacional y de disposición y dimensiones de religiosidad, corroborando la hipótesis de un papel protector de la religiosidad en el desarrollo de procesos auto enfocadores humanos

Validación de la versión en Español de la Escala de Optimismo Disposicional (LOT-R) en una muestra Chilena de estudiantes universitarios / Validation of the Spanish Version of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) in a Chilean sample of college age students

El Optimismo Disposicional se asocia con mejores resultados de salud física y mental. Disponer de instrumentos válidos y confiables para su medición es fundamental. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo confirmar la estructura factorial y la confiabilidad de la versión en Español del Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) en una muestra de 526 estudiantes universitarios Chilenos (65% hombres), cuyo promedio de edad fue 21 años. Se realizó Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio, con estimación de máxima verosimilitud, corrección Satorra-Bentler y análisis de consistencia interna. Los resultados confirman una estructura factorial unidimensional de seis ítemes, cargas factoriales superiores a .35 e indicadores de bondad de ajuste excelentes. La confiabilidad del instrumento fue adecuada, estimándose un Alfa de Cronbach equivalente a .72. Los resultados obtenidos, sumado a que esta escala tiene tan sólo seis ítemes, sugieren que el LOT-R es un instrumento válido y confiable, fácilmente utilizable en población Chilena para medir Optimismo Disposicional.

Optimism is a variable associated with better physical and mental health outcomes. Thus, a valid and reliable measure that account for this construct is needed. Therefore, this study had as purpose to confirm the factorial structure, and reliability of the Life Orientation Test-Revised Spanish version with a large sample of 526 Chilean College age students (Mage = 21 years old; 65% Male). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis, with Maximum Likelihood, and Satorra-Bentler correction was performed. The internal consistency was estimated with Cronbach Alpha. The results confirmed a single factor solution with six indicators, and factorial loadings greater than .35. The overall goodness of fit is excellent, and the internal consistency was adequate (.72). These results, in addition to the short lenght of the scale, suggest that the LOT-R is a valid and reliable measure of optimism that can be easyly used with Chilean population.

Optimism on quality of life in Portuguese chronic patients: moderator/mediator? / O papel do otimismo na qualidade de vida de pessoas portuguesas com doenças crônicas: moderador/mediador?

Objective: optimism is an important variable that has consistently been shown to affect adjustment to quality of life in chronic diseases. This study aims to clarify if dispositional optimism exerts a moderating or a mediating influence on the personality traits-quality of life association, in Portuguese chronic patients. Methods: multiple regression models were used to test the moderation and mediation effects of dispositional optimism in quality of life. A sample of 729 patients was recruited in Portugal's main hospitals and completed self-reported questionnaires assessing socio-demographic and clinical variables, personality, dispositional optimism, quality of life (QoL) and subjective well-being (SWB). Results: the results of the regression models showed that dispositional optimism did not moderate the relationships between personality traits and quality of life. After controlling for gender, age, education level and severity of disease perception, the effects of personality traits on QoL and in SWB were mediated by dispositional optimism (partially and completely), except for the links between neuroticism/openness to experience and physical health. Conclusion: dispositional optimism is more likely to play a mediating, rather than a moderating role in personality traits-quality of life pathway in Portuguese chronic patients, suggesting that "the expectation that good things will happen" contributes to a better quality of life and subjective well-being. .

Objetivo: o otimismo tem sido demonstrado como uma variável importante no ajustamento da qualidade de vida de pessoas com doenças crônicas. O estudo tem como objetivo verificar se o otimismo exerce um efeito moderador ou mediador entre os traços de personalidade e a qualidade de vida, em portugueses com doenças crônicas. Métodos: os modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram usados para avaliar o efeito de moderação e mediação do otimismo na qualidade de vida. A amostra, constituída por 729 doentes, recrutados nos principais hospitais de Portugal responderam a questionários de autorresposta avaliando questões sócio-demográficas e clínicas, personalidade, otimismo disposicional, qualidade de vida e bem-estar subjetivo. Resultados: os resultados encontrados mostraram que o otimismo disposicional não exerce um papel moderador entre os traços de personalidade e a qualidade de vida. Controlando por idade, sexo, nível de escolaridade e percepção da severidade da doença, o efeito dos traços de personalidade na qualidade de vida e no bem-estar subjetivo foi mediado pelo otimismo (parcial e total), expecto para as associações, neuroticismo/abertura à experiência e à saúde física. Conclusão: o otimismo disposicional exerce apenas um papel mediador entre os traços de personalidade e qualidade de vida, em pessoas com doenças crônicas, sugerindo que 'a expectativa de que coisas boas vão acontecer' contribui para uma melhor qualidade de vida e melhor bem-estar subjetivo. .

Diferentes abordagens dos fenômenos subjetivos no obra de B. F. Skinner / Different approaches to subjetive phenomena on B. F. Skinner's work

Como a análise do comportamento aborda os fenômenos subjetivos? Seria a teoria de eventos privados a única maneira? Guiado por essas questões, o presente trabalho busca apresentar a abordagem dos fenômenos subjetivos na obra de B. F. Skinner, indicando não apenas a teoria de eventos privados, mas também a possibilidade de abordagens alternativas a essa temática, sem referência à privacidade, por exemplo, por meio da magnitude das ações envolvidas nos fenômenos, níveis (aberto e encoberto) do comportamento e conceitos disposicionais. Indica-se ainda uma significativa diferença de ênfase na teoria de eventos privados ao longo da obra skinneriana. Por fim, conduz-se uma discussão sobre o papel da teoria de eventos privados na análise do comportamento para a abordagem dos fenômenos subjetivos

How do behavior analysis approaches subjective phenomena? Would the private events theory be the only way to do it? Guided by these questions, this paper aims to present the approach to subjective phenomena in B. F Skinner's work, indicating not only the theory of private events but also the possibilities of alternative approaches to this subject, with no reference to privacy, for example, through the magnitude of actions involved in the phenomena, levels of behavior and dispositional concepts. We also indicate a significant difference of emphasis on the private events theory throughout Skinner's work. Finally, we discuss the role of the private events theory in the behavior analysis' approach to subjective phenomena

Calidad de vida, ansiedad, depresión y optimismo disposicional en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico / Quality of life (hrql), anxiety, depression and dispositional optimism in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle)

This research paper focuses on the relationship between Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL), anxiety, depression and dispositional optimism in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), and who have been referred to as having Lupus characteristics. A descriptive-correlational cross sectional study, based on the integrated research paradigm was conducted in which 41 pa-tients were sampled and the results showed an impact on Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL). Patients showed a moderate level of anxiety and depression by trait, in contrast with situational depression which was high. Patients also show high level of dispositional optimism, as a coping strategy. Comparing subgroups of patients undergoing or not experiencing remission of the disease, significant differences were found.

El presente artículo de investigación caracteriza la relación entre Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CVRS) y la ansiedad, depresión y optimismo disposicional, en pacientes con Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico (LES), que se hallan en estado de remisión y de actividad lúpica. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-correlacional de corte transversal, sustentado en el paradigma integrativo de la investigación. La muestra estuvo formada por 41 pacientes y los resultados demuestran afectaciones en la CVRS. Los pacientes presentan un nivel moderado de ansiedad en sus dimensiones estado-rasgo, así como en depresión-rasgo, mientras que la depresión situacional resultó elevada. Poseen también un alto nivel de optimismo disposicional, evidenciándose este como una estrategia de afrontamiento. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la comparación de subgrupos de pacientes según se hallaran o no en estado de remisión y actividad de la dolencia.

Desarrollo de un modelo de motivación para explicar el flow disposicional y la ansiedad en bailarines profesionales / Development of a Motivation Model to Explain Dispositional Flow and Anxiety in Professional Dancers

El propósito del presente estudio fue aplicar un modelo de motivación en bailarines profesionales, para conocer los procesos motivacionales que pueden facilitar o dificultar la aparición de consecuencias emocionales como el flow disposicional o la ansiedad. Participaron en la investigación 332 bailarines de diferentes conservatorios españoles (293 mujeres y 39 hombres), con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 45 años, que respondieron a diferentes cuestionarios. Los resultados del modelo revelaron que el clima tarea compañeros predecía la satisfacción de las tres necesidades psicológicas, mientras que el clima ego compañeros tan solo predijo la necesidad de competencia, siendo esta variable predictor positivo de la motivación intrínseca y negativo de la desmotivación. Por último, la motivación intrínseca se mostró como predictor positivo del flow disposicional y, en menor medida, de la ansiedad, mientras que la desmotivación predijo únicamente la ansiedad. Como conclusión se destaca que el modelo de motivación planteado se ajusta correctamente con una muestra de bailarines profesionales.

The aim of the current study was to apply a motivation model in professional dancers to know motivational processes that might help or make difficult the appearance of emotional consequences such as dispositional flow or anxiety. 332 dancers from different Spanish conservatories participated in the research (293 females and 39 males), ranging in age from 12 to 45 years old who filled several questionnaires. Mode's results showed that peer mastery climate predicted satisfaction of the three psychological needs and peer performance climate only predicted necessity of competence, being this variable a positive predictor of intrinsic motivation and a negative predictor of amotivation. Finally, intrinsic motivation was a dispositional flow predictor and, to a lesser extent, was an anxiety predictor, whereas amotivation only predicted anxiety. To conclude, we emphasize that motivation model was correctly adjusted for a professional dancers sample.

Adaptation and validation of the dispositional hope scale for adolescents / Adaptação e validação da escala de esperança disposicional para adolescentes

This paper describes the psychometric features and the validation process of the Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS) for adolescents in the south of Brazil. This scale measures the Hope construct in terms of pathways and agency. The ADHS was translated to Portuguese and underwent a reverse translation. A sample of 450 students, from 14 to 18 years old (M=16.8 years, SD=3.4, 56% female), answered the ADHS, the Hope Index, the LOT-R and the Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. A factorial analysis with varimax rotation showed that the scale is unidimensional and that its internal consistency was adequate (Cronbach's alpha = .80). No significant gender differences were found. Correlations of ADHS with the other constructs presented evidence of convergent validity in the present study...

Este trabalho descreve o processo de validação e características psicométricas da Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS) para adolescentes do sul do Brasil. Esta escala avalia o construto Esperança em termos de rotas e agenciamento. A ADHS foi traduzida para o português e submetida a uma tradução reversa. Uma amostra de 450 estudantes entre 14 e 18 anos de idade (M=16,8, DP=3,4, 56% do sexo feminino) responderam a ADHS, a Hope Index, o LOT-R e a Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. A analise fatorial com rotação varimax mostrou que o instrumento é unidimensional e que sua consistência interna é adequada (Alfa de Cronbach=0,80. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os gêneros. As correlações da ADHS com outros construtos conferem evidências de validade convergente ao estudo...

The impact of dispositional optimism on nurses' mental health / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore nurses' dispositional optimism and mental health and disscuss the impact of dispositional optimism on nurses' mental health in order to provide evidences for promoting the level of nurses' mental health. Methods Adopting Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) and Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) ,the researchers carried on the questionaire investigation to a total of 240 nurses. Results Unmarried nurses were more optimistic than married ones(15.53 ± 3.48,14.39 ± 2.88) ,and the difference had statistic significance(P ＜ 0.01). The positive detection rate of nurses' psychological symptoms was 6.7% ～ 26.5%. Compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity and depression were nurses' main psychological symptoms. Compared to the national female norm, the somatization, depression, anxiety, psychosis factor scores, total score and the number of positive items of SCL-90(1.49±0.45,1.70±0.42, 1.55 ±0.43,1.46±0.38,1.40±0.37,1.50±0.35,37.23±22.02)were higher, and the difference had statistic significance(P＜ 0.05). Dispositional optimism postively correlated with the level of nurses' mental health(P＜ 0. 001). Conclusions The general condition of nurses' mental health is not good enough, and dispositional optimism has good forecast function to nurse's mental healthy. Therefore, maintaining positive and optimistic attitude will be helpful to nurses' mental health.

Optimismo disposicional, sintomatologia psicopatológica, bem-estar e rendimento académico em estudantes do primeiro ano do ensino superior / Dispositional optimism, psychopathological symptomatology, well-being and academic performance among first year higher education students

O presente estudo ex post facto investiga a relação entre o optimismo disposicional e a sintomatologia psicopatológica, o bem-estar e o rendimento académico numa amostra de estudantes que frequentam pela primeira vez o ensino superior. Um total de 316 estudantes de uma universidade portuguesa preencheu o Life Orientation Test - Revised, o Brief Symptom Inventory, a Échelle de Mesure des Manifestations du Bien-Être Psychologique e forneceu indicadores de rendimento académico. Dos resultados obtidos, destacamos: (a) a existência de uma correlação negativa e significativa entre o optimismo disposicional e a sintomatologia psicopatológica; (b) a existência de uma correlação positiva e significativa entre o optimismo disposicional e o bem-estar; e, (c) a existência de uma correlação positiva e significativa entre o optimismo disposicional e o rendimento académico. A interpretação dos resultados, bem como as possíveis implicações destes, são discutidos à luz de literatura relevante.

The present ex post facto study investigates the relationship between dispositional optimism and psychopathological symptomatology, well-being and academic performance among first year higher education students. A total of 316 students of a Portuguese university completed the Life Orientation Test Revised, Brief Symptom Inventory, Échelle de Mesure des Manifestations du Bien-Être Psychologique and gave indicators of academic performance. From the results, we can distinguish: (a) the negative and significant correlation between dispositional optimism and psychopathological symptomatology; (b) the positive and significant correlation between dispositional optimism and well-being; and, (c) the positive and significant correlation between dispositional optimism and academic success. Interpretation of the results and their implications for student counselling are discussed in the light of the relevant literature.