Functional traits and performance of woody species on oil-affected soils of the Ecuadorian Amazon / Rasgos funcionales y comportamiento de especies leñosas en suelos afectados por petróleo de la Amazonía ecuatoriana

Abstract Introduction: Plant functional traits are widely used to predict community productivity. However, they are rarely used to predict the performance (in terms of growth diameter, growth height, survival, and integral response index) of woody species planted in degraded soils. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the functional traits and the performance of 25 woody species planted in disturbed soils affected by oil extraction activities in Ecuadorian Amazon. Methods: Eighteen permanent sampling plots were established and five 6-month-old seedlings of each 25 species were randomly planted in each plot (125 individuals per plot), at a distance of 4×4 m. Eight quantitative functional traits (leaf size, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen concentration, leaf phosphorus concentration, leaf minimum unit, leaf dry matter content, stem specific density and leaf tensile strength) were determined for each species. Results: The woody species with high performance shows greater leaf size, specific leaf area and Stem Specific Density than those showing low performance. Leaf nitrogen concentration and stem specific density had a direct relationship with the integral response index. The leaf size, leaf phosphorus concentration, leaf dry matter content and leaf tensile strength showed a negative relationship with the integral response index. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the performance of woody species o disturbed soils can be predicted satisfyingly by leaf and stem functional traits, presumably because these traits capture most of environmental and neighborhood conditions.

Resumen Introducción: Los rasgos funcionales de las plantas han sido ampliamente utilizados para predecir la productividad (en términos de crecimiento en diámetro, crecimiento en altura, sobrevivencia e índice de respuesta integral) de las comunidades vegetales. Sin embargo, rara vez han sido utilizados para predecir el desempeño de las especies leñosas plantadas en suelos degradados. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre el desempeño y los rasgos funcionales de 25 especies leñosas plantadas en suelos afectados por actividades de extracción de petróleo en la Amazonía ecuatoriana. Métodos: Se establecieron 18 parcelas permanentes de muestreo y en cada parcela se sembraron aleatoriamente cinco plántulas de 6 meses de las 25 especies (125 individuos por parcela), a una distancia de 4×4 m. Se determinaron ocho rasgos funcionales (área foliar, área foliar específica, concentración de nitrógeno foliar, concentración de fósforo foliar, unidad mínima foliar, contenido foliar de materia seca, densidad específica del fuste y fuerza tensil foliar) de cada especie. Resultados: Las especies leñosas con alto desempeño presentaron mayor área foliar, área foliar específica y densidad específica del fuste que las especies de bajo desempeño. La concentración de nitrógeno foliar y la densidad específica del fuste mostraron una relación directa. El área foliar, la concentración de fósforo foliar, el contenido de materia seca foliar y la fuerza tensil foliar presentaron una relación inversa con el Índice de Respuesta Integral. Conclusión: Se demostró que el desempeño de las especies leñosas plantadas en suelos alterados puede predecirse satisfactoriamente por rasgos funcionales de hoja y de tallo, debido posiblemente a que los rasgos influyen en el crecimiento y supervivencia de las especies, y reflejan la mayoría de las condiciones ambientales.

Diversidad de vectores de Plasmodium y rasgos funcionales de los árboles del bosque perturbado en Tingo María, 2022 / Diversity of Plasmodium vectors and functional traits of trees in the disturbed forest in Tingo María, 2022

Las comunidades vegetales en la zona de Tingo María, Perú, se encuentran sometidas a los efectos del cambio climático, generando modificaciones en su biodiversidad, impactando su ecosistema. Por otra parte, se ha referido que actividades que ocasionan perturbación de bosques tropicales pueden favorecer la persistencia de vectores de enfermedades metaxénicas como la malaria, la cual representa un problema de salud pública por la alta tasa de morbimortalidad en la región. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo para evaluar los rasgos funcionales del bosque perturbado de Tingo María, observando que la especie vegetal Parkia panurensis presentó mayor promedio en altura total; 47% de las especies presentaron una densidad básica alta de árboles en pie; la familia Euphorbiaceae y la especie Senefeldera inclinata presentaron el valor más alto de biomasa, mientras que Micropholis guyanensis y Pierre Subsp. Guyanensis mostraron el mayor porcentaje y cobertura de copa, respectivamente; Asimismo, Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens presentó la mayor longitud de copa, Eugenia egensis mostró mayor diámetro y Senefeldera inclinata tuvo mejor índice de valor de importancia. Además, se demostró alta circulación de vectores de malaria en la zona, siendo An. Pseudopunctipennis, An. Benarrochi, An. Darling y An. Evansae los más frecuentes, mientras que los géneros de insectos más comunes resultaron ser Anófeles, Aedes, Coqueletilia y Cúlex. Los rasgos funcionales de las especies vegetales les han permitido adaptarse a las condiciones adversas, no obstante, la presencia de abundantes vectores de malaria, hace necesario implementar estrategias de impacto ambiental, que reduzcan el riesgo de malaria en la región(AU)

Plant communities in the area of Tingo María, Peru, are subject to the effects of climate change, generating modifications in their biodiversity, impacting their ecosystem. On the other hand, it has been reported that activities that cause disturbance of tropical forests can favor the persistence of vectors of metaxenic diseases such as malaria, which represents a public health problem due to the high rate of morbidity and mortality in the region. A descriptive study was carried out to evaluate the functional traits of the disturbed forest of Tingo María, observing that the plant species Parkia panurensis presented a higher average total height; 47% of the species presented a high basic density of standing trees; the Euphorbiaceae family and the species Senefeldera inclinata presented the highest biomass value, while Micropholis guyanensis and Pierre Subsp. Guyanensis showed the highest percentage and crown cover, respectively; Likewise, Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens had the longest crown length, Eugenia egensis had the largest diameter and Senefeldera inclinata had the best importance value index. In addition, high circulation of malaria vectors was demonstrated in the area, being An. pseudopunctipennis, An. benarrochi, An. darling and An. evansae the most frequent, while the most common insect genera were Anopheles, Aedes, Coqueletilia and Culex. The functional traits of plant species have allowed them to adapt themselves to adverse conditions, however, the presence of abundant malaria vectors makes it necessary to implement environmental impact strategies that reduce the risk of malaria in the region(AU)

Prevalence of insomnia and sleep pattern among MBBS students of Stanley Medical College, Chennai

Background: Having a healthy behavior and physiology is impossible without normal sleep pattern. Between the ages 18 and 25, people are prone to sleep disturbances. College life, which mostly occurs during this ages also affects the sleep pattern.Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study conducted among MBBS students of Stanley Medical College during august to September 2009. About 300 students were randomly selected using table of random numbers. Data was collected using a questionnaire and entered in SPSS version 16 software. Analysis was done using chi-square test. P value of less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.Results: Prevalence of insomnia is found to be 37% and is significantly higher among males. Disturbed sleep is higher among males.Conclusions: Prevalence of insomnia is 37% and is significantly higher among males. About 26.3% of the participants had disturbed sleep

Rapid Changes in Serum Lipid Profiles during Combination Therapy with Daclatasvir and Asunaprevir in Patients Infected with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1b

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Changes in lipid profiles in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) during direct-acting antiviral therapy have been reported in recent years. However, the clinical aspects of disturbed lipid metabolism in chronic HCV infection have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: Dynamic changes in serum total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein levels in patients infected with HCV genotype 1b were examined during combination therapy with daclatasvir (DCV) and asunaprevir (ASV). RESULTS: Total, LDL−, and HDL-cholesterol levels increased rapidly and persistently after week 4. Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo B, apo C-II, and apo C-III levels were significantly higher at week 4 than at week 0. In contrast, apo A-II and apo E levels were significantly lower. The differences in LDL− and HDL-cholesterol levels were positively correlated with those of apo B and apo A-I, respectively. Interestingly, in patients with non-sustained virological response, these cholesterol levels decreased rapidly after viral breakthrough or viral relapse. Furthermore, similar changes were observed for apo A-I, apo B and apo C-III levels. CONCLUSIONS: Clearance of HCV using combination therapy with DCV and ASV results in rapid changes in serum lipid profiles, suggesting an influence of HCV infection on disturbed lipid metabolism.

Influence of environmental variables on stream fish fauna at multiple spatial scales

Effects of environmental variables at different spatial scales on freshwater fish assemblages are relatively unexplored in Neotropical ecosystems. However, those influences are important for developing management strategies to conserve fish diversity and water resources. We evaluated the influences of site- (in-stream) and catchment-scale (land use and cover) environmental variables on the abundance and occurrence of fish species in streams of the Upper Araguari River basin through use of variance partitioning with partial CCA. We sampled 38 1st to 3rd order stream sites in September 2009. We quantified site variables to calculate 11 physical habitat metrics and mapped catchment land use/cover. Site and catchment variables explained > 50% of the total variation in fish species. Site variables (fish abundance: 25.31%; occurrence: 24.51%) explained slightly more variation in fish species than catchment land use/cover (abundance: 22.69%; occurrence: 18.90%), indicating that factors at both scales are important. Because anthropogenic pressures at site and catchment scales both affect stream fish in the Upper Araguari River basin, both must be considered jointly to apply conservation strategies in an efficient manner.(AU)

Os efeitos das variáveis ambientais em diferentes escalas espaciais sobre as assembleias de peixes de água doce ainda é um tema pouco explorado na região Neotropical. Entretanto é um assunto de extrema relevância, pois gera subsídios para definições de estratégias de manejo e conservação de ictiofauna e dos recursos hídricos. Nós avaliamos a influência de variáveis ambientais em escalas local (dentro do rio) e da paisagem (uso e cobertura do solo) na abundância e ocorrência das espécies de peixes de riachos da bacia do alto rio Araguari através da partição da variância usando CCA parcial. Um total de 38 riachos de até 3ª ordem foi amostrado em setembro de 2009. Nós quantificamos variáveis locais para calcular 11 métricas de hábitats físicos e mapeamos o uso e cobertura do solo. O conjunto de dados (variáveis locais e da paisagem) explicou mais de 50% da variação total nas espécies de peixes. Variáveis em escala local (abundância: 25,31%; ocorrência: 24,51%) explicaram levemente uma maior variação nas assembleias de peixes do que o uso e cobertura do solo (abundância: 22,69%; ocorrência: 18,90%), indicando que os fatores em ambas as escalas de estudo são importantes. Uma vez que a influência antrópica em diferentes escalas afeta as espécies de peixes em riachos da bacia do alto rio Araguari, ambas devem ser consideradas juntamente para a adoção de estratégias de conservação de uma forma racional.(AU)

Colonización y estructura de la comunidad de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares en Alsophila firma (Cyatheaceae) en bosque mesófilo de montaña en Veracruz, México / Colonization and structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community in Alsophila firma (Cyatheales: Cyatheaceae) from a tropical montane cloud forest in Veracruz, México

Alsophila firma is a tree fern that is distributed mainly in tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) and is considered as a threatened species. Arbuscular mycorrrhizal fungi (AMF) have been proposed as an alternative in rescue programs of endangered species. However, our knowledge about diversity of AMF and mycorrhizal status of the species of TMCF is limited. In Mexico TMCF shows different degrees of conservation because of fragmentation and land use change. In this study, we evaluated the level of colonization, richness and abundances of spores of AMF in three fragments with different conservation status: conserved (100 years), secondary vegetation (17 years) and disturbed. For this, soil samples and roots were collected from five individuals of A. firma per site, with at least 100m away from each other; a total of 100cm of roots were analysed per site. Root samples showed AMF and occasionally dark septate fungi (DSF) colonizations. For the overall study, 19 species of AMF were recorded: Gigaspora (7), Acaulospora (4), Glomus (4), Funneliformis (2), Sclerocystis (1) and Scutellospora (1). The dominant species in the three sites were Funneliformis geosporum and Acaulospora scrobiculata. The highest diversity (H’) and evenness (J’) (p<0.05) were found in the conserved site (H’=1.7, J’=0.66), when compared to the secondary vegetation (H’=1.5, J’=0.61), and the disturbed site (H’=0.74, J’=0.41). Statistical analysis showed that the AMF degree of colonization was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the conserved site; although, the disturbed site showed low richness and abundances of AMF, the degree of root colonization did not differ statistically (p<0.05) with the secondary vegetation site. Chao2 (Richness estimation model) showed that the number of analysed samples were sufficient to represent the structure of the AMF communities with values >90%. The present study confirmed that A. firma is a mycorrhizal species that exhibits high levels of colonization even in disturbed sites. We suggest that F. geosporum and A. scrobiculata may have the potential to inoculate the gametophyte and young sporophyte of A. firma, to support restoration programs, because of their abundances and high tolerance to disturbed sites.

Alsophila firma es un helecho arborescente que crece principalmente en bosque mesófilo de montaña (BMM) y se encuentra en la categoría de riesgo. Los hongos mico- rrízicos arbusculares (HMA) se han propuesto como una alternativa para programas de recuperación de especies nativas en peligro. Sin embargo, sabemos poco sobre la diversidad de HMA y del estatus micorrízico de las espe- cies vegetales del BMM. En México el BMM presenta diferentes grados de conservación debido a la fragmentación y el cambio de uso de suelo. Se evaluó el grado de colonización, riqueza y abundancia de esporas de los HMA presentes en fragmentos de BMM con diferente historia de manejo: conservado (100 años), en recuperación (17 años) y alterado. Se estudiaron muestras de suelo y raíces toma- das de 5 individuos de A. firma por cada sitio, con al menos 100m de distancia entre individuos. Se analizaron en total 100cm de raíz por cada sitio. Las muestras de raíz presentaron colonización principalmente de HMA y ocasionalmente por hongos septados oscuros (HSO). Se encontraron 19 especies: Gigaspora (7), Acaulospora (4), Glomus (4), Funneliformis (2), Sclerocystis (1) y Scutellospora (1). Las especies dominantes en los tres sitios fueron Funneliformis geosporum y Acaulospora scrobiculata. La mayor diversidad (H’) y equitatividad (J’) (p<0.05) se presentaron en el sitio conservado (H’=1.7; J’ 0.66) con respecto al sitio en recuperación (H’=1.5, J’ 0.61) y alterado (H’=0.74, J’=0.41). Los niveles de colonización micorrízica total de raíz fueron estadísticamente mayores (p<0.05) en el sitio conservado. Aunque el sitio alterado presenta una baja riqueza y abundancia de HMA la colonización micorrízica total de raíz no fue estadísticamente diferente (p<0.05) respecto al sitio en recuperación. El estimador Chao2 indica que las muestras analizadas reflejan la estructura general de la comunidad de HMA con valores superiores al 93%. El presente estudio confirma que A. firma es una especie micorrízica con altos niveles de colonización incluso en sitios alterados. Se sugiere que las especies F. geosporum y A. scrobiculata por su alta tolerancia a sitios alterados pueden tener potencial para inocular gametofitos y esporofitos de A. firma para incrementar la supervivencia en programas de restauración.

On the issue of studying eating attitudes among adolescents, have studying in general educational schools or private high school of some districts of Ulaanbaatar / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Goal: To study eating attitude alternates among adolescents.Materials and Methods. This survey has been conducted among total 392 students aged 10- 19, have studying in general educational schools or private high school, located in Bayanzurh and Songinokhairkhan districts of Ulaanbaatar and sampling of school or classes have chose by random.Results: Total 392 teenagers at 10-19 aged were participated in our research survey. 149 (38%) of total participants were boys and 243 (62%) were girls. From total participants, 38 (9.7%) teenagers showed abnormal eating attitudes with high EAT 26 scores. 84.2% (n=32) of abnormal eating attitude subjects were girls and 15.8% (n=6) were boys (x2 =9.473, p≤0.009). Average BMI of subjects with high EAT 26 scores, was 17.8 and 50% (n=19) were underweight or 5.2% (n=2) had overweight. Correlation between BMI and disturbed eating attitudes was (x2 = 568.815, p≤0.000) defined.Conclusion: The level of abnormal eating attitudes among adolescents was indicated in 38 (9.7%) teenagers.

Management of Subdural Fluid Collection Following Surgery for Ruptured Aneurysm / 대한뇌혈관외과학회지

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical course of subdural fluid (SDF) collection following surgery for a ruptured aneurysm and to set up a management plan for it. METHODS: Of 288 patients who underwent open aneurysm surgery for a ruptured aneurysm, 97 patients (33.7%) had impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the form of subdural fluid collection or hydrocephalus during the postoperative period. We categorized these patients into 3 groups. Group A comprised patients who experienced spontaneously resolved postoperative SDF collection. Group B comprised patients who experienced a postoperative SDF collection that evolved into internal hydrocephalus. Group C comprised patients who experienced hydrocephalus without subdural fluid collection during the postoperative period. We retrospectively reviewed radiographic images and clinical data to determine the differences between the three groups with respect to age, initial clinical grade, and Fisher grade. RESULTS: Group B and group C had similar proportions of patients over 60 years of age in comparison to group A. Compared to group A, group B had a greater proportion of patients whose initial Hunt and Hess grades (HHG) were III, IV, or V (p = 0.040), and group B had a larger proportion of patients whose initial Fisher grades (FG) were III or IV (p = 0.020). CONCLUSION: Based on our understanding of SDF collection's clinical course and mechanism, we carefully suggest that clinicians consider the presence of cortical atrophy, the initial CT grade, and the clinical grades when establishing a treatment plan for SDF collection.

Distribution extension of Scinax aromothyella (Anura, Hylidae) / Extensión de la distribución de Scinax aromothyella (Anura, Hylidae)

Scinax aromothyella is a recently described hylid frog. Its distribution is not well known. There are records for Misiones, Argentina and for southeastern Uruguay. Here we report a new record of S. aromothyella from Aceguá, Cerro Largo Department, Uruguay (31º 53' 39" S and 54º 9' 17" W), based in tadpoles collected on the 15 of August, 2007. This new record extends the distribution of S. aromothyella in approximately 100 km north from previous reports in Uruguay. The samples were collected in a site located 2 km away from the border line with Brazil, reinforcing the idea that S. aromothyella might occur in Rio Grande do Sul.

Scinax aromothyella es un anfibio hilido recientemente descripto y con distribución poco conocida. Existen registros de Misiones, Argentina, y del sureste de Uruguay. Reportamos en este trabajo un nuevo registro de S. aromothyella para el Departamento de Cerro Largo, Uruguay, localidad Aceguá (31º 53' 39" S y 54º 9' 17" W) basado en renacuajos colectados el 15 de agosto de 2007. Este registro extiende la distribución de S. aromothyella más de 100 km al norte de los registros previos en Uruguay. La cercanía a la frontera (2 km) refuerza la idea de la ocurrencia de esta especie en el sur de Brasil.

Florística y fisonomía de un matorral xerófilo espinoso intervenido en Punta de Piedras, Municipio Miranda, Estado Zulia, Venezuela

Floristic and physiognomic characteristics of disturbed thorny xerophytic scrubland in Punta de Piedras, Miranda Municipality, Zulia State, Venezuela. We determined the floristic and physiognomic aspects of disturbed thorny xerophytic scrubland in Punta de Piedras, Miranda Municipality, Zulia State, Venezuela. Botanical sampling was done twice monthly (November 2005-June 2006), in both rainy and dry seasons, for a total of 16 samples. The sampling was done in 10 vegetation patches, in an average area of 718,2 ± 706,24 m², and adjacent graminoid floristic components were identified using three 400 m² (20 x 20 m) plots, divided into 4 subplots (20 x 5 m²) and in these, were delimited 12 subplots (1 x 1 m²). In addition, human paths were carried out in order to identify other species plant. Thorny xerophytic scrubland showed human disturbances e.g. periodic fires, solid wastes, roads and human settlements and coastal semiarid thorny scrubland characteristics, similar to another Venezuelan localities. Forty-five species, in 22 families were identified, and the Poaceae (6), Mimosaceae (4), Boraginaceae (3), Cactaceae (3), Caesalpinaceae (3), Euphorbiaceae (3) and Fabaceae (3) presented the highest number of species. Human disturbances probably favor the appearance of vegetation patches and secondary grassland formations. In the last, Aristida venesuelae, Aristida pittieri y Portulaca pilosa showed the highest relative abundances and frequencies values with a summatory of 49,38% and 46,86%, respectively, while in the patches there were observed two layer: an herbaceous layer (less than 1 m high) as well as a bush-tree layer (2.63 ± 1.37 m high), comprised mostly of Opuntia wentiana, Piptadenia flava and Jatropha gossypifolia with relative abundances of 32,82, 15,60 and 15,14 %, respectively. The thorny xerophytic scrubland in Punta de Piedras presents a low number of species; however, the physiognomic characteristics are similar to other undisturbed thorny xerophytic scrublands in Venezuela. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 271-281. Epub 2009 June 30.

Se determinaron los aspectos florísticos y fisonómicos de un matorral xerófilo espinoso intervenido de Punta de Piedras, municipio Miranda, estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se realizaron dieciséis muestreos quincenales, entre noviembre 2005 y junio 2006, para la recolecta, identificación y conteo de las especies tanto en el periodo lluvioso como en el seco. Los muestreos se llevaron a cabo en 10 manchones de vegetación con un área promedio de 718 ± 706.24 m², en una formación graminiforme en la que se emplearon tres parcelas de 20 x 20 (400 m²), dividiéndose cada una de éstas en cuatro subparcelas de 20 x 5 (100 m²) y a su vez, dentro de ellas, se delimitaron 12 subparcelas de 1 x 1. (1 m²), y también se realizaron recorridos para el reconocimiento de otras especies de la zona. El matorral xerófilo espinoso mostró evidencias de intervención antropogénica como quemas periódicas, deposición de desechos sólidos, caminerías para el tránsito de las personas y asentamientos poblacionales en las zonas circunvecinas; y presentó una vegetación semiárida de espinar costero característica y comparable a la señalada para otras regiones del país. Se identificaron 45 especies agrupadas en 22 familias, entre las cuales destacaron: las Poaceae (6), Mimosaceae (4), Boraginaceae (3), Cactaceae (3) Caesalpinaceae (3), Euphorbiaceae (3) y Fabaceae (3). La intervención antropogénica parece generar la aparición de manchones de vegetación arbustiva y arbórea y de una formación graminiforme o pastizal. En esta última, Aristida venesuelae, Aristida pittieri y Portulaca pilosa presentaron los mayores valores de abundancia y frecuencia relativa cuya sumatoria corresponde a 49.38% y 46.86%, respectivamente; mientras que en los manchones se destacaron dos estratos: uno herbáceo menor a 1 m, y otro estrato arbustivo-arbóreo de bajo porte (2.63 ± 1.37 m de altura media), conformado principalmente por Opuntia wentiana, Piptadenia flava y Jatropha gossypifolia, especies que presentaron las mayores abundancias relativas de 32.82, 15.60 y 15.14%, respectivamente. El matorral xerófilo espinoso de Punta de Piedras presentó un bajo número de especies en comparación con otras comunidades xerófilas, no intervenidas, del país. Sin embargo, a pesar de la intervención antropogénica presente en esta comunidad, los manchones de vegetación mostraron rasgos fisonómicos análogos a los correspondientes a otras formaciones xerófilas espinosas no perturbadas de Venezuela.

Aspectos da esfingofauna (lepidoptera, sphingidae), em área de terra-firme, no estado do Amazonas, Brasil

Abundance, richness, flight hour, sex ratio of Sphingidae were recorded at Itacoatiara, State of Amazonas, on a disturbed area of upland rainforest brazilian Amazon during thirten months (40 nights) between july/1990 - july/1991. 61 species including all collected material were obtained with predominance of Dilophonotini (29 species) followed by Sphingini (14), Philampelini (7), Smerinthini (6) and Macroglossini (5). The community of Sphingidae is compared with others localities data of Neotropical region (South and Central America).

Abundância, riqueza, horário de vôo, razão sexual de Sphingidae são estudadas no Município de Itacoatiara, Estado do Amazonas, em área perturbada de terra-firme na Amazônia brasileira, durante treze meses consecutivos (40 noites), entre julho/1990 - julho/1991. Obteve-se 61 espécies, incluindo todo material coletado, com a predominância de Dilophonotini (29 espécies), seguida por Sphingini (14), Philampelini (7), Smerinthini (6) e Macroglossini (5). A comunidade de Sphingidae é comparada com dados de outras localidades da região Neotropical (Américas do Sul e Central).

Subdural Fluid Collection Following Ruptured Aneurysm Surgery as a Manifestation of Disturbed Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation

The authors analyzed 197 consecutive cases of ruptured aneurysm surgery and investigated the incidence of postoperative subdural fluid(SDF) collection according to patient's age, amount of subarachnoid hemorrhage, preoperative ventricular dilatation, and combined surgical procedures such as ventricular or spinal fluid drainage, and opening of the lamina terminalis and/or the Lilliequist's membrane. We also evaluated the postoperative course for each patient with regard to the development of hydrocephalus. The results were as follows; incidence of SDF collection after aneurysm surgery was 20.8% and it correlated well with patient's age, initial CT grade, preoperative ventricular dilatation and opening of major cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) space. Especially, in patients with a preoperative dilated ventricle that had not been corrected(with preoperative shunting procedure), the incidence of postoperative SDF collection was very high(53.8%). In contrast, postoperative SDF collection didn't develop in six patients whose ventricle had dilated and it had been corrected with preoperative shunting procedures(two cases) or intraoperative external ventricular drainage followed by internalization(four cases). Patients wth postoperative SDF collection had a higher incidence of hydrocephalus than the other group. Hydrocephalus developed more frequently in the large SDF collection group than in the small one. On the basis of the above findings, we presumed postoperative SDF collection to be a manifestation of disturbed CSF circulation in ruptured aneurysm surgery. Because of the risk of rebleeding after preoperative shunting procedures, intraoperative diversion of CSF followed by early internalization should be recommended for preventing the development of postoperative SDF collection in patients with disturbed CSF circulation. We also discussed possible mechanisms of the conversion of postoperative SDF into hydrocephalus in relation to disturbed CSF circulation.