Prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries in fluoride endemic areas of Rohtak district, Haryana

Objectives: This study investigates the estimation of the fluoride concentration in drinking water in Rohtak district, Haryana, and quantifies its effect on the prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1262 school children in endemic fluoride areas of Haryana. Using simple random sampling, thirty villages from five blocks of Rohtak districts were selected, and children 6–12 years of age were examined. A questionnaire survey form was filled out to record the demographic details of the samples. Dental caries was recorded according to DMFT (D = Decayed, M = Missing due to caries only, F = Filled, T = Teeth)/deft index (d = decayed, e = extracted due to caries, f = filled, t = teeth). Assessment of Dental Fluorosis was done according to Dean's Fluorosis index, modified in 1942. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 19, and nonparametric tests were used to assess the significance. Results: The study participants included 615 males and 647 females among which Mean DMFT in the area of study ranged from 0.32 to 1.90. Mean deft in the area of study ranged from 0.34 to 1.91. The fluoride concentrations in groundwater are in the range of 0.532–8.802. Out of 1262 children examined, 655 (51.90%) children were having dental fluorosis. 607 (48.10%) of the subjects were free from fluorosis. 16.09%, 13.39%, 9.11%, and 8.16% and 5.15% were having questionable, very mild, mild, moderate, and severe form of fluorosis, respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that in Rohtak district, the fluoride levels in drinking water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis are high, so requiring an urgent need to improve the quality of water and institute de-fluoridation of drinking water in affected areas to lower the burden of dental fluorosis in the community.

Prevalencia de caries y factores asociados: estudio transversal en estudiantes de preparatoria de Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México / Prevalence of dental caries and associated risk factors: a cross-sectional study among preparatory (high school) students from Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico

RESUMEN Introducción: La caries dental es el principal problema bucal que afecta a casi toda la población. La niñez y juventud son etapas cruciales para adquirir el hábito de higiene bucal adecuada y evitar daños a la cavidad oral en la edad adulta. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de caries y los factores asociados en estudiantes de educación media superior de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal en estudiantes de tres escuelas preparatorias de Chilpancingo, Gro. Un cuestionario autoadministrado preguntó sobre datos sociodemográficos, hábitos de higiene dental y la presencia de caries se definió a partir del índice CPOD (diente cariado, perdido y obturado). Se estimó razón de momios e intervalo de confianza de 95% como medida de asociación de los factores de riesgo. La estimación de las asociaciones en el análisis multivariado fue ajustada por el efecto del conglomerado. Resultados: La prevalencia de caries fue 91% (1,300/1,424), 18% (245/1,424) de los estudiantes tuvo obturados, 5% (67/1,424) tuvo una o más piezas dentales perdidas. El índice CPOD fue 5.31. Dos factores se asociaron con la presencia de caries: consumo de frituras, refrescos y golosinas (RMa 2.43, IC 95% 1.45-4.09), y la poca importancia dada a la salud bucal (RMa 1.48, IC 95% 1.01-2.18). Conclusiones: La prevalencia encontrada está en el rango de los reportes internacionales. Los dos factores asociados con la caries dental orientan qué acciones deben promoverse para el cuidado de la salud bucal en los estudiantes de educación media superior de la UAGro.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tooth decay is the most important oral health problem affecting almost the whole population. Childhood and youth are crucial stages to acquire habits of proper oral hygiene to prevent damage to the oral cavity in adulthood. Objective: To measure the prevalence of dental caries and associated risk factors in students of middle education (preparatory school) at the Autonomous University of Guerrero (UAGro). Methods: Cross-sectional study including students from three preparatory schools (high schools) in Chilpancingo, Guerrero. A self-administered questionnaire collected sociodemographic and dental hygiene information; the presence of caries was defined according to the DMFT index (decayed, filled, and missing teeth). Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were estimated as measures of association for risk factors. Estimated associations in the multivariate analysis were adjusted by cluster effect. Results: The prevalence of caries was 91% (1,300/1,424); 18% (245/1,424) of students had filled teeth and 5% (67/1,424) had one or more missing teeth. A DMFT index score of 5.31 was found. Two factors were associated with the presence of caries: intake of snacks, sweets, and soft drinks (OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.45-4.09) and little attention to oral health (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.01-2.18). Conclusions: The caries prevalence is in the range of international reports. The two factors associated with tooth decay should guide the actions to be implemented for promoting oral health among UAGro students of middle education.

The impact of a school-based tooth-brushing program on dental caries: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND@#Promotion of oral health in children is recognized as one of the components of health-promoting schools (HPSs). However, few studies have addressed supportive school environments for children's oral health. This study aimed to evaluate the status of dental caries in school children at HPSs, with the objective of examining the impact of a supportive school environment for oral health, considering the lifestyles of individual children and the socioeconomic characteristics of their communities.@*METHODS@#Data of 2043 5th-grade students in 21 elementary schools in Ichikawa city between 2008 and 2013 were analyzed. Children's oral health status was evaluated using the decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index. A self-reported lifestyle questionnaire, a survey of the school environment promoting tooth-brushing, and community socioeconomic characteristics derived from the National Census data were included in the analyses. Bivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate the children's DMFT status, and zero-inflated negative binominal (ZINB) regression was used to assess the relationships between DMFT and other variables.@*RESULTS@#Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent teeth of 5th-grade children (aged 10-11 years) was 33.3%, with a mean DMFT score (± SD) of 0.83 ± 1.50. According to multilevel ZINB regression analysis, children from schools with after-lunch tooth-brushing time showed a higher odds ratio (OR) for excess zero DMFT (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.00-2.15, P = 0.049) as compared to those from schools without it. Neither bivariate analysis nor ZINB model analysis revealed any significant influence of children's gender or use of a toothpaste with fluoride.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The school-based environment supportive of oral health was significantly associated with a zero DMFT status in children. School-based efforts considering the socioeconomic characteristics of the area warrant attention even with declining prevalence of dental caries.

Spatial distribution of decayed and restored teeth in an adult population / Distribuição espacial de dentes cariados e restaurados numa população adulta

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the spatial distribution of decayed and restored teeth in adults according to the Social Exclusion Index (SEI) and the proximity of public dental service. Methods: This ecological study used secondary data from an epidemiological survey of oral health and from the Piracicaba Research and Planning Institute (IPPLAP). The oral examinations of the DMFT index examined in households by a single examiner calibrated in 2011, by probability sampling, 248 adults (aged 20 to 64 years) representing the residents in Piracicaba-SP, Brazil. Data on social exclusion and health units with dental service were extracted from IPPLAP. We performed georeferencing of the census tracts selected by draw in the epidemiological survey and their respective districts, in addition to the health units with dental service in a radius of 500 m and 1000 m. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was analyzed (p<0.05). Results: The smallest value of SEI, that is, the highest social exclusion, showed no correlation with decayed teeth (p=0.09), but had strong positive correlation with restored teeth (r=0.79; p<0.0001). Presence of public dental service in the vicinity of 500 m and 1,000 m showed no correlation, respectively, with the average number of decayed (p=0.07 and p=0.58) and restored (p=0.26 and p=0.56) teeth. Conclusion: Although the correlation between social exclusion and caries in adults was not observed, its case management, namely, the restored teeth, showed correlation with social inequalities. Presence of public dental service showed no correlation with components of caries experience evaluated in this study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição espacial dos dentes cariados e restaurados em adultos segundo o Índice de Exclusão Social (IEX) e a proximidade de serviço odontológico público. Metodologia: Este estudo ecológico utilizou-se de dados secundários de um levantamento epidemiológico de saúde bucal e do Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento de Piracicaba (IPPLAP). Os exames bucais do índice de dentes permanentes cariado perdidos e obturados (CPOD) examinou em domicílios por um único examinador calibrado em 2011, por amostragem probabilística, 248 adultos (20 a 64 anos) representativos dos residentes em Piracicaba-SP, Brasil. Os dados sobre exclusão social e as unidades de saúde com serviço odontológico foram extraídos do IPPLAP. Realizou-se o georreferenciamento dos setores censitários sorteados no levantamento epidemiológico e seus respectivos bairros, além das unidades de saúde com serviço odontológico em um raio de 500m e 1000m. Foi realizada a análise de correlação de Spearman (p<0.05). Resultados: O menor valor do IEX, ou seja, maior exclusão social, não apresentou correlação com dentes cariados (p=0,09), mas teve correlação positiva forte com dentes restaurados (r=0,79; p<0,0001). A presença de serviço odontológico público em proximidade de 500 e 1000m não apresentou correlação, respectivamente, com a média de dentes cariados (p=0,07 e p=0,58) e restaurados (p=0,26 e p=0,56). Conclusão: Apesar de não ser verificada correlação entre cárie e exclusão social em adultos, sua resolutividade, ou seja, os dentes restaurados apresentaram correlação com as desigualdades sociais. A presença de serviço odontológico público não apresentou correlação com os componentes de experiência de cárie avaliados nesse estudo.

Estado de dentición y su impacto en la calidad de vida en adultos mayores / State of dentition and its impact on quality of life in the elderly

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: La mayoría de adultos mayores enfrentan problemas para comer y relacionarse con los demás debido a las alteraciones que presentan en la boca, lo que afecta su satisfacción y su calidad de vida. Determinar el estado de la dentición de los alumnos de la Universidad de la Tercera Edad de la Ciudad de México y asociarlo con la calidad de vida. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se realizó evaluación clínica mediante el registro CPOD y presencia de edentulismo. Se aplicó el cuestionario Perfil de Impacto de Salud Bucal OHIP-14, para evaluar calidad de vida. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, nivel de significancia de 0,05, programa SPSS. Versión 22. Resultados: Se incluyeron 100 adultos mayores con promedio de edad de 68,2. ± 5,02. En el índice CPOD, se obtuvo una media de 1,04 para dientes cariados, 7,9 para dientes perdidos y 4,9 para dientes obturados. En el perfil de impacto, las dimensiones mayormente afectadas fueron la limitación funcional con media de 2,33 y el malestar psicológico con 1,67. Al correlacionar el estado de dentición y la calidad de vida se obtuvo coeficiente de correlación de Spearman de 0,312 con una p= 0,002. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en esta población, reflejan un mejor estado de dentición que los reportados por otros autores, se obtuvo asociación estadística pero con baja correlación entre el estado de dentición y la mayoría de las dimensiones de calidad de vida.

Abstract Introduction and objectives: Most elderly face trouble to eat and to relate with others, due to alterations presented in the mouth, which affects their satisfaction and quality of life.To determine the condition of the dentition of the students of a University of the Third Age of the City of Mexico and to associate it with the quality of life. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Clinical evaluation was performed through the DMFT registry and presence of Edentulous. Oral health impact profile OHIP-14 was applied to evaluate quality of life. Statistical Analysis with Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.05. SPSS v. 22. Results: 100 elderly were included with an average age of 68.2± 5.02. In the DMFT index a 1.04 median for carious teeth was obtained, 7.9 for lost teeth and 4.9 for filled teeth. At the profile impact, the most affected dimensions were the functional limitation with a 2.33 median, psychological discomfort with 1.67. By correlating dentition status and quality of life, Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.312 with p=0.002 was obtained. Conclusions: The results obtained in this population, reflect a better dentition state than those reported by other authors, statistical association was obtained but with a low correlation between the state of dentition and most of the dimensions of quality of life.

Relationship between cancer and oral health in Korean adults determined using data from the 6th (2013-2014) Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: Dental caries and periodontitis are major oral bacterial infections associated with dental plaque. Infection and inflammation play a role in carcinogenesis, and a significant link has been found between some highly prevalent oral and dental diseases and some types of cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cancer and oral health among Korean adults. METHODS: Data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to analyze the incidence of cancer according to oral health. Demographic and socioeconomic statuses and oral behavior of the participants was analyzed using complex chi-square tests. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between a high DMFT index and cancer by calculating the 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: In total, 6,450 case-control subjects were included. Significant difference was observed in the DMFT index, but not in periodontal diseases, between the cases and controls. The odds ratio for cancer was 1.80 (95% confidence interval: 1.18 to 2.73) in the high-risk group. However, no significant difference was observed after adjusting for age, education level, and income. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide potential evidence of a significant association between cancer and oral disease.

Prevalência de cárie associada à escolaridade materna e ao nível socioeconômico em escolares / Prevalence of childhood dental caries and its association between mothers' level of schooling and socioeconomic status of family in schoolchildren

Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a prevalência de cárie e sua associação com escolaridade materna e índice socioeconômico em escolares de Nova Roma do Sul (RS). Material e Métodos: Foram avaliadas 120 crianças de 7 a 10 anos pertencentes a duas escolas do município para compilar índice CPO-D e ceo-d. Foi enviado às mães um questionário para avaliar escolaridade materna e renda familiar. Resultados: A prevalência da cárie foi 2,45%. A média de CPO-D foi 0,41±0,83, enquanto a média de ceo-d foi 2,94 ± 2,96. Observou-se que tanto CPO-D quanto ceo-d não apresentaram associação com escolaridade materna e renda familiar, porém valores de ceo-d foram altos. Conclusão: Resultados apontam que a alta prevalência de cárie no estudo independe da escolaridade materna e do nível socioeconômico das famílias.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and investigate its association with socioeconomic status of family and parents's education among schoolchildren in Nova Roma do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. Material and Methods: We evaluated 120 schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years old belonging to two schools of this city to be evaluated for the DMFT index (dental caries) and early chilhood caries (ECC) by clinical examination. Socioeconomic data (years of education of the mothers and family income) were collected through a questionnaire that was completed by the mothers. Results: The prevalence rate of dental caries was 2,45%. The mean DMFT index was 0.41± 0.83, while the mean ECC was higher and equal to 2.94 ± 2.96. Both the DMFT index and ECC there were no statistically significant associated with socioeconomic indicators, since the rates found for DMFT were high. Conclusion: Results indicate that high prevalence rate was an independent factor of the maternal education and socioeconomic status of families.

Caries dental y microorganismos asociados a la caries en la saliva de los alumnos del primer año de la Facultad de Odontología, UNAM / Dental caries and caries-associated mechanisms found in the saliva of first year students at the School of Dentistry, UNAM (National Autonomous University of Mexico)

Se estudiaron 380 alumnos del primer año en la Facultad de Odontología (n = 380) (periodo 2012-2013) a fin de determinar el índice CPOD y relacionar si la caries está asociada con los microorganismos Streptococcus y Lactobacillus. El índice CPOD (cariado, perdido y obturado) se registró usando los parámetros de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se tomaron muestras de saliva de cada alumno y se determinaron las unidades formadoras de colonias de Streptococcus y Lactobacillus. La media de los índices CPOD fue de 7.25 ± 4.59. Las mujeres (n = 278) y hombres (n = 102) presentaron una media de índices CPOD de 7.11 ± 4.66 y 7.29 ± 4.57, respectivamente. Encontramos que los alumnos de 19 años presentaron menos caries que los estudiantes de otras edades. Tanto Streptococcus y Lactobacillus se correlacionaron significativamente entre sí, así como en la incidencia de caries. Un incremento en el número de estos microorganismos, especialmente de Streptococcus mutans, se asociaron con el incremento en CPOD.

Three hundred and eighty first year students of the National School of Dentistry (UNAM) (n = 380) (academic year 2012-2013), were assessed targeting determination of DMFT (decayed, missing, lost teeth) index as well as to establish a relationship of whether caries is associated to Lactobacillus and Streptococcus microorganisms. DMFT index was recorded using World Health Organization (WHO) parameters. Samples of all students were taken and colony-forming units of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus were determined. DMFT indexes mean was established at 7.25 ± 4.59. Females (n = 278) and males (n = 102) exhibited mean DMFT indexes of 7.11 ± 4.66 and 7.29 ± 4.57 respectively. Results revealed that 19 year old students exhibited lesser amounts of caries than students of other ages. Both Streptococcus and Lactobacillus were significantly correlated to each other as well as to caries incidence. Increase in the number of the aforementioned micro-organisms, especially Streptococcus mutans, were associated to DMFT increase.

Profile of special needs patients assisted in a dental project / Perfil dos pacientes com necessidades especiais atendidos no projeto da Odontologia

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi traçar o perfil dos pacientes com necessidades especiais que procuraram atendimento na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal Fluminense (FO-UFF). Material e Métodos: Foram avaliados os prontuários de 17 pacientes que procuraram atendimento no período da pesquisa. As variáveis analisadas foram: sexo, idade, motivo da consulta, o uso contínuo de drogas psicotrópicas, condição socioeconômica, consumo de açúcar, frequência de escovação, oclusão dentária atendimento odontológico e duração do tratamento. Todos os pacientes foram atendidos por duas alunas de graduação ligados ao projeto, sob supervisão. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 9,65 anos e o sexo masculino foi o mais prevalente (52,94%). Os indivíduos com deficiência mental e síndrome de Down foram os que mais procuram por atendimento (35,3%) e a dor (cárie) foi apontada como o maior motivo para procura do atendimento (58,82%). A média de ceo foi de 2,4 (±1,4) e CPOD de 0,9 (±7,07) entre os pacientes e o tratamento restaurador foi realizado em 25% dos pacientes. Conclusões: Em conclusão, a maior demanda foi por procedimentos curativos e não preventivos e que a prevalência de cárie é elevada neste grupo de pacientes

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this paper was to outline the profile of patients with special needs who sought treatment at School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense (FO-UFF). Material and Methods: We evaluated the charts of 17 patients who sought care during the survey period. The variables were gender, age, reason for consultation, continuous use of psychotropic drugs, socioeconomic status, consumption of sugar, toothbrushing frequency, dental occlusion dental care and length of treatment. All patients were treated by two undergraduate students linked to the project under supervision. Results: The mean age of the patients was 9.65 years old and males were the most prevalent (52.94%). Individuals with mental retardation and Down´s syndrome were the predominant group seeking dental care (35,3%) and pain was cited as the main reason (58,82%). The average dmft 0.9 (±1,4) and DMFT was 3.29 (±7,07) among patients and restorative treatment was provided for 25% of the patients. Conclusions: In conclusion the greatest demand was for curative and not preventive procedures and that the prevalence of caries is high in this group of patients.

Condições de saúde bucal de industriários participantes de Programa de Saúde Bucal na Empresa / Oral health status of industrial workers included in Corporate Oral Health Program

Resumo Objetivo: verificar as condições de saúde bucal de trabalhadores de cinco indústrias da região metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia, que participavam do Programa de Saúde Bucal na Empresa (PSBE) entre os anos 2003 a 2008. Métodos: estudo transversal retrospectivo, com dados secundários do banco de dados do SESI/DR-BA. Participaram todos os funcionários que realizaram pelo menos dois exames odontológicos no período, totalizando 1.277 trabalhadores. Foram investigados dados sociodemográficos, incidência de cárie, atividade de cárie, urgência odontológica, uso e necessidade de prótese. Resultado: predominou o sexo masculino com média de idade de 38 anos (DP = 10,07). O índice CPO-D (dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados) apresentou variação da média de 15 a 19, com maior percentual para dentes obturados (de 58,5% a 70,2%). Observou-se menor incidência de cárie nos que possuíam maior número de exames – 35,03% com 2 exames e 21,88% com 4 exames (p<0,01). Destaca-se maior associação positiva entre atividade de cárie e ramo de metais (29,19%) em 2007. O ramo outros serviços apresentou os maiores percentuais de urgência odontológica (5,60% em 2007, 8,40% em 2008). Conclusão: a redução na incidência de cáries e na necessidade de próteses entre os que mais realizaram exames indica que programas de saúde bucal nas empresas podem contribuir para a melhor saúde bucal dos trabalhadores.

Abstract Objective: to evaluate the oral health status of workers in five industries of the metropolitan region of Salvador, included in the Corporate Occupational Oral Health Program (PSBE) between 2003 and 2008. Methods: a retrospective cross-sectional study with secondary data from SESI/DR-BA database. All workers who had at least two dental examinations in the period (1,277 workers) were included. Sociodemographic data, incidence of dental caries, dental caries activity, dental emergency, and the use and need of prostheses were investigated. Results: most patients were male with mean age of 38 ± 10.07 years. Mean DMFT ranged from 15 to 19, with higher percentage of filled teeth (58.5% to 70.2%). The incidence of dental caries was lower in individuals who had a greater number of examinations – 35.03% for two examinations and 21.88% for four examinations (p<0.01). A positive association was found between caries activity and certain professional occupations, like metalworkers (29.19%). Highest percentages of urgency were found in individuals working in “other services” (5.60% in 2007 and 8.40% in 2008). Conclusion: the reduction in incidence of dental caries and need of prostheses among those who performed more examinations indicate that corporate oral health programs can contribute to improve workers oral health.

Cost-benefit analysis of a water fluoridation program for 11 years in Jinju, Korea / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate the economic costs and benefits of a water fluoridation program in the city of Jinju, Korea. METHODS: In 2009, dental surveys were conducted on 2,315 children aged 6-12 years in Jinju, which had been fluoridated for 11 years. The decayed/missing/filled teeth (DMFT) scores of children in Jinju were compared to the DMFT scores of same-aged children in non-fluoridated small- and medium-sized cities in the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2007 to 2009 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The reduced number of decayed permanent teeth by the water fluoridation program was estimated as the difference between the DMFT scores of children in Jinju and those in non-fluoridated small- and medium-sized cities. The economic benefits were estimated by the savings from reduced dental treatment costs by using the reduced number of decayed permanent teeth from the water fluoridation program. All annual costs and benefits were calculated from 1998 to 2009. The social rate and untreated rate of decayed teeth were applied as 3% and 20%, respectively. The annual benefit-cost ratio was estimated by using the annual benefits and cumulative program costs. RESULTS: The economic benefit in 2009 from a water fluoridation program was estimated as 57,496,000,000 Korean Won (KRW), and the cumulative cost in 2009 was estimated as 1,387,000,000 KRW. The net present value in 2009 from a water fluoridation program was 56,109,000,000 KRW. The benefit-cost ratio in 2009 was estimated as 41.4. CONCLUSIONS: The economic benefit of a water fluoridation program in Jinju city was evaluated as excellent.

La caries dental y los factores relacionados en una población de adultos de la ciudad de la rioja, Argentina / The dental caries and related factors in adult population of the city of rioja, Argentina

La caries dental es un proceso patológico post-eruptivo, localizado, externo, involucra un reblandecimiento de los tejidos duros del diente procediendo a la formación de una cavidad1. Se determinó la presencia de caries dental, su relación con factores patológicos y preventivos en adultos de La Rioja, Argentina. A partir de 183 adultos de 25 a 35 años de edad se estudiaron los dientes con caries, obturaciones, perdidos e índice CPOD y se registraron en una ficha dental. Por cada adulto se obtuvo una historia clínica. El 77% de los adultos presentó un promedio de 3,73±4,28 caries, 4,75±4,61 obturaciones, 1,91±2,92 perdidos e índice CPOD 10,39±5,90. El CPOD para el género femenino fue mayor que para el masculino (p=0,042). La caries se relacionó con bajo nivel de educación (p=0,0001), ingreso económico (p=0,0086), cepillado dental diario (p=0,0340), cepillado nocturno (p=0,0018), con consulta prevalente por dolor (p<0,0001), falta de visita bucal anual (p=0,0003) y de obra social (p=0,0064). La caries dental es una enfermedad presente en la población adulta se asocia con bajo nivel de educación, económico y preventivo dental. Necesita del abordaje económico cultural integrado de la sociedad para mejorar la salud bucal del adulto y asegurar su calidad de vida en su senectud.

The dental caries is defined a post eruptive pathological process of external origin located tooth involves softening of the hard tissues of the tooth proceeding consequently to the formation of a tooth cavity1. The presence of dental caries was determined, its relationship with pathological and preventive factors in adults of La Rioja, Argentina. From 183 adults from 25-35 years of age, were studied decayed, fillings, missing teeth and index DMFT and recorded on a dental chart. For each adult, a clinic history was obtained. The 77% of adults had a mean of 3,73 ±4,28 caries, 4,75 ±4,61 filling, 1,91 ±2,92 missing and DMFT 10,39 ±5,90. The DMFT was higher for the female gender than for males (p=0,042). Caries was associated with low level of education (p=0,0001), low income (p=0,0086) lack tooth daily brushing (p<0,0340), lack of night brushing (p=0,018), check only for pain (p< 0,0001), lack of annual dental visit (p=0,0003) and absence of coverage social (p=0,0064). Dental caries is a disease present in the population of adults, is associated with low level education, economic and lack of prevention dental. Requires a socio cultural economic work of society to improve the oral health of adults and ensure their senescence.

Diagnóstico y evolución de primeros molares permanentes en niños en edad escolar / Diagnosis and evolution of first permanent molars in school children

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de prevalencia de los datos recabados en el año 2012 del Programa de Salud Bucal de la Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina, disponible en el Instituto Provincial de Odontología del Ministerio de Salud. Se analizaron los Primeros Molares Permanentes en 5330 escolares entre 5/6 y 12 años de 74 escuelas provinciales en la capital de la Provincia. Los mismos se clasificaron como Sanos, Cariados, Obturados o Perdidos. Se obtuvieron los índices CPOD de Dentición Permanente y ceod de dentición primaria. Se analizó la presencia de Gingivitis por alumno y Caries por molar. Se observó un desmejoramiento a los 12 años. Existieron diferencias significativas en caries y gingivitis por escuela entre ambos grupos. No se encontraron diferencias de porcentajes de caries por molar entre ambos grupos, pero si dentro de cada grupo, siendo los molares inferiores los más afectados. Los resultados hallados entre los 5/6 y 12 años fueron: Sanos 91.66/54.67%, Cariados 7.45/33.32%, Perdidos 0/1,53% y Obturados 0.89/10,49%, Gingivitis 20.24/48.21%. CPOD 0.14/2.68 y ceod 3.53/1.12. El diagnóstico de los primeros molares permanentes en edad escolar es prioritario en la prevención de la salud bucodental...

A descriptive study of prevalence data collected in 2012 the Oral Health Program of the Province of Córdoba was performed, Argentina, available at the Provincial Institute of Dentistry, Ministry of Health was performed. The Permanent First Molars in 5330 school children between 5/6 and 12 years of 74 provincial schools were analyzed in the capital of the Province. They were classified as Healthy, Decayed, Sealed or Lost. The DMFT and dmft Permanent dentition primary dentition indices were obtained. We analyzed the presence of Cavities Gingivitis per student and per mole. Deterioration was observed at age 12. Significant differences in school cavities and gingivitis between the two groups. No differences of molar caries rates between the two groups, but within each group, the lower molars being the most affected. The results between the 5/6 and 12 years were: Healthy 91.66/54.67%, Decayed 7.45/33.32% Lost 0/1, Sealed 53% and 0.89/10, 49%, Gingivitis 20.24/48.21%. DMFT dmft 0.14/2.68 and 3.53/1.12. The diagnosis of the first permanent molars school age is a priority in the prevention of oral health...

DMFT index of 12 year-old students of public schools participating in the Project of Education for Working for Health

Introduction: Epidemiological surveys provide a key basis for assessing current and future oral health care needs of a population by yielding reliable data for designing national or regional health programs 12. Objective: To assess the oral health status of 12-year-old adolescents by applying DMFT index in the city of Joinville, SC, who took part in the PEW Health Project 2010-2011 and designing a comparative study between 2003 and 2010 national, state, municipal and other DMFT surveys for this same age range. Material and methods: Analytical cross-sectional observational study. Dental health assessment tool used was DMFT and deft index. The codes and criteria used for the survey used the tooth as a study unit according to methodology proposed by WHO and reported in the SB-Brazil Assessor's Manual ³. Sample size was 194 students attending public junior high school. Chi-square test for qualitative variables and Student's t test for quantitative variables were used, with two-tailed significance level of 5%. Results: DMFT was 0.84, standard deviation 1.31 and confidence interval 0.65 (lowest) and 1.02 (highest). Rate of cavity-free children or zero DMFT was 58.8%, a total of 114 children. Conclusion: The students of the city of Joinville, SC assessed by this study showed low cavity prevalence, thereby reaching WHO approved targets for 2010.

Estado de salud oral de niños y adolescentes con discapacidad intelectual en una población chilena, 2012 / Oral health status of intellectually disabled school children and adolescents, in a Chilean population, 2012

Objetivo: Determinar el estado de salud oral de niños y adolescentes con Discapacidad Intelectual (DI) de establecimientos educacionales municipales, Valdivia, Chile, 2012.Metodología: Estudio descriptivo. Se evaluó una muestra de estudiantes de establecimientos educacionales municipales acerca de historia de caries (dientes permanentes Cariados, Obturados, Perdidos (COPD)/ dientes temporales cariados, extraídos, obturados (ceod)), calidad de higiene (Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado, IHO-S) y estado gingival (Índice Gingival, IG). Además, se interrogó acerca de hábitos de higiene, grado de discapacidad intelectual, presencia de enfermedades sistémicas y consumo de medicamentos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 195 estudiantes de 6-21 años (promedio 13 años) con DI leve a moderada. El COPD/ceod promedio fue de 2.19/1.33 para mujeres y de 1.59/1.93 para hombres. El IHO-S en el 75.9 por ciento de los participantes fue regular, encontrándose peor higiene oral en participantes con DI moderada. Sólo un 2.6 por ciento presentó código 0 para el IG, reflejando pobre higiene oral. La mayoría de los participantes poseía cepillo de dientes propio (88.2 por ciento) y se cepillaban sin ayuda (96.4 por ciento).Conclusión: El estado de salud oral de la población evaluada es deficiente. La calidad de higiene oral es regular o mala, lo que conlleva un pobre estado de salud gingival.

Aim: To determine the oral health status of intellectually disabled (ID) children and adolescents from state schools, Valdivia, Chile, 2012.Design: Descriptive study. A sample of students from state schools was assessed for caries history (Decayed, Missing, Filled permanent Teeth (DMFT)/decayed, extracted, filled temporal teeth (deft)), quality of oral hygiene (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, OHI-S) and gingival health (Gingival Index, GI). In addition, questions were asked about dental care habits, degree of ID, presence of systemic disease and medicine use. Results: 195 students with slight to moderate ID and aged from 6 to 21 years were assessed. The average DMFT/deft was 2.19/1.33 for female students and 1.59/1.93 for male students. The OHI-S in 75.9 percent of participants was moderate, with poorer oral hygiene found in participants with moderate ID. Only 2.6 percent showed code 0 for GI, reflecting poor oral hygiene. Most participants possessed their own toothbrush (88.2 percent and could clean their teeth unaided (96.4 percent).Conclusion: The state of oral health in the assessed population is deficient. The quality of oral hygiene is normal or poor, which leads to poor gingival health.

The association between geographical factors and dental caries in a rural area in Mexico / Caries dental moderada por variables geográficas espaciales en un medio rural en México / Cárie dentária moderada por variáveis geográficas espaciais em uma área rural do México

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between markers of oral disease and geographical factors influencing access to dental care (DMFT score) among school children in Central Mexico. Retrospective data were collected during an international service-learning program between 2002 and 2009. A sample of 1,143 children (55% females; mean age 12.7±13.1years) was analyzed. The mean DMFT score, represented largely by untreated tooth decay, was 4.02 (4.76). The variables that had the most significant effect on the DMFT score were proportion of paved roads between the community and dental services, and the availability of piped potable water. The DMFT score increased in proportion to the percentage of paved roads. In contrast, the DMFT score decreased with the availability of piped potable water. Similar results were found for untreated tooth decay. The main variable associated with a significant increase in dental fillings was proportion of paved roads. Together with Brazilian reports, this is one of the first investigations of the association between geographical factors and oral health in an underdeveloped setting.

El estudio caracterizó la asociación entre marcadores de salud bucal y de acceso deficiente a servicios dentales con variables geográficas. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de datos (recogidos de 2002 a 2009) de 1.143 niños (55% mujeres; edad media 12,7±13,1 años). El CPOD fue 4,02 (4,76), constituido primordialmente por caries sin tratar. Las variables con el mayor efecto sobre el CPOD fueron la proporción de caminos pavimentados entre el término municipal principal y comunidades aledañas, y la disponibilidad de agua potable entubada en estas últimas. El CPOD aumentó conforme lo hizo la proporción de los caminos pavimentados. Por el contrario, el CPOD disminuyó moderadamente conforme la disponibilidad de agua potable aumentó. La caries sin tratar exhibió tendencias similares. La única variable fuertemente asociada a un mayor número de tratamientos dentales fue la proporción de caminos pavimentados. Conjuntamente con informes brasileños, este es uno de los primeros estudios sobre la asociación de factores geográficos y salud bucodental en un entorno menos desarrollo.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre marcadores de doença bucal e fatores geográficos que influenciam o acesso aos cuidados dentários (índice CPOD) entre crianças escolares na região central do México. Dados retrospectivos foram coletados durante um programa de service-learning internacional entre 2002 e 2009. Uma amostra de 1.143 crianças (55% meninas; idade média 12,7±13,1 anos) foi analisada. A pontuação média do CPOD, representado em grande parte por cárie não tratada, foi de 4,02 (4,76). As variáveis que tiveram o efeito mais significativo na pontuação do CPOD foram a proporção de estradas pavimentadas entre a comunidade e os serviços odontológicos, e a disponibilidade de água encanada potável. A pontuação do CPOD aumentou em proporção com a quantidade de estradas pavimentadas. Em contraste, o CPOD diminuiu com a disponibilidade de água canalizada potável. Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados para a cárie dentária não tratada. A principal variável associada com um aumento significativo em obturações dentárias foi proporção de estradas pavimentadas. Esta é uma das primeiras investigações sobre a associação entre fatores geográficos e saúde bucal em um ambiente subdesenvolvido.

Levantamento epidemiológico de cárie dentária em escolares de 5 e 12 anos de idade do município de Cascavel, PR / Epidemiological survey of dental caries in children with 5 and 12 years of age of Cascavel, PR

Por solicitação da divisão de saúde bucal da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Cascavel-PR, o curso de odontologia da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE) executou o primeiro levantamento epidemiológico na área de Saúde Bucal. A pesquisa foi realizada em crianças nas idades de 5 e 12 anos e foi utilizado os índices epidemiológicos ceo e CPO-D das escolas estaduais e municipais escolhidas através de sorteio contemplando todas as regiões do município. Os resultados obtidos através do levantamento produziram informações sobre as condições de saúde bucal da população de Cascavel. O ceo teve média de 2,42 e o CPO-D foi de 1,91, sendo maior na região Central. Embora os resultados apresentem valores menores que os do SB BRASIL 2000, o trabalho foi de grande valia para a criação e manutenção de uma base de dados contribuindo na perspectiva da estruturação de um sistema de vigilância epidemiológica em saúde bucal.

At the request of the Division of Oral Health of the Municipal Health Department of Cascavel-PR, the Dentistry course at the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE) performed the first epidemiological survey in the area of Oral Health. The survey was conducted in children aged 5 and 12 years and was used epidemiological indices dtmf and DMFT indexes of state and municipal schools chosen by lottery covering all regions of the city. The results obtained through the survey yielded information on the oral health status of the population of Cascavel. The dtmf had a mean of 2.42 and DMFT was 1.91, being higher in the Central region. Although the results showed lower values than those of SB BRASIL 2000, the work was valuable for the creation and maintenance of a database contributing the perspective of designing a surveillance system in oral health.

Diferencias sociodemográficas relacionadas con la historia y la prevalencia de caries de usuarios de unared de salud pública / Sociodemographic differences associated to caries experience and prevalence among users of a public health network

Introducción: la caries dental se ha considerado un problema de salud pública y en los últimos estudios nacionales muestran una reducción de las caries pero en forma desigual en algunas regiones. Este estudio explora la historia de la caries y sus posibles asociaciones con factores sociales y prácticas en salud oral de usuarios asistentes al servicio de odontología de40 instituciones de la Red Pública departamental en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Métodos: se hizo un estudio transversal analítico en 1.566 usuarios; se registró el índice COP clásico (cariados, obturados y perdidos) y COP modificado; se determinaron medicionesde historia de caries, prevalencia, nivel de COP. Los usuarios autodiligenciaron una encuesta estructurada que incluían variables sociodemográficas y prácticas en salud bucodental. Los estimadores fueron calculados teniendo en cuenta el diseño, utilizando el programa estadístico SPSS® versión 17 y Epi Info 3.5.1. Resultados: la historia de caries no presentó diferencias significativas por sexo y se observó mayor proporción de hombres con historia de caries que mujeres entre los doce y veinticinco años de edad. La proporción de personas con menor historia de caries según tipo de seguridad social se encontraba en el régimen contributivo aunque después de los 34 años todos tenían historia de caries. Se encontró prevalencia de caries de 64,3% (IC 95%: 62-66%). Conclusiones:tanto la historia de caries como la prevalencia de caries resultaron asociadas a la edad, la seguridad social, la pertenencia a un grupo poblacional vulnerable.

Introduction: dental caries has been considered a public health problem; the latest national studies have shown somereduction in caries prevalence, but in unequal way and in some regions only. This study explores caries experience and its possible connections to social factors and oral health practices of users of dental services in 40 institutions of the Red Pública Departamental (state-based public health net) in Valle del Cauca, Colombia.Methods: this was a cross-sectional analytic study on 1.566 users; both traditional and modified DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth) indexes were registered, as well as caries experience, caries prevalence and DMFT levels. The participants filled out a structured questionnaire which included sociodemographic variablesand oral health practices. The estimators were calculated following the proposed design and using the statistical program SPSS®, version 17, and Epi 3.5.1. Results: caries experience did not show significant differences by sex, and it was observed with a greater proportion among males than among females between twelve and twenty-five years of age. Concerning ype of social security coverage, the patients with smaller amounts of caries experience were the ones covered by the contributive regime —although after the age of 34 all of them already presented caries experience—. The percentage of caries prevalence found was 64.3% (CI 95%: 62-66%). Conclusions: both caries experience and caries prevalence were associated to age, social security coverage, and belonging tovulnerable population groups.

Asociación entre el consumo de macronutrientes de la dieta y caries en adultos y adultos mayores diabéticos tipo 2 / Association between dietary macronutrients and caries in type 2 diabetic adults and elderly

Objetivos: Se ha reportado una mayor tasa de caries en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM), probablemente debido a cambios en los patrones de dieta. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si existe una asociación entre la composición de macronutrientes de la dieta y la caries en sujetos con DM. Métodos: Una muestra compuesta por 33 sujetos con DM y 37 controles sin la patología fue examinada para determinar la experiencia de caries mediante el índice COPD y la prevalencia de caries radiculares con ICDAS II. Se aplicó una encuesta de dieta de reporte de 24 horas. Para determinar la composición de la dieta, los alimentos fueron clasificados acorde al contenido de macronutrientes; carbohidratos, proteínas y lípidos (gramos/día, kilocalorías y porcentaje del nutriente/día). Resultados: Los resultados fueron analizados mediante Kruskal-Wallis y Mann-Whitney. Un análisis de correlación y un modelo de regresión lineal se utilizaron para analizar la asociación entre composición de macronutrientes y la tasa de caries coronales y radiculares, con un nivel de significancia del 95 por ciento. Resultados: Los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 mostraron mayor número de dientes perdidos por caries, más dientes obturados y más caries radiculares (p<0.05) que los controles sin DM. Los diabéticos presentaron menor consumo de carbohidratos (p=0.021), pero mayor consumo de proteínas (p=0.0405) que los controles. Se verificó una asociación directa entre un mayor consumo de proteínas con una tasa mayor de caries radiculares en pacientes con DM (p<0.001). Conclusión: Las diferencias en el consumo de macronutrientes en pacientes con DM no se relacionan con tasas diferenciales de caries coronales, pero un mayor consumo de proteínas se asocia con una mayor prevalencia de caries radiculares.

Objectives: Higher caries rates have been reported for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (DM). Changes in dietary patterns may be partly responsible. The aim of this study was to examine a potential association between dietary macronutrient composition and caries experience in DM patients. Methods: Thirty three adults with DM and thirty seven controls, not affected by DM, were examined to assess coronal caries through DMFT index and root caries by ICDAS II. A 24-hr diet recall survey was used to determine dietary macronutrient composition supplemented with standardized tables and expressed as grams /day, kilocalories/nutrient and percentage of nutrient/day. Results were compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney. A correlation analysis was performed and a linear regression model was built for a potential association between macronutrient composition and coronal or root caries. A 95 percent significance level was set. Results: DM patients showed lower remaining teeth, more fillings and more root caries (p<0.05) than controls. Lower carbohydrate consumption (p=0.021), but higher protein intake (p=0.0405) was observed in DM patients as compared with controls. A statistically significant association between an increased protein consumption and higher percentage of root caries was found in DM patients (p<0.001). Conclusion: Although differences in macronutrient consumption in DM patients are not correlated with differential rates of coronal caries, higher protein consumption appears to be associated with higher prevalence of root caries.

Saúde bucal e uso dos serviços odontológicos em função do Índice de Necessidades em Saúde: São Paulo, 2008 / Oral health and access to dental care services in relation to the Health Necessities Index: São Paulo, Brazil, 2008

A Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de São Paulo desenvolveu o Índice de Necessidades em Saúde (INS) para identificar áreas prioritárias para a oferta de serviços. Em 2008 realizou um Levantamento das Condições de Saúde Bucal. Pretende-se, neste estudo ecológico, analisar o perfil de saúde bucal em relação ao INS. As variáveis, estratificadas para as idades de 5, 12 e 15 anos, foram: porcentagem de indivíduos com dificuldade no acesso ao serviço odontológico; média do ceod e CPOD; prevalência da necessidade de extração e de livres de cárie. As informações foram analisadas para as 25 Supervisões Técnicas de Saúde (STS). Empregou-se o teste estatístico de covariância, o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e o modelo de regressão linear. Observou-se uma correlação positiva entre maiores INS e a dificuldade de acesso aos serviços. Nas STS com maiores INS houve maior experiência de cárie, maior necessidade de exodontias e menor prevalência de livres de cárie. Reforça-se a necessidade de priorizar as áreas de privação social para melhorar a condição de saúde da população.

The Health Department of São Paulo, Brazil, has developed a Health Necessities Index (HNI) to identify priority areas for providing health assistance. In 2008, a survey of the status of oral health was conducted. The objective of this ecological study was to analyze the status of oral health in relation to the HNI. The variables, stratified by the age of 5, 12 and 15 years old were: percentage of individuals with difficulty of access to dental care services; DMFT and DMFS; prevalence of the need for tooth extraction and treatment of dental caries. Data were analyzed for the 25 Health Technical Supervision Units (HTS). The Statistical Covariance Test was used as well as the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression model. A positive correlation was observed between high scores of the HNI and difficulty of access to services. In the HTS with high scores of HNI a higher incidence of dental caries was observed, a greater need for tooth extractions and low caries-free incidence. In order to improve health conditions of the population it is mandatory to prioritize actions in areas of social deprivation.