Driving pressure-guided PEEP titration for intraoperative mechanical ventilation:a meta-analysis / 重庆医学

Objective To systematic evaluate the effectiveness and safety of driving pressure-guided fixed positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP)titration in intraoperative mechanical ventilation.Methods PubMed,Web of Science,the Cochrane Library,Embase,CNKI,Wanfang and VIP databases were searched for collect randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of PEEP titration guided by driving pressure in intraoperative mechanical ventilation from inception to November 8,2023.After two researchers independently screened the literature,extracted data,and evaluated the risk of bias of the included studies,the meta-analysis was conducted by Rev-Man 5.4 software.Results Nineteen studies with a total of 2 906 patients were included.There were 1 440 patients in the study group with the lung protective ventilation strategy guided by PEEP titration,and 1 466 patients in the control group with the traditional lung protective ventilation strategy.Compared with the con-trol group,the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications(PPCs)in the study group was lower in the non-thoracic surgery(RR=0.53,95%CI:0.43-0.65,P<0.001),but there was no statistical difference in the incidence of PPCS in the thoracic surgery(RR=0.89,95%CI:0.78-1.02,P=0.09).Compared with the control group,the intraoperative lung compliance was increased(MD= 6.90 L/cmH2O,95%CI:5.80-7.99,P<0.001),and the length of hospital stay was shortened in the study group(MD=-0.27 d,95%CI:-0.43 to-0.12,P<0.001),while there was no significant difference in intraoperative mean arterial pres-sure(MAP)between the two groups(MD=0.36 mmHg,95%CI:-1.30 to 2.01,P=0.67).Conclusion Com-pared with the traditional lung protective ventilation,driving pressure-guided PEEP titration ventilation can im-prove intraoperative lung compliance,reduce the incidence of PPCs in non-thoracic surgery,shorten the length of hospital stay,and does not increase the risk of hemodynamic disturbances in patients undergoing surgery.

Current research on driving fatigue induced by special vehicles / 军事医学

Fatigue-related traffic accidents and fatalities have been extensively studied by scholars globally.Specialized vehicles,due to their unique mission profiles,are more likely to cause driving-related fatigue and serious consequences.This paper reviews the current research of fatigue driving by using an inductive analysis method to summarize the mechanisms,risk factors,and monitoring methods.This paper also offers a vision of priorities and methodologies for research in the future.It is recommended that the mechanisms of driving fatigue be explored at the molecular biological level and that fatigue monitoring systems be made more feasible via the combined application of non-intrusive monitoring in order to reduce the toll on life and property taken by driving fatigue.

Effect of individualized PEEP regulated by driving pressure on infant one-lung ventilation during thoracic surgery / 实用医学杂志

Objective To explore the effect of protective ventilation strategies based on individualized positive end expiratory pressure(PEEP)regulated by driving pressure(Pd)in infants under OLV.Methods Sixty infants undergoing elective thoracoscopic surgery were randomly divided into the control group and driving pressure group,with 30 cases in each group.The two groups were compared in terms of MAP,HR,tidal volume(Vt),PEEP,Pd,airway peak pressure(Ppeak),and static lung compliance(Cs),and arterial blood gas during OLV before the artificial pneumothorax(T0),10 min(T1),30 min(T2),and 60 min(T3)after the artificial pneumothorax,and right at the end of the artificial pneumothorax(T4).Results There were no significant differences in MAP,HR,and Vt between the two groups at all the time points(P＞0.05).Both groups showed the increase in Pd and Ppeak and decresase in Cs at T1,T2,and T3(all P＜0.05).PaO2 and OI in both group were decreased and PaCO2 was increased at T2(all P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,the driving pressure group presented lower Pd and Ppeak,higher PEEP and Cs at T1,T2,and T3(P＜0.05),and higher PaO2 and OI(P＜0.05)and no significant differences in PaCO2 and FiO2 at T2(P＜0.05).The rate of rescue ventilation during OLV was lower in the driving pressure group(2 cases)than in the control group(9 cases)(6.9%versus 32.4%,P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the inci-dence of postoperative complications between the two groups(P＜0.05).Conclusion The individualized positive end expiratory pressure(PEEP)regulated by Pd can optimize the PEEP settings upon infant individuals under OLV and improve the compliance and oxygenation of ventilated lung.

Effect of individualized PEEP combined with regular lung recruitment maneuvers on atelectasis after laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer in elderly patients / 天津医药

Objective To evaluate the effect of driving pressure(DP)-guided individualized positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP)combined with regular lung recruitment maneuvers(RMs)on atelectasis in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in the Trendelenburg position using lung ultrasound.Methods A total of 62 patients aged 65-85 years old and classified by ASA status Ⅰ-Ⅲ undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer were included and randomly divided into the experimental group(n=31)and the control group(n=31).Both groups received one RM after the beginning of pneumoperitoneum,followed immediately by titration of individualized PEEP with the lowest DP,and both groups received another RM after the end of pneumoperitoneum.The experimental group received additional RM every 30 min from the beginning of pneumoperitoneum,while the control group received no intervention.Recording time points for observation were:before induction of anesthesia(T0),30 min after pneumoperitoneum(T1),90 min after pneumoperitoneum(T2),at the end of surgery(T3)and 45 min after entering the postanesthesia care unit(PACU,T4).Lung ultrasound score(LUS)was recorded at T0,T3 and T4.Dynamic lung compliance(Cdyn)was recorded at T1-T3.Oxygenation index(OI),mean arterial pressure(MAP)and heart rate(HR)were recorded at T0-T4.Hypotension during RM,hypoxic saturation events in PACU and the incidence of pulmonary complications(POPC)within the first 7 days after surgery were recorded.Results Compared with the control group,LUSs at T3 and T4 were significantly decreased in the experimental group(P<0.05),and OI and Cdyn at T2 and T3 were significantly increased(P<0.05).In addition,the incidence of hypoxia saturation events in PACU was lower in the experimental group than that in the control group(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in the incidence of hypotension during lung recruitment and the incidence of POPC within 7 days after surgery between the two groups.Conclusion The individualized PEEP combined with regular RMs can effectively reduce the atelectasis observed by lung ultrasound immediately after laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer and in PACU in elderly patients.

Effect of individualized positive end-expiratory pressure guided by driving pressure on lung protection after laparoscopic radical gastrectomy in elderly patients / 天津医药

Objective To explore the effect of individualized positive end expiratory pressure guided by driving pressure on lung protection after laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for elderly patients.Methods A total of 64 patients underwent elective laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University were selected.According to the random number table method,patients were divided into the driving the pressure guided individualized positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP)group(experimental group)and the fixed PEEP group(control group),32 cases in each group.In the control group,PEEP = 5 cmH2O.In the experimental group,PEEP titration was performed according to the increasing method,and the PEEP corresponding to the lowest driving pressure was selected until extubation.Peak airway pressure(Ppeak),plateau airway pressure(Pplat)and PEEP were recorded at 5 min after intubation(T1),immediately after PEEP titration(T2),1 h after operation(T3),2 h after operation(T4),and 10 min after pneumoperitoneum release(T5).Driving pressure(ΔP)and lung dynamic compliance(Cdyn)were calculated.Arterial blood was collected at T1-5 for blood gas analysis,arterial partial pressure of oxygen(PaO2)was recorded,and oxygenation index(OI)was calculated.The occurrence of pulmonary complications(PPCs)within 7 days after operation was recorded.Modified clinical pulmonary infection score(mCPIS)was recorded on the second day after operation.The pulmonary function was evaluated before operation,1 day,3 days and 5 days after operation.Results Compared with T1,Ppeak,Pplat and ΔP were increased and Cdyn was decreased at T2-5,while OI was decreased at T4 in control group(P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,Ppeak,Pplat and Cdyn in the experimental group were increased at T2-5,ΔP was decreased,and OI was increased at T3-5(P＜0.05).Compared with the preoperative results,FVC at 1,3 and 5 days after surgery was decreased,and FEV1 and maximum expiratory flow(PEF)were decreased 1 and 3 days after surgery in the experimental groups(P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,FVC,FEV1 and PEF were higher 1 day after operation in the experimental group(P＜0.05).Compared with the preoperative results,mCPIS scores of the two groups were higher on the second day after surgery(P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,the mCPIS score was lower on day 2 after surgery in the experimental group(P＜0.05).The incidence of PPCs within 7 days after surgery was lower in the experimental group than that in the control group(15.6%vs.40.6%).Conclusion Individualized PEEP guided by drive pressure can improve lung compliance,reduce drive pressure,improve oxygenation function and early postoperative lung function,reduce the incidence of postoperative lung complications,and has a certain lung protection effect.

Application and Challenges of EEG Signals in Fatigue Driving Detection / 生物化学与生物物理进展

People frequently struggle to juggle their work, family, and social life in today’s fast-paced environment, which can leave them exhausted and worn out. The development of technologies for detecting fatigue while driving is an important field of research since driving when fatigued poses concerns to road safety. In order to throw light on the most recent advancements in this field of research, this paper provides an extensive review of fatigue driving detection approaches based on electroencephalography (EEG) data. The process of fatigue driving detection based on EEG signals encompasses signal acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. Each step plays a crucial role in accurately identifying driver fatigue. In this review, we delve into the signal acquisition techniques, including the use of portable EEG devices worn on the scalp that capture brain signals in real-time. Preprocessing techniques, such as artifact removal, filtering, and segmentation, are explored to ensure that the extracted EEG signals are of high quality and suitable for subsequent analysis. A crucial stage in the fatigue driving detection process is feature extraction, which entails taking pertinent data out of the EEG signals and using it to distinguish between tired and non-fatigued states. We give a thorough rundown of several feature extraction techniques, such as topology features, frequency-domain analysis, and time-domain analysis. Techniques for frequency-domain analysis, such wavelet transform and power spectral density, allow the identification of particular frequency bands linked to weariness. Temporal patterns in the EEG signals are captured by time-domain features such autoregressive modeling and statistical moments. Furthermore, topological characteristics like brain area connection and synchronization provide light on how the brain’s functional network alters with weariness. Furthermore, the review includes an analysis of different classifiers used in fatigue driving detection, such as support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), and Bayesian classifier. We discuss the advantages and limitations of each classifier, along with their applications in EEG-based fatigue driving detection. Evaluation metrics and performance assessment are crucial aspects of any detection system. We discuss the commonly used evaluation criteria, including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Comparative analyses of existing models are conducted, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, we emphasize the need for a standardized data marking protocol and an increased number of test subjects to enhance the robustness and generalizability of fatigue driving detection models. The review also discusses the challenges and potential solutions in EEG-based fatigue driving detection. These challenges include variability in EEG signals across individuals, environmental factors, and the influence of different driving scenarios. To address these challenges, we propose solutions such as personalized models, multi-modal data fusion, and real-time implementation strategies. In conclusion, this comprehensive review provides an extensive overview of the current state of fatigue driving detection based on EEG signals. It covers various aspects, including signal acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, classification, performance evaluation, and challenges. The review aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners in the field of driving safety, facilitating further advancements in fatigue detection technologies and ultimately enhancing road safety.

Publicações científicas sobre direção veicular por pessoas idosas: revisão de escopo / Scientific publications on driving by older adults: scope review

Resumo Objetivo Mapear evidências científicas nacionais e internacionais sobre a condução veicular por pessoas idosas. Método Revisão de escopo baseada no manual proposto pelo Joanna Briggs Institute. Para as buscas foram acessadas as bases MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO e a literatura cinzenta, por meio do Google Scholar. Resultados Dos 1.194 estudos encontrados, selecionaram-se 189 artigos submetidos aos critérios de elegibilidade. Os países precursores nas publicações foram Austrália e Estados Unidos, e o ápice das pesquisas ocorreu entre 2013 e 2014. Os participantes dos estudos eram pessoas idosas saudáveis, 63,49% (120); seguidos de 17,46% (33) com doença de Alzheimer; 11,11% (21) com Transtorno Neurocognitivo Leve; 6,88% (13) com doença de Parkinson; e 19,58% (37) com outras comorbidades. Diferentes tipos de intervenções foram identificadas nos estudos, destas, 94,02% (178) avaliaram a eficácia de instrumentos que mensuram a aptidão do motorista idoso. Conclusão Houve predominância de estudos na busca de instrumentos de avaliação que mensurassem a funcionalidade do condutor idoso. Esse fato ratifica a importância de avaliação padronizada, validada e economicamente viável que colabore na identificação do motorista em risco. Evidenciou-se a necessidade de intervenções para a prática da geriatria e gerontologia, por meio de ações para formação de equipe multidisciplinar especializada em condução veicular, de modo a adequar as diretrizes de licenciamento a fim de atender às especificidades dos condutores idosos, considerando os aspectos sociais, econômicos, políticos e educacionais, especialmente nos departamentos de trânsito brasileiro.

Abstract Objective To map national and international scientific evidence regarding driving by older adults. Method Scope review based on the manual proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Searches were conducted in the MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO databases, and grey literature through Google Scholar. Results Out of 1,194 studies identified, 189 papers meeting eligibility criteria were selected. Pioneering countries in publications were Australia and the United States, with the peak of research occurring between 2013 and 2014. Study participants included healthy older adults (63.49%, 120), followed by those with Alzheimer's disease (17.46%, 33), Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (11.11%, 21), Parkinson's disease (6.88%, 13), and other comorbidities (19.58%, 37). Various interventions were identified, with 94.02% (178) assessing the effectiveness of instruments measuring the fitness of older drivers. Conclusion There was a prevalence of studies aimed at identifying assessment tools to measure the functionality of older drivers. This underscores the importance of standardized, validated, and economically viable assessments that contribute to identifying at-risk drivers. The need for interventions in geriatrics and gerontology was evident, emphasizing the necessity for actions to establish a specialized multidisciplinary team in vehicular driving. This approach seeks to align licensing guidelines with the specific needs of older drivers, taking into account social, economic, political, and educational aspects, particularly within the Brazilian traffic departments.

La relación de los factores de personalidad y la conducción agresiva: los Cinco Grandes y la Tríada Oscura / The Relationship between Personality Traits and Aggressive Driving: The Big Five and the Dark Triad

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar el papel que los factores de personalidad pertenecientes a los Cinco Grandes y la Tríada Oscura -maquiavelismo, narcisismo y psicopatía- tienen en la conducción agresiva. La muestra se compuso de 318 estudiantes universitarios con permiso de conducir, quienes contestaron a una batería de pruebas que evaluaba los factores de personalidad de los Cinco Grandes (TIPI), la Tríada Oscura (DD) y la conducción agresiva (DAS y DAX). Los análisis de regresión jerárquica controlando las variables de edad y sexo, respaldan la utilidad predictiva de los factores de personalidad de los Cinco Grandes y la Tríada Oscura. Los resultados mostraron cómo la afabilidad, la estabilidad emocional y la apertura a la experiencia predicen de manera significativa diversos aspectos de la conducción agresiva. El maquiavelismo y el narcisismo son predictores significativos de diversas formas de expresión de la ira en la conducción, una vez controlados los efectos de los Cinco Grandes.

Abstract The aim of this paper was to analyze the role that personality traits belonging to the Big Five and the Dark Triad (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) have on aggressive driving. 318 undergraduate students with a driver's license completed a battery of tests assessing Big Five personality traits (TIPI), Dark Triad (DD) and aggressive driving (DAS and DAX). Hierarchical regressions analyses controlling for respondents' age and gender variables supported the predictive utility of the Big Five personality traits and the Dark Triad. Results showed that agreeableness, emotional stability and openness to experience predict various aspects of aggressive driving. Machiavellianism and narcissism are significant predictors of various forms of anger expression in driving after controlling for the effects of the Big Five personality traits.

¿Cuándo se reanuda la conducción después del reemplazo total de cadera primario? / When to resume driving after primary total hip arthroplasty?

Resumen: Introducción: la literatura actual relaciona el regreso a la conducción vehicular con múltiples variables. Sin embargo, los datos actuales sobre el tiempo de regreso a la conducción luego de una artroplastía total de cadera (ATC) son diversos e incluso contradictorios. Por lo tanto, nos hemos planteado el objetivo de determinar el tiempo requerido para volver a conducir en un grupo de pacientes sometidos a una ATC primaria mediante un abordaje posterolateral, centrándonos específicamente en vehículos de marcha manual. Material y métodos: hemos estudiado los resultados clínico-funcionales de 112 pacientes sometidos a una ATC primaria entre Enero de 2019 y Enero de 2020 en un hospital de alta complejidad en Cádiz, Andalucía, España. Resultados: la mediana del tiempo de regreso a la conducción fue de tres semanas (RIC 2-4). Hemos identificado que 89.3% de los pacientes pudo volver a conducir antes de la sexta semana posterior a la cirugía. Además, en 92% de los casos, los pacientes se sintieron aún más seguros al conducir después de la ATC que antes de la intervención. Conclusión: consideramos que a la sexta semana de una ATC es seguro reanudar la conducción de un vehículo.

Abstract: Introduction: the current literature relates the return to driving with multiple variables. For various reasons, the current data on the time to return to driving after a total hip arthroplasty (THA) are diverse and even contradictory. We have proposed the objective of determining the time required to drive a manual gear vehicle again in a group of patients who underwent primary THA through a posterolateral approach with focus on manual gear cars. Material and methods: we have studied the functional results of 112 patients who underwent primary THA between January 2019 and January 2020 in a high level in Cadiz, Andalusia, Spain. Results: the median return to driving was three weeks (IQR 2-4). We have identified that 89.3% of the patients were able to drive again before the sixth week after surgery and in 92% of the cases they did so feeling even safer than before the THA. Conclusion: we consider that after the sixth week of an THA it is safe to resume driving a vehicle.

Fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos associados à força de preensão manual de idosos condutores de veículos / Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with handgrip strength in elderly automobile drivers / Factores sociodemográficos y clínicos asociados a la fuerza de prensión de la mano en conductores de vehículos de ancianos

Objetivo: investigar a associação entre força de preensão manual e características sociodemográficas e clínicas de idosos condutores de veículos automotores. Método: estudo transversal, realizado em clínicas de medicina de tráfego na cidade de Curitiba/Paraná, com 421 idosos (≥ 60 anos). Realizou-se análise estatística pelo modelo de Regressão Logística e Teste de Wald, considerando intervalo de confiança de 95% e valores de p <0,05 como significativos. Resultados: oitenta e quatro (20%) idosos apresentaram força de preensão manual reduzida. A força de preensão manual reduzida foi associada à faixa etária (p=0,001) e à hospitalização no último ano (p=0,002). Conclusão: houve associação significativa entre a força de preensão manual de idosos motoristas e as variáveis idade e hospitalização no último ano. Dessa forma, torna-se essencial a inclusão de avaliações específicas, centradas nas variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas próprias da pessoa idosa, durante o exame de aptidão para dirigir veículos automotores.(AU)

Objective: to investigate the association between handgrip strength and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of elderly automobile drivers. Method: cross-sectional study, carried out in traffic medicine clinics in the city of Curitiba/Paraná, with 421 elderly people (≥ 60 years old). Statistical analysis was performed using the Logistic Regression model and the Wald Test, considering a 95% confidence interval and p values <0.05 as significant. Results: eighty-four (20%) seniors had reduced handgrip strength. Reduced handgrip strength was associated with age group (p=0.001) and hospitalization in the last year (p=0.002). Conclusion: there was a significant association between the handgrip strength of elderly drivers and the variables age and hospitalization in the last year. Thus, it is essential to include specific assessments, centered on sociodemographic and clinical variables specific to the elderly person, during the aptitude test to drive automobiles.(AU)

Objetivo: investigar la asociación entre la fuerza de prensión de la mano y las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los ancianos conductores de vehículos automotores. Método: estudio transversal, realizado en clínicas de medicina de tránsito de la ciudad de Curitiba/Paraná, con 421 ancianos (≥ 60 años). El análisis estadístico fue realizado por el modelo de Regresión Logística y Test de Wald, considerando intervalo de confianza de 95% y valores de p <0,05 como significativos. Resultados: 84 (20%) sujetos ancianos presentaron reducción de la fuerza de prensión de la mano. La reducción de la fuerza de prensión de la mano se asoció al grupo de edad (p=0,001) y a la hospitalización en el último año (p=0,002). Conclusión: hubo una asociación significativa entre la fuerza de prensión de la mano de los conductores ancianos y las variables edad y hospitalización en el último año. Así pues, es esencial incluir evaluaciones específicas, centradas en las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas de los ancianos, durante el examen de aptitud para conducir vehículos automotores.(AU)

Analysis of traffic accidents caused by epileptic seizures in 7 patients without definite diagnosis / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To elucidate the phenomenon that epileptic seizure occurs in patients with epilepsy without definite diagnosis when driving a motor vehicle and its hazards.Methods:From January 2020 to June 2022, 7 epileptic patients who experienced traffic accidents caused by seizures were selected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, and their demographic data, traffic accident related data and epilepsy diagnosis and treatment data were summarized and analyzed.Results:A total of 7 adult patients with epilepsy were collected, including 6 males, 4 of whom had been driving for more than 10 years. Among them, 1 patient drove a bus, and the other 6 patients drove private cars. Totally 5/7 of the accidents resulted in personal injury, and 3/7 of the accidents resulted in personal death. In 5 patients, video electroencephalogram showed interictal epileptiform discharges. In 2 patients, the imaging findings suggested the presence of cerebral cortical lesions that may lead to seizures. In terms of the form of seizure, 3 patients′ seizure type was focal to bilateral tonic-clonic, and the other 4 patients were very probable to be focal impaired awareness seizure.Conclusions:Undiagnosed epileptic seizures lead to traffic accidents, endanger patients and public safety, which need to attract attention from both doctors and patients, as well as the whole society.

Association of risky driving behavior with psychiatric disorders among Iranian drivers: A case-control study / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#This study aimed to investigate the possible association between psychological disorders and risky driving behavior (RDB) in Iran.@*METHODS@#This case-control study conducted in Shiraz, Iran in 2021. The case group included drivers with psychological disorders and the control group included those without any disorders. The inclusion criteria for selecting patients were: active driving at the time of the study, being 18 - 65 years old, having a driving license, having a psychological disorder including depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety spectrum disorder, or psychotic disorder spectrum confirmed by a psychiatrist, and completing an informed consent form. The exclusion criterion was the existence of conditions that interfered with answering and understanding the questions. The inclusion criteria for selecting the healthy cases were: active driving at the time of the study, being 18 - 65 years old, having a driving license, lack of any past or present history of psychiatric problems, and completing an informed consent form. The data were gathered using a researcher-made checklist and Manchester driving behavior questionnaire. First, partition around medoids method was used to extract clusters of RDB. Then, backward logistic regression was applied to investigate the association between the independent variables and the clusters of RDB.@*RESULTS@#The sample comprised of 344 (153 with psychological disorder and 191 without confirmed psychological disorder) drivers. Backward elimination logistic regression on total data revealed that share of medical expenditure ≤ 10% of total household expenditure (OR = 3.27, 95% CI: 1.48 - 7.24), psychological disorder (OR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.67 - 5.70), and substance abuse class (OR = 6.38, 95% CI: 3.55 - 11.48) were associated with high level of RDB.@*CONCLUSION@#Substance abuse, psychological illnesses, and share of medical costs from total household expenditure were found to be main predictors of RDB. Further investigations are necessary to explain the impact of different psychological illnesses on driving behavior.

Development of an occupational internal driving force scale for general practitioners receiving residency training and assessment of its reliability and validity / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To develop an occupational internal driving force measurement scale for general practitioners receiving residency training, and to investigate its reliability and validity.Methods:A pool of items was constructed for the scale based on the literature analysis and qualitative interview results of occupational internal driving force and the current development status of general practitioners, and then expert Delphi consultation was conducted to form the initial version of the scale. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 403 general practitioners to test the reliability and validity of the scale.Results:There were 11 items in the occupational internal driving force scale for general practitioners receiving residency training, which were divided into three dimensions. The scale had a Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.945, and each dimension had a Cronbach's α coefficient of above 0.850; the KMO coefficient of the Bartlett's sphericity test was 0.925. The factor analysis showed that all items had a factor load of ≥0.4 and a commonality of >0.2, and thus 11 items were retained. Three common factors were extracted by the factor analysis and the correlation analysis showed a correlation coefficient of >0 between the common factors of the total score of the scale and a significant positive correlation ( P<0.01). Based on the contents, theoretical research, and expert suggestions of each factor, they were named subject affiliation, development expectations, and identification needs, which contained 3 items, 3 items, and 5 items, respectively. Conclusions:The occupational internal driving force scale for general practitioners receiving residency training has a reasonable structure and good reliability and validity and is suitable for evaluating the occupational internal driving force of general practitioners, which provides guidance for the vocational education of residents.

Uber use after alcohol consumption among car/motorcycle drivers in ten Brazilian capitals

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aimed to measure the proportion of Uber use instead of drinking and driving in ten Brazilian capitals, in 2019. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was developed in ten Brazilian capitals. Data were collected in agglomeration points (AP) and sobriety checkpoints (SC). Based on responses to a standardized questionnaire, the proportion of drivers who used Uber instead of drinking and driving was measured for total sample of each methodology and stratified by municipality, age group, gender, education level, and type of vehicle. Fisher's exact test was used to make comparisons between the strata. RESULTS A total of 8,864 drivers were interviewed. The most used means of transport to replace driving after drinking alcohol was the Uber system (AP: 54.6%; 95%CI: 51.2-58.0. SC: 58.6%; 95%CI: 55.2-61.9). Most of these users were aged from 18 to 29 years, women, with at least one higher education degree. According to the AP methodology, the highest magnitude of this indicator was found in Vitória (ES) (71.0%; 95%CI: 63.5-77.5), whereas the lowest was observed in Teresina (PI) (33.1%; 95%CI: 22.7-45.5). According to the SC methodology, the highest magnitude of the indicator was also found in Vitória (ES) (78.3%; 95%CI: 68.8-85.5), whereas the lowest was observed in Boa Vista (RR) (36.6%; 95%CI: 26.8-47.7). CONCLUSION In Brazilian capitals, the study showed higher proportions of Uber use instead of drinking and driving. This type of scientific evidence on factors associated with road traffic injuries presents the potential to guide public health interventions.

Handgrip strength in older adults and driving aptitude / Fuerza de prensión manual y aptitud para conducción vehicular de adultos mayores / Força de preensão manual em idosos e a aptidão para condução veicular

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze handgrip strength as a predictor of the inability to drive in older adults. Method: a cross-sectional study conducted in traffic clinics with 421 older adults in Curitiba-Paraná from January 2015 to December 2018. A sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire, handgrip strength test, and queries from the National Registry of Qualified Drivers form were applied. Results: Reduced handgrip strength was not a predictor of inaptitude for vehicular driving (p=0.649). The predictors of inaptitude were: low education (p=0.011), incomplete elementary education (p=0.027), and cognition (p=0.020). Conclusion: reduced handgrip strength was not shown to predict for loss of driving skills in older adults. Low education level and reduced cognition level are conditions that were shown to be predictors for loss of vehicular driving license.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la fuerza de prensión manual como factor predictivo de inaptitud para la conducción vehicular de adultos mayores. Método: se trata de un estudio transversal llevado a cabo en clínicas de tránsito de Curitiba, Paraná, entre 421 adultos mayores, de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2018. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios sociodemográfico y clínico, la prueba de fuerza de prensión manual y se consultó el formulario del Registro Nacional de Conductores Habilitados. Resultados: la fuerza de prensión manual reducida no fue un factor predictivo de la incapacidad para conducir (p=0,649). Los predictores de inaptitud fueron: baja educación (p=0,011), estudios primarios incompletos (p=0,027) y cognición (p=0,020). Conclusión: la fuerza de prensión manual reducida no demostró ser predictora de la pérdida de habilidades de conducción vehicular en adultos mayores. El nivel de escolaridad bajo y el nivel cognitivo reducido despuntaron como predictores de la pérdida de habilitación en la conducción vehicular.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a força de preensão manual como preditora de inaptidão para condução veicular de idosos. Método: estudo transversal realizado em clínicas de trânsito com 421 idosos em Curitiba-Paraná de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2018. Aplicaram-se questionários sociodemográfico e clínico, teste de força preensão manual e consultas ao formulário de Registro Nacional de Condutores Habilitados. Resultados: A força de preensão manual reduzida não se mostrou preditora de inaptidão para a direção veicular (p=0,649). Os preditores de inaptidão foram: baixa escolaridade (p=0,011), ensino primário incompleto (p=0,027) e cognição (p=0,020). Conclusão: a força de preensão manual reduzida não se mostrou preditora para perda da habilitação na condução veicular de idosos. O baixo nível de escolaridade, o nível de cognição reduzida, são condições que se mostraram preditoras para a perda da habilitação na condução veicular.

Revisión sistemática de estudios sobre intervenciones que promueven la salud en conductores profesionales

Resumen: Introducción: Los trabajadores que se dedican al rubro de conducción están expuestos a factores que dificultan su quehacer laboral, tales como: problemas asociados a la temperatura, ruidos y vibraciones, ventilación insuficiente e ineficiente, atascos y relacionamientos interpersonales con los pasajeros. Objetivo: Identificar, en el estado del arte disponible, qué intervenciones promueven la salud de los conductores profesionales. Material y método: Revisión sistemática, siguiendo las recomendaciones de Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), orientada por la pregunta: ¿qué intervenciones promueven la salud de los conductores profesionales? Resultados: La búsqueda arrojó 1303 artículos, de los cuales se incluyeron 11; las intervenciones identificadas se asociaron a dispositivos portátiles y mensajería de salud móvil, entrevistas motivacionales, documentos interactivos, exposición a entornos naturales, programas intensivos, asesoramiento, cambios a nivel de políticas, cambios ambientales y de sistemas. Conclusión: Se identificaron intervenciones que incluyeron a la tecnología, entrevistas, el ambiente y control estratégico. Se recomienda la implementación de las intervenciones identificadas, pues se torna perentorio el abordaje de la salud de los conductores profesionales, considerando las características descritas en el presente estudio.

Resumo: Introdução: Os trabalhadores envolvidos na condução estão expostos a fatores que dificultam o seu trabalho, tais como: problemas associados à temperatura, ruído e vibrações, ventilação insuficiente e ineficiente, engarrafamentos e relações interpessoais com os passageiros. Objetivo: Identificar, a partir do estado da arte disponível, quais as intervenções que promovem a saúde dos condutores profissionais. Método: Revisão sistemática, seguindo as recomendações dos itens Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews e Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), orientada pela pergunta: Quais intervenções promovem a saúde dos condutores profissionais? Resultados: A pesquisa produziu 1303 artigos, dos quais 11 foram incluídos; as intervenções identificadas foram associadas a dispositivos portáteis e mensagens de saúde móveis, entrevistas motivacionais, documentos interativos, exposição a ambientes naturais, programas intensivos, aconselhamento, mudanças a nível político, mudanças ambientais e de sistemas. Conclusão: Foram identificadas intervenções que incluíram tecnologia, entrevistas, ambiente e controle estratégico; recomenda-se a implementação das intervenções identificadas, pois é imperativo abordar a saúde dos condutores profissionais, considerando as características descritas no presente estudo.

Abstract: Introduction: Workers engaged in the driving field are exposed to factors that hinder their work tasks, such as: problems associated with temperature, noise and vibrations, insufficient and inefficient ventilation, traffic jams and interpersonal relationships with passengers. Objective: To identify, in the available state of the art, which interventions promote the health of professional drivers. Method: Systematic review, following the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), guided by the question: what interventions promote the health of professional drivers? Results: The search yielded 1303 articles, of which 11 were included; the interventions identified were associated with handheld devices and mobile health messaging, motivational interviewing, interactive documents, exposure to natural environments, intensive programs, counseling, policy-level changes, environmental and systems changes. Conclusion: Interventions were identified that included technology, interviews, the environment and strategic control; the implementation of the identified interventions is recommended, since it is urgent to address the health of professional drivers, considering the characteristics described in this study.

Positive Driver Behaviours Scale: adaptação e validação para o Brasil / Positive Driver Behaviours Scale: adaptation and validation for Brazil / Positive Driver Behaviours Scale: adaptación y validación para Brasil

Objetivou-se realizar uma adaptação da Positive Driver Behaviours Scale (PDBS) para o Brasil e verificar se seria possível propor uma medida reduzida. O instrumento originalmente composto por 38 itens foi apli-cado a 204 motoristas do Brasil, sendo a maioria homens (65,7%), com média de 35,6 anos. O resultado mostrou a possibilidade de uma estrutura unifatorial, composta por um total de 19 itens e alfa de Cronba-ch = 0,90, explicando 37,9% da variância total. Destaca-se a relevância dessa medida, pois ela fornece um subsídio capaz de medir comportamento no trânsito. Além disso, oferece suporte para os profissionais e psicólogos do trânsito, de modo a instrumentalizar as práticas. Permite ainda uma compreensão do fenô-meno dos transportes, o que pode facilitar o desenvolvimento de medidas eficazes no combate aos acidentes

The objective of this study was to carry out an adaptation of the Positive Driver Behaviors Scale (PDBS) for Brazil and verify if it would be possible to propose a brief version of the scale. The instrument originally composed of 38 items was applied to 204 motorists in Brazil, the majority being men (65.7%), with a mean age of 35.6 years. The result showed the possibility of a one-factor structure, consisting of a total of 19 items and Cronbach's alpha = .90, explaining 37.9% of the total variance. The relevance of this measure is highlighted because it is a tool capable of evaluating non-traffic behavior. Besides, it provides support to traffic professionals and psychologists, in order to instrumentalize their practices. It also allows further understanding of the phenomenon of transport, which can facilitate the development of effective measures to combat accidents.

Objetivó realizar una adaptación de la Positive Driver Behaviours Scale (PDBS) para Brasil y verificar la posi-bilidad de proponer una medida reducida. El instrumento originalmente compuesto por 38 ítems fue apli-cado a 204 conductores del Brasil, la mayoría siendo hombres (65,7%), con un promedio de edad de 35,6 años. El resultado mostró la posibilidad de una estructura unifactorial, compuesta por un total de 19 ítems y alfa de Cronbach = 0,90, explicando los 37,9% de la variancia total. Se destaca la relevancia de esta me-dida, porque ofrece un subsidio capaz de medir comportamiento en el tránsito. Además, ofrece soporte para los profesionales y psicólogos del tránsito, instrumentalizando prácticas. También permite una com-prensión del fenómeno de los transportes, lo que puede facilitar el desarrollo de medidas eficaces para combatir los accidentes.

Use of Mobile Technologies for Driving, Road Accidents, Health, and Psychological Variables in Colombian Drivers / Uso de Tecnologias Móviles para la Conducción, Accidentabilidad Vial, Salud y Variables Psicológicas en Conductores Colombianos

Abstract The aim of this investigation is to show the relationships between the use of Mobile Driving Applications and Devices (MDAD) with self-reported road accidents, anger, physical health, and subjective wellbeing, in three types of Colombian drivers. The sample is non-randomized (n = 1149) and 93.2% are male drivers. Results showed that (a) for professional drivers, there is an inverse correlation between the use of MDAD with lower driving frequency during weekdays and a higher educational level, (b) for occasional drivers, GPS use was directly associated with fatal road accidents and low driving frequency during weekdays, (C) for private drivers, correlations were found between MDAD broader usage, higher levels of both aggression and perceived driving difficulty as well as physical health problems mainly hypertension and diabetes. It is necessary to conduct in-depth research on MDAD uses, health, and driving styles, by controlling social desirability.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es mostrar las relaciones entre el uso de Dispositivos y Aplicaciones Móviles para la Conducción (DAMC) con la accidentalidad vial auto reportada, la ira, la salud física y el bienestar subjetivo, en tres tipos de conductores colombianos. La muestra es no aleatoria (n = 1149) y el 93.2% son conductores varones. Los resultados muestran que (a) en conductores profesionales, hay una correlación inversa entre el uso de DAMC con una menor fre-cuencia de conducción entre semana y con un mayor nivel educativo, (b) en conductores ocasionales, mayor uso de GPS asociado con accidentes fatales y con menor frecuencia de conducción entre semana, (C) en conductores particulares, mayor uso de DAMC relacionado con niveles más altos de agresividad y de dificultad percibida para conducir, y con más problemas de salud -principalmente hipertensión y diabetes. Es necesario realizar investigaciones en profundidad acerca de los usos de DAMC, salud y estilos de conducción, mediante el control de la deseabilidad social.

Lower extremities task of pressing an "accelerator" or a "brake": association with traffic accidents in older drivers - a preliminary study / A tarefa das extremidades inferiores de pressionar um "acelerador" ou um "freio": associação com acidentes de trânsito em motoristas mais velhos - um estudo preliminar

ABSTRACT Traffic accidents by older drivers are a social urgent problem. The National Police Agency (NPA) in Japan has institutionalized the Cognitive Function Test (NPA test) for renewal of a driver's license for older adults. However, driving ability cannot be simply evaluated by usual cognitive tests on the desk. Objective: It is important to add an on-road test, but if not possible, we can use simulators. Before doing simulators, it is important to use the right foot to control the accelerator and brake pedals. We applied the Posner paradigm (visual attention test) for lower extremities. Methods: The participants were older adults. They and their families had anxiety about their driving. The 66 participants (44 men and 22 women) were divided into groups with and without experience of a traffic accident, and the following tests were examined: General cognitive and executive function tests, the NPA test, and an original Lower Extremity Reaction Test. Each participant was asked to press the "brake" or "accelerator" pedal by the right foot as quickly as possible in response to a traffic situation shown on the screen. Results: Compared to participants with favorable reactions to the Lower Extremity Reaction Test, those with poor reaction time tended to have more traffic accidents (OR=6.82), rather than the result of the NPA test. Conclusions: The results suggest that the probability of having a traffic accident can be better evaluated using the Lower Extremity Reaction Test.

RESUMO Os acidentes de trânsito por motoristas idosos são um problema social urgente. A Agência Nacional de Polícia (National Police Agency - NPA) no Japão institucionalizou o Teste de Função Cognitiva (teste NPA) para renovação de carteira de motorista para idosos. No entanto, a capacidade de dirigir não pode ser avaliada simplesmente por testes cognitivos usuais escritos. Objetivo: É importante adicionar um teste em estrada, mas se não for possível, simuladores podem ser utilizados. Antes de fazer simulações, é importante usar o pé direito para controlar os pedais do acelerador e do freio. Aplicamos o paradigma de Posner (teste de atenção visual) para extremidades inferiores. Métodos: Os participantes eram idosos. Eles e suas famílias tinham ansiedade sobre a condução de veículos. Os 66 participantes (44 homens e 22 mulheres) foram divididos em grupos com e sem experiência de acidente de trânsito, e foram examinados os seguintes testes: testes cognitivos gerais e funções executivas, o teste NPA, e um Teste de Reação de Extremidade Inferior original. Cada participante foi solicitado a pressionar o pedal de "freio" ou "acelerador" com o pé direito o mais rápido possível em resposta a uma situação de trânsito mostrada na tela. Resultados: Comparados aos participantes com reações favoráveis ao Teste de Reação de Extremidade Inferior, aqueles com tempo de reação ruim tenderam a ter mais acidentes de trânsito (OR=6,82) do que o resultado do teste NPA. Conclusões: s resultados sugerem que a probabilidade de ocorrência de um acidente de trânsito pode ser melhor avaliada por meio do Teste de Reação da Extremidade Inferior.

Relación de la presión de distensión pulmonar con la mortalidad en pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica con COVID-19 / Relationship of lung distention pressure with mortality in patients under mechanical ventilation with COVID-19 / Relação da pressão de distensão pulmonar com a mortalidade em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica com COVID-19

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la relación de la presión de distensión pulmonar (DP) con la mortalidad en pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica (VM) con COVID-19. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte en pacientes con COVID-19 y VM de marzo a septiembre de 2020, se compararon dos grupos, expuesto (pacientes con DP superior a 13 cmH2O) y no expuestos (pacientes con DP igual o menor a 13 cmH2O), se analizó la edad, sexo, hipertensión arterial (HTA), diabetes, obesidad, enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), inmunosupresión y enfermedad cardiovascular. Resultados: Con un total de 90 pacientes, la DP alta mostró ser un factor de riesgo para defunción (p = 0.000) al igual que la HTA (p = 0.013) y la inmunosupresión (p = 0.040). En pacientes hipertensos se encontró una DP de 10 cmH2O como meta de protección pulmonar, la cual se relaciona con la probabilidad de morir en 49.6% incrementando a 89.6% cuando existe una DP de 13 cmH2O. Conclusiones: Ochenta por ciento de la población tiene alto riesgo de mortalidad cuando existe DP alta, e incremento de mortalidad cuando se asocia con HTA e inmunosuprimidos. El resultado más importante fue la relación de mortalidad de la DP en pacientes hipertensos.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the relationship of driving pressure (DP) with mortality in patients under mechanical ventilation (MV) with COVID-19. Material and methods: Cohort study in patients with COVID-19 and MV from March to September 2020, two groups were compared, exposed (patients with DP greater than 13 cmH2O) and unexposed (patients with DP equal to or less than 13 cmH2O), age was analyzed, sex, hypertension (HT), diabetes, obesity, chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), immunosuppression, and cardiovascular disease. Results: With a total of 90 patients, high DP was shown to be a risk factor for death (p = 0.000) as well as hypertension (p = 0.013) and immunosuppression (p = 0.040). In hypertensive patients, a DP of 10 cmH2O was found as a lung protection goal, which is related to the probability of dying in 49.6%, increasing to 89.6% when there is a DP of 13 cmH2O. Conclusions: 80% of the population has a high risk of mortality when there is high DP, and an increase in mortality when associated with hypertension and immunosuppression. The most important result was the mortality ratio of DP in hypertensive patients.

Resumo: Objetivo: Determinar a relação da pressão de distensão pulmonar (DP) com a mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19 com ventilação mecânica (VM). Material e métodos: Estudo de coorte em pacientes com COVID-19 e VM de março a setembro de 2020, foram comparados dois grupos, expostos (pacientes com DP maior que 13 cmH2O) e não expostos (pacientes com DP igual ou menor que 13 cmH2O), analisou-se a idade, sexo, pressão arterial alta (HAS), diabetes, obesidade, DRC, DPOC, imunossupressão e doenças cardiovasculares. Resultados: Com um total de 90 pacientes, a DP elevada mostrou-se fator de risco para óbito (p = 0.000), assim como hipertensão (p = 0.013) e imunossupressão (p = 0.040). Em pacientes hipertensos, encontrou-se uma DP de 10 cmH2O como meta de proteção pulmonar, que está relacionada à probabilidade de morrer em 49.6%, aumentando para 89.6% quando há DP de 13 cmH2O. Conclusões: 80% da população tem alto risco de mortalidade quando há DP elevada, e mortalidade aumentada quando associada à hipertensão e imunossupressão. O resultado mais importante foi a razão de mortalidade da DP em pacientes hipertensos.