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Chinese medicinal material from Fritillaria， Beimu in Chinese， is a commonly used antitussive and expectorant traditional Chinese herbal medicine， with the significant functions of clearing heat and moistening lung，resolving phlegm and relieving cough. Five kinds of Fritillaria were recorded in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， including Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus， Fritillariae Ussuriensis Bulbus， Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus， Fritillariae Hupehensis Bulbus and Fritillariae Pallidiflorae Bulbus. At present， the reports on Fritillaria mainly focus on the pharmacological effect， chemical composition， identification of authenticity and other aspects， while there were few reports on harvesting and primary processing of original medicinal materials. Fritillaria medicines were perennial medicinal plant with various and complex varieties， their quality and curative effect were greatly affected by harvesting and processing in producing area. The processing method differed according to its variety. Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus mainly from western Sichuan plateau， Fritillariae Pallidiflorae Bulbus from Xinjiang and Fritillariae Ussuriensis Bulbus from Northeast China were mostly harvested from June to July and sun dried directly or dried. But Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus and Fritillariae Hupehensis Bulbus from Yangtze River basin were harvested when the plants wilted at the beginning of summer， and auxiliary materials such as shell powder and lime must be added during the processing. At present， the drying methods of Fritillaria were still traditional， which is not suitable for large-scale production of cultivated products. Therefore， it is urgent to find a scientific， reasonable and efficient processing methods. Aimed at providing references for standardization production of Fritillaria， this paper made a textual research on the ancient and modern herbal literature， the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and other medicinal standards， combined with modern literature， the harvesting and processing methods of Fritillaria were sorted out and prospected.
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Objective:Fresh tubers of Gastrodiae Rhizoma were harvested at the right time. A saline water salting and drying technology was developed for obtaining the medicinal materials of Gastrodiae Rhizoma in the place of origin and avoiding rot and mildew. Method:Fresh tubers of Gastrodiae Rhizoma were dug in Yiliang,Yunnan,Dejiang,Guizhou,and Chenggu,Shaanxi,the experiments of natural drying,and saline water salting and drying were carried out in the place of origin and Beijing. After the dirt was removed,the samples were tiled in a container immediately,added with varied proportions of saline water (0.03-0.10 g·mL-1 NaCl in water),hermetically pickled for 6-15 d. after being soaked and rinsed with water,the samples were put in a cool ventilated place or under sunshine to prepare dried medicinal materials of Gastrodiae Rhizoma. We described the appearance characteristics,measured the moisture content,gastrodin and nitrite. And the appearance was observed after storage in a simple warehouse for one year later. Result:Fresh tubers of Gastrodiae Rhizoma from three origins were naturally dried,the surface of gastrodia tubers became black,decayed and moldy,then we could not get dried medicinal materials. The appearance and the content of gastrodins in the medicinal materials of Gastrodiae Rhizoma processed by saline water salting and drying technology met the requirements for Gastrodiae Rhizoma in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China 2015 and relevant standards of nitrite in salted food in National Food Safety Standard Determination of Nitrite and Nitrate in Foods,Hygienic Standard for Preserved Vegetables,Green Food-Soybean Paste and Salted Vegetable. Conclusion:The saline water salting and drying technology is developed to make medicinal materials of Gastrodiae Rhizoma quickly from fresh tubers of Gastrodia elata in the place of origin and Beijing. The metamorphism had not been observed after being stored in simple warehouses for one year. This technology can guarantee the quality of Gastrodiae Rhizoma, and provide a new method for the filed processing of Gastrodiae Rhizoma.
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Objective To establish and optimize preparation technology of ginsenoside Re liposomes, therefore to improve storage stability. Methods Ginsenoside Re liposomes were prepared by the method of film dispersion-mechanical vibration, which were collected by separating liposome from disclosed free drug by dialysis method. Measure entrapment efficiency by HPLC. Prepare freeze-dried liposome preparations by freezing-drying technology. Taking entrapment efficiency as the main screening index, optimize liposome formulation and freezing-drying technology by orthogonal test design. Results The entrapment efficiency of ginsenoside Re lipidosomes prepared by the method of film dispersion-mechanical vibration is the highest. The best formulation technology is: Mass ratio of drug and phospholipid is 1∶30, mass ratio of phospholipid and cholesterol is 16∶1, ice-water bath ultrasound is 30 min, and double distilled water is hydration solution; The best freezing-drying technology is: Taking sucrose as the freeze-drying protective agent, mass ratio of disaccharide-water is 1∶10, pre-freezing temperature is −20 ℃, and normal saline of 0.9% is reconstitution solution. Conclusion The preparation technology of liposome is stable and practicable. The ginsenoside Re liposome prepared by taking the sucrose as the freeze-drying protective agent has good indexes, which can extend the storage period.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare the properties of nitrendipine/PVP k25 solid dispersions prepared by three different technologies including spray drying, freeze-drying and co-precipitation technology. METHODS: The characteristics of nitrendipine solid dispersions including micromorphology, crystalline profile and intermolecular interactions were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The dissolution and solubility characteristics were investigated by dissolution apparatus and constant temperature shaker. The crystallization inhibition effect of polymers against the drug in a supersaturated state was investigated by supersaturation crystallization experiment. RESULTS: Nitrendipine existed in an amorphous form in the solid dispersion obtained by spray drying method. Compared with co-precipitation and freeze-drying method, the solid dispersion prepared by spray drying method significantly improved the dissolution and solubility of nitrendipine (P<0.05). The RESULTS: of supersaturation crystallization inhibition test showed that PVP k25 could obviously inhibit the crystallization of nitrendipine in supersaturated state. CONCLUSION: Based on the analysis of the above mentioned properties, nitrendipine solid dispersion prepared by spray drying technology displays the most optimal properties. Spray drying technology is more suitable for the practical production and industrial applications of nitrendipine solid dispersions.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of different drying technologies and slicing on the quality of Tetrastigma hemsley-anum,and optimize the drying methods for T. hemsleyanum. METHODS:2 treatment methods(slicing and no slicing)and 5 dry-ing methods(drying in the shade,drying in the sunlight,hot-air drying,microwave drying and freeze drying)were respectively ad-opted for the T. hemsleyanum root. After drying for 3.5-213.0 h,using the total flavonoids,total polyphenols,polysaccharides andβ-sitosterol as indexes,effects of different drying technologies on the quality of T. hemsleyanum were comparatively analyzed. RE-SULTS:Compared with no slicing,sliced T. hemsleyanum can shorten the drying time and reduce the loss of active ingredients. In the 5 drying methods,freeze drying was the best for keeping the active ingredients in T. hemsleyanum. After drying,the contents of total flavonoids,polysaccharides,total polyphenols and β-sitosterol were 18.5 mg/g,92.7 mg/g,9.19 mg/g and 0.344 mg/g respec-tively,followed by microwave drying,hot-air drying,drying in the shade and drying in the sunlight. The contents of active ingredi-ents had statistical significance by each drying methods (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Different drying technologies have obvious effects on the quality of T. hemsleyanum. Slicing and hot-air drying at 60 ℃ were suggested as suitable method for T. hemsleyanum in terms of cost,content of active ingredients and practicability.
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OBJECTIVE:To optimize the drying technology of Zingiber officinale peel and establish its quality standard. METHODS:Moisture content was determined in samples after being dried for different time(0.5-10.0 h)under 50,60,70,80, 90 ℃. Optimal drying time under each temperature was screened by using moisture content of 7%-13% as dryness for controlling standard. Then contents of 6-gingerol,8-gingerol,6-shogaol,10-gingerol in samples dried for optimal drying time under different temperatures were measured,using the 4 gingerol contents as indexes to optimize the drying temperature and time. And verification test was conducted. The moisture,total ash,water soluble extract,volatile oil,6-gingerol,8-gingerol and 10-gingerol of Z. offici-nale peel from 10 different producing areas were detected to establish quality standard after being dried with the optimal technology. RESULTS:The drying time of Z. officinale peel under 50,60,70,80,90 ℃ was determined as 10.0,4.2,2.6,1.5,1.1 h,re-spectively. The optimal drying technology was 50 ℃ drying for 10.0 h. Verification test showed RSDs of 6-gingerol,8-gingerol, 6-shogaol,10-gingerol contents were 1.46%,1.09%,1.35%,1.12%(n=3),respectively. The quality standard of Z. officinale peel was suggested that total ash was no more than 18.0%;water soluble extract,volatile oil,6-gingerol,8-gingerol,10-gingerol were respectively no less than 18.0%,1.30%,0.730%,0.060%,0.100%. CONCLUSIONS:The optimized drying technology of Z. officinale peel is reasonable,reliable,stable and simple,which provides a scientific basis for standardizing the drying technolo-gy and quality standard of Z. officinale peel. The established quality standard is feasible.
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The drying technology is one important part in the preparation process of Chinese materia medica pills. However, the quality of dried CMM pills is directly determined by selection of drying method and optimization of process parameters. The paper summarized the principle and technical feature of drying methods for CMM pills which were widely used in industry, such as hot air box drying, vacuum drying, and microwave box drying. The application prospect of some new drying technology for CMM pill as well as equipment was introduced. Problems of limited selection of drying process, low degree intelligent drying equipment, and poor adaptability of equipment existed on drying process of CMM pills. The drying equipment of CMM pills will meet the requirement of GMP production and be more intelligent by in-depth studying on drying mechanism, fusion of new technology on precise sensing, and computer intelligent control technology.
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This article was aimed to research the spray drying technology of instant Asini Corii Colla. HPLC was used. Contents of four kinds of amino acid and collection rate of powder were used as the indexes. The single factor experiment and orthogonal test were combined in the optimization of process conditions. The results showed that the best technology of spray drying technology was medicine liquid density of 1.10 (determined under the temperature of 60℃), inlet air temperature at 165℃, the pressed air speed was 45 L·h-1, the fluid speed was 15%. It was conclud-ed that the technology was reasonable and reliable, which can provide certain reference in the industrial production.
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The fresh conidia powder of Beauveria bassiana SGBB8702 produced with diphasic technology was dried using 36-h procedures of vacuum-freeze drying (VFD) or vacuum drying (VD). The VFD and VD procedures reduced water content of the fresh conidia powder from 58.56% to 3.97% and 4.26%, resulting in preparations containing 1.29, and 1.25?10 11 conidia/g. The VFD or VD conidia had the same viability (≥98%) as the fresh ones but germinated slightly more slowly than the fresh ones. The estimates of LC 50 s for the fresh, VFD, and VD conidia against Myzus persicae on day 7 after inoculation were 1.15, 5.89, and 2.95?10 4 conidia/ml, respectively. At the concentration of 10 6 conidia/ml, the LT 50 of the fresh conidia against M. persicae was estimated as 3.6 d, corresponding to 3.9 d and 4.4 d for the VFD and VD conidia, respectively. Due to much lower cost, the VD procedure was of greater potential for drying B. bassiana conidia in mass production though the VFD procedures resulted in slightly better quality of conidia powder. The viability and virulence of the VFD conidia were assessed periodically during 12-mon storage at 4℃ and 20℃, respectively. No viable conidia stored at 20℃ were detected 255 d after storage whereas those stored at 4℃ had a viability of 90.15% and an LT 50 of 4.7 d at the end of 12-mon storage. The results showed that storage of B. bassiana conidia powder at ambient temperature was unable to maintain shelf life at commercially acceptable level even though its water content was reduced to