Características clínicas y radiológicas de una cohorte de niños con trombosis venosa intracraneal / Clinical and radiological features of cerebral venous thrombosis in a children cohort

Resumen: Introducción: La trombosis venosa intracraneal (TVI) es una condición infrecuente y poco estudiada en población pediátrica. Objetivos: Describir y comparar características clínicas/radiológicas de ni ños no neonatos con TVI según edad y analizar la asociación de estas variables con deterioro funcio nal al alta o mortalidad aguda. Metodología: Estudio observacional de una cohorte de niños > 30 días con una primera TVI diagnosticada con imágenes/venografía por resonancia magnética encefálica. Medimos funcionalidad con la escala modificada de Rankin definiendo compromiso funcional mar cado con 3 a 5 puntos. Comparamos los promedios de edades entre grupos con y sin las diferentes variables estudiadas con la prueba U-Mann-Whitney (significancia < 0,05). Realizamos análisis de regresión logística para estimar el riesgo de resultado adverso de cada variable expresado en Odds Ra tios (ORs) e intervalos de confianza (IC) al 95%. Resultados: De 21 pacientes, 42.8% eran niñas, me diana de edad 6,27 años (rango intercuartil: 0,74-10). El promedio de edad fue menor en niños con retardo diagnóstico > 48 h (p = 0,041), puntaje < 12 en la escala coma de Glasgow (p = 0,013), crisis epilépticas (p = 0,041), trombosis de seno recto (p = 0,011) y hemorragia intracraneal (p = 0,049); mientras que fue mayor en niños con síndrome de hipertensión endocraneal (p = 0,008). La presen cia de alguna condición crónica sistémica (OR = 11,2; IC = 1,04-120,4), TVI profunda (OR = 14; IC = 1,3-150,8) e infarto encefálico (OR = 15,8; IC = 1,4-174,2) se asoció a compromiso funcional marcado o mortalidad al alta. Conclusiones: Las características clínicas/radiológicas de la TVI varían según la edad. Las patologías crónicas, compromiso del sistema venoso profundo e infarto encefálico predicen mal pronóstico a corto plazo.

Abstract: Introduction: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon and poorly studied condition in the pediatric population. Objectives: To describe and compare the clinical and radiological features of non-neonatal children with CVT according to age and to analyze their association with functional impairment or mortality at hospital discharge. Methodology: An observational cohort study of chil dren older than 30 days with a first CVT diagnosed with imaging/venography by magnetic resonance (IMR/VMR). We measure functionality with the modified Rankin scale defining marked impairment with 3 to 5 points. We used U-Mann-Whitney test to compare ages averages between groups with and without the different studied variables (significance < 0.05). We used logistic regression analyses to estimate the risk of adverse outcome for each variable expressed in Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Among 21 patients recruited, 42.8% were girls, median age 6.27 years (Interquartile range: 0.74-10). The average age was lower in children with diagnostic delay > 48 hours (p = 0.041), score < 12 in the Glasgow coma scale (p = 0.013), seizures (p = 0.041), sinus rectus thrombosis (p = 0.011), and intracranial hemorrhage (p = 0.049); while it was significantly higher in children with intracranial hypertension syndrome (p = 0.008). The presence of some chro nic systemic condition (OR = 11.2; CI = 1.04-120.4), deep CVT (OR = 14; CI = 1.3-150.8), and brain ischemia (OR = 15.8; CI = 1.4-174.2) was associated with marked functional impairment or mor tality at discharge. Conclusions: Clinical and radiological features of CVT are age-related. Chronic illnesses, deep venous system involvement, and brain ischemia predict adverse short-term outcomes.

Dural sinus thrombosis following epidural analgesia for delivery: a clinical case / Trombose de seios durais após analgesia peridural para parto: caso clínico

Abstract Background and objectives: Neurological complications of spinal anesthesia are rare conditions. Headache caused by low pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid is one of the most frequent, which occurs after post-dural puncture. A comprehensive history and physical exam must be carried out before making the diagnosis of Post-Dural Puncture Headache (PDPH) and additional tests are necessary to exclude the possibility of developing serious neurological complications such as Dural Sinus Thrombosis (DST). According to the Case Report a differential diagnosis between Dural Sinus Thrombosis with PDPH is discussed. Case report: A 22 year-old lady, ASA Physical Status Class I was admitted at 39 weeks of gestation for delivery. For labor pain relief she requested epidural for analgesia, but unfortunately accidental dural puncture occurred. She developed an occipital headache and neck pain in the second day postpartum which was relieved by both lying down and supporting treatment such as rehydration, analgesics and caffeine. On day third postpartum she was discharged without complaints. On day fifth postpartum the pain returned and became more intense and less responsive to oral analgesics. She was admitted to the hospital to do a complete neurological and image investigation that showed a lesion consistent with the diagnosis of cortical vein thrombosis and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (DST). She was treated with oral anticoagulants. After two days, a repeated magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed partial canalization of the central sinus thrombus. The patient was discharged from hospital five days after her admission without any of the initial symptoms. Conclusion: The report describes a patient who developed severe headache following continuous epidural analgesia for delivery. Initially it was diagnosed as PDPH, however with the aid of MRI the diagnosis of DST was later established and treated. DST is a rare condition and is often underdiagnosed. Because of its potentially lethal complications, it should always be considered in acute headache differential diagnosis.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: As complicações neurológicas da raquianestesia são condições raras. A cefaleia causada pela baixa pressão do fluido cerebrospinal é uma das mais frequentes e ocorre após a punção dural. Anamnese completa e exame físico geral devem ser feitos antes de fazer o diagnóstico de cefaleia pós-punção dural (CPPD) e testes adicionais são necessários para excluir a possibilidade de complicações neurológicas graves, como trombose de seios durais (TSD). De acordo com o relato do caso, discutiremos o diagnóstico diferencial entre TSD e CPPD. Relato de caso: Paciente de 22 anos, estado físico ASA I, foi admitida com 39 semanas de gestação para o parto. Para alívio da dor do trabalho de parto, a paciente solicitou analgesia peridural, mas infelizmente ocorreu uma punção dural acidental. A paciente desenvolveu cefaleia occipital e dor cervical no segundo dia pós-parto - ambas aliviadas com repouso e terapia de suporte, como reidratação, analgésicos e cafeína. No terceiro dia pós-parto, a paciente recebeu alta sem queixas. No quinto dia pós-parto, a dor retornou e ficou mais intensa e com pouca resposta aos analgésicos orais. Ela foi admitida no hospital para uma completa investigação neurológica e de imagem que mostrou uma lesão compatível com o diagnóstico de trombose venosa cortical e TSD. A paciente foi tratada com anticoagulantes orais. Após dois dias, a repetição de ressonância nuclear magnética (RM) mostrou canalização parcial de trombo do seio central. A paciente recebeu alta hospitalar cinco dias após a admissão, sem quaisquer dos sintomas iniciais. Conclusão: O caso descreve uma paciente que desenvolveu cefaleia grave após epidural contínua para o parto. Inicialmente ela foi diagnosticada como CPPD, contudo com o auxílio da RNM foi estabelecido o diagnóstico tardio de TSD. TSD é uma condição rara e frequentemente subdiagnosticada. Ela deve sempre ser considerada como diagnóstico diferencial de cefaleia aguda em decorrência de suas complicações potencialmente letais.

Giant Arachnoid Granulation Misdiagnosed as Transverse Sinus Thrombosis

We experienced a case of giant arachnoid granulation misdiagnosed as dural sinus thrombosis. A 66-year-old woman presented with a one month history of progressive occipital headache. Computed tomography angiography and cerebral angiography showed a round filling defect at the transverse sinus which was speculated as a transverse sinus thrombosis. Anticoagulation therapy was performed to prevent worsening of thrombosis for 2 weeks and then a Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scan was performed. The filling defect lesion at the transverse sinus revealed a non-enhancing granule with central linear enhancement, which was compatible with giant arachnoid granulation. We checked the intrasinus pressure difference across the lesion the through the dural sinus in order to exclude the lesion as the cause of headache. Normal venous pressure with no significant differential pressure across the lesion was noted. Headache was treated with medical therapy.

Cerebral Dural Sinus Thrombosis

Cerebral dural sinus thrombosis(CDST) has been described as a rare disease with a variety of patho-etiological factors. The diagnosis of CDST is difficult due to various symptoms and signs, none of which is specific to CDST. But timely diagosis is critical for effective management. The introduction and widespread use of computed tomography(CT), magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and cerebral angiography made early diagnosis of CDST possible. In particular, MR venography is the most useful tool for establishing a correct diagnosis quickly. In early literature, mortality ranked between 30% and 50% but in more recent series it is between 5.5% and 30%. With the advent of diagnostic and therapeutic tools, early diagnosis and proper management has made the prognosis better. The appropriate therapy for CDST, however, has been the subject of much cortroversy. Individual variations of the venous system and collateral vessels are key factors to decide the proper treatment. In this report, we present two cases with symptomatic CDST treated without open surgical or direct endovascular interventions with good outcome.