Tumor-targeted metabolic inhibitor prodrug labelled with cyanine dyes enhances immunoprevention of lung cancer

Recent progress in targeted metabolic therapy of cancer has been limited by the considerable toxicity associated with such drugs. To address this challenge, we developed a smart theranostic prodrug system that combines a fluorophore and an anticancer drug, specifically 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON), using a thioketal linkage (TK). This system enables imaging, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and on-demand drug release upon radiation exposure. The optimized prodrug, DON-TK-BM3, incorporating cyanine dyes as the fluorophore, displayed potent reactive oxygen species release and efficient tumor cell killing. Unlike the parent drug DON, DON-TK-BM3 exhibited no toxicity toward normal cells. Moreover, DON-TK-BM3 demonstrated high tumor accumulation and reduced side effects, including gastrointestinal toxicity, in mice. This study provides a practical strategy for designing prodrugs of metabolic inhibitors with significant toxicity stemming from their lack of tissue selectivity.

Toxic effects of Arianor Ebony hair dye on human cells

To evaluate the risks of hair dye exposure, we investigated cellular and molecular effects of Arianor Ebony dye, which is a mixture of azo and anthraquinone dyes, used in the composition of the black color. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and gene expression of relevant molecules of apoptotic and oxidative stress mechanisms were investigated in HepG2 cells exposed to Arianor Ebony. Results showed that the dye did not induce cytotoxicity to exposed cells at a concentration up to 50 µg/mL compared to the negative control. However, genotoxic assays indicated that the dye was able to damage the genetic material at a concentration of 25 µg/mL, with induction factor values of exposed cells two- to five-fold higher than those recorded for the negative control. Moreover, the lowest observed effect concentration was 12.5 µg/mL. For gene expression, relevant changes were observed in cytochrome c and caspase 9, which decreased in cells incubated with the dye in a dose-dependent manner when compared with the negative control. In parallel, the expression of genes for antioxidant enzymes was increased in exposed cells, suggesting the presence of metabolic routes that protect cells against the toxic effect of the dye, avoiding exacerbated cellular death. Results suggested that the dye disrupted cellular homeostasis through mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be hazardous to human health. Thus, further investigations are necessary to deeply understand the mechanisms of action of the dye, considering its toxic potential found in our ex vivo assays.

Photoelectric therapy for rosacea / 中华皮肤科杂志

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis mostly occurring on the central face, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Currently, drug treatment is the first-line therapy for rosacea. In recent years, photoelectric therapy has showed a favorable therapeutic effect on rosacea by selective photothermolysis. This review summarizes latest advances in photoelectric therapy for rosacea.

Decolourization and Detoxification of Azo Dye, Malachite Green by Pseudomonas monteilii Strain RZT1, a Bacterium Isolated from Textile Wastewater

Discharge of textile industrial effluent without proper treatment has become a severe hazard for the animal health and environment worldwide. Therefore, this study was designed to isolate azo dye-degrading bacteria from textile wastewater and evaluate their ability to biodegrade reactive dyes into non-toxic products. The potent bacterial strain which was isolated from textile wastewater was identified as Pseudomonas monteilii strain RZT1 on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence. The isolated bacterial strain exhibited good decolorization ability with yeast extract supplementation as cosubstrate in static conditions for Malachite Green dye. The optimal condition for the decolorization of Malachite Green dye by P. monteilii strain RZT1 were at pH 7.0 and 28癈. Decolorization rates of Malachite Green dye by P. monteilii strain RZT1 were varied with initial dye concentration as follow: 84.8%, 75.4%, 63.4% and 45.5% decolorization for 100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm and 400ppm initial dye concentration respectively. We investigated the effects of dyes used in the textile industry on the seed germination of Five crops - Rice (Oryza sativa), Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Khesari (Lathyrus sativus), Mustard (Brassica nigra) and Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia). It was found that textile dye Malachite Green had negative effect on seed germination and seedling growth in test cultures. The harmful effects of dye on seed germination and early seedling growth parameters were augmented with increase of dye concentration. Interestingly, treatment of the Malachite Green dye with isolated bacteria reduced the adverse effects of that dye on seed germination and seedling growth. Thus, it indicated the potentiality of P. monteilii strain RZT1 for bioremediation of textile effluents into a non-toxic form for plants.

Reduction of Toxic Effects of Textile Dye, Basic Red-18 on Tilapia Fish by Bioremediation with a Novel Bacterium, Mangrovibacter yixingensis Strain AKS2 Isolated from Textile Wastewater

Due to rapid industrialization and market demand of vibrant textile products, the natural textile dyes have been replaced by the synthetic textile dyes. These synthetic dyes are released in environment with textile wastewater resulting in a major environmental pollution, especially in aquatic ecosystem. Hence, aquatic organisms like fish are highly vulnerable to the pollution caused by dyes of textile wastewater. This study was designed to evaluate the deleterious effects of Basic Red-18 (BR-18) dye on behavior, survivability, haematology and histology of Tilapia fish (Tilapia mossambica) and to minimize these deleterious effects of BR-18 dye by bioremediation with the novel bacteria isolated from textile wastewater. The isolated novel bacteria was identified as Mangrovibacter yixingensis strain AKS2 by 16s rRNA sequencing (Accession no. OM189530). The 30% and 70% mortality rates were observed in fish exposed to commercial BR-18 dye at concentrations of 100 and 200 ppm respectively. Interestingly, the mortality rate of fish was decreased significantly to 10% and 20% when fish were exposed to 100 and 200 ppm BR-18 dye respectively after bioremediation with M. yixingensis strain AKS2. Fish exposed to tap water and bioremediated BR-18 dye solution exhibited typical behavioral responses, whereas fish exposed to commercial BR-18 dye solution exhibited anomalous behavior. Fish subjected to commercial BR-18 dye solution displayed decreased RBC, Hb, but increased WBC levels, demonstrating the dye's haemotoxicity. Contrary, no remarkable haematological toxic effect was found when fish were exposed to bioremediated BR-18 dye indicating the non-toxic character of the bioremediated dye metabolites. Similarly, extensive histological abnormalities in the gill, liver, intestinal, stomach, and heart tissues were seen when fish was cultured in commercial BR-18 dye, but the abnormalities were less significant when fish were raised in bioremediated BR-18 dye. Altogether, it can be concluded that BR-18 dye are toxic to fish, but this toxicity can be minimized by bioremediation with M. yixingensis strain AKS2.

Descripción teórica del desempeño electroanalítico del material compuesto de oxihidróxido de vanadio con el colorante escuárico en la detección de la carfedona

Introducción: en este trabajo se evalúa desde el punto de vista mecanístico teórico el comportamiento electroanalítico del compuesto oxihidróxido de vanadio-colorante escuárico en la detección de la carfedona. El proceso electroanalítico incluye la formación de dos formas de vanadio tetravalente, incluyendo el dióxido de vanadio e ion vanadilo. Método: un mecanismo, capaz de describir el comportamiento del sensor, ha sido sugerido y un modelo matemático fue desarrollado y analizado mediante la teoría de estabilidad lineal y análisis de bifurcaciones. Resultados: el análisis del modelo ha probado que la dependencia lineal entre la concentración del fármaco y el parámetro electroquímico se mantiene firme en la ancha región topo-lógica de parámetros. Las inestabilidades oscilatoria y monotónica suelen realizarse cuando son causadas por influencias fuertes de las etapas química y electroquímica en la capacitancia de la doble capa eléctrica. Conclusiones: el compuesto de nano-partículas de oxihidróxido de vanadio (estabilizadas con el colorante escuárico) puede servir como un modificador eficiente de electrodo para la detección de la carfedona. El oxihidróxido de vanadio desempeña funciones de sustancia activa y el colorante, de la mediadora.

SUMMARY Introduction: In this work, the electroanalytical behavor of the vanadium oxyhydroxide-squaraine dye composite for the carfedon detection is evaluated. The electroanalytical process includes the formation of two tetravalent vanadium forms, including vanadium dioxide and vanadylion. Methods: A mechanism, capable to describe the sensor behavior, has been suggested, and the correspondent mathematical model has been developed and analyzed by means of the linear stability theory and bifurcation analysis. Results: The model analysis has proved that the linear dependence between the drug concentration and the concentration is firmly maintained in a wide topological parameter region. As for the oscillatory and monotonic instabilities, they may be realized, being caused by strong influences of the chemical and electrochemical stages on double electric layer capacitance. Conclusions: The vanadium oxyhydroxide composite with the squaraine dye may serve as an efficient electrode modifier for carfedone determination. The vanadium oxyhydroxide works as an active substance and the dye as a mediator.

Introdução: neste trabalho, avalia-se, do ponto de vista mecanístico teórico, o comportamento eletroanalítico do compósito oxihidróxido do vanádio-corante esquárico na detecção da carfedona. O processo eletroanalítico inclui a formação de duas formas do vanádio tetravalente, incluindo o dióxido de vanádio e íon vanadila. Método: um mecanismo, capaz de descrever o comportamento do sensor, tem sido sugerido e um modelo matemático correspondente, desenvolvido e analisado por meio da teoria de estabilidade linear e análise de bifurcações. Resultados: a análise do modelo tem provado que a dependência linear entre a concentração do fármaco e o parâmetro eletroquímico se mantém firme numa ampla região topológica de parâmetros. Já as instabilidades oscilatória e monotônica soem realizar-se, sendo causadas pelas influências fortes das etapas química e electroquímica na capacitância da dupla camada elétrica. Conclusões: o compósito de nanopartículas do oxihidróxido de vanádio, estabilizadas pelo corante esquárico, pode servir de um modificador eficaz para a detecção da carfedona. O oxihidróxido de vanádio desempenha as funções de substância ativa, e o corante, de mediador.

Effect of three different conditioning agents on cavosurface microleakage and bond strength of glass ionomer restorations – An in vitro study

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the conditioning effects of phosphoric acid/5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) mixture, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) digluconate, and 10% polyacrylic acid on cavosurface microleakage and bond strength of glass ionomer (GI) restorations. Materials and Methods: Out of 68 extracted premolars, 34 teeth were selected for microleakage and 34 for bond strength evaluation. The samples were divided into the following four groups. Group 1: pretreatment with 50/50 volume% mixture of 5.25% NaOCl solution and 37% phosphoric acid (H3PO4), Group 2:pretreatment with 2% CHX digluconate, Group 3: pretreatment with 10% polyacrylic acid (positive control), and Group 4: no pretreatment (negative control). All the samples were then restored with glass ionomer cement (GIC). Microleakage was evaluated using a stereomicroscope and rhodamine-B dye penetration test. For bond strength, flat dentin surface was exposed and pretreated as mentioned previously and restored with GIC and was evaluated using universal testing machine. Results: Among all the four groups, Group 1 showed least microleakage and highest bond strength when compared with other groups. Whereas the Group 4 samples which were not pretreated with any of the conditioning agent showed the least shear bond strength with greatest cavosurface microleakage when compared to the groups which were pretreated with the conditioning agents. Conclusions: A combination of 50/50 volume % mixture of 37% H3PO4 and 5.25% NaOCl can be a good choice for surface pretreatment of GI restorations.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF MARGINAL SEALING ABILITY OF POSTERIOR PACKABLE COMPOSITE WITH OR WITHOUT LINERS USING DYE PENETRATION METHOD- AN INVITRO STUDY.

Condensable” or “packable” composites (Surefil) were introduced as an alternative to dental amalgam. However, concerns have been raised related to the ability of these stiffer materials to adequately adapt to internal surfaces. To offset this problem, low viscosity fiowable liners walls are recommended under packable composites. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of SDR and Ketac N100 liners on marginal sealing ability of High Density Surefil posterior packable composite. Methodology: Sixty permanent extracted molars were mounted in a modelling wax and box only Class II cavities were prepared on the mesial side with gingival seat 1mm above CEJ. Teeth were divided into 3 groups: Group (i) Surefil with SDR; Group (ii) Surefil with Ketac N 100; and Group (iii) Surefil without liner. After restoration, the teeth were immersed in Methylene blue dye, sectioned mesiodistally and then evaluated for leakage under Stereomicroscope. Results: None of the groups were free of microleakage. Surefil without liner (1.2±0.696) exhibited maximum microleakage followed by Ketac N100 group (0.9±0.718) and SDR group (0.8±0.523) showed least microleakage. Conclusion: Posterior packable composites should be lined by a resin based liner at the gingival margin to allow better seal

What do Cochrane systematic reviews say about congenital vascular anomalies and hemangiomas? A narrative review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Congenital vascular anomalies and hemangiomas (CVAH) such as infantile hemangiomas, port-wine stains and brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) impair patients' lives and may require treatment if complications occur. However, a great variety of treatments for those conditions exist and the best interventions remain under discussion. OBJECTIVE: To summarize Cochrane systematic review (SR) evidence on treatments for CVAH. DESIGN AND SETTING: Review of SRs conducted in the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A broad search was conducted on March 9, 2021, in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to retrieve any Cochrane SRs that assessed treatments for CVAH. The key characteristics and results of all SRs included were summarized and discussed. RESULTS: A total of three SRs fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were presented as a qualitative synthesis. One SR reported a significant clinical reduction of skin redness by at least 20%, with more pain, among 103 participants with port-wine stains. One SR reported that propranolol improved the likelihood of clearance 13 to 16-fold among 312 children with hemangiomas. One SR reported that the relative risk of death or dependence was 2.53 times greater in the intervention arm than with conservative management, among 218 participants with brain AVMs. CONCLUSION: Cochrane reviews suggest that treatment of port-wine stains with pulsed-dye laser improves redness; propranolol remains the best option for infantile hemangiomas; and conservative management seems to be superior to surgical intervention for treating brain AVMs.

Clinical efficacy of 30% supramolecular salicylic acid combined with dual-wavelength pulsed dye laser in treatment of moderate to severe acne / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of dual wavelength pulsed dye laser combined with 30% supramolecular salicylic acid in the treatment of moderate and severe facial acne.Methods:Sixty patients with moderate and severe acne that visited the Dermatology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from May 2020 to January 2021, were selected and randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 30 patients in each group. The observation group was given dual-wavelength pulsed dye laser combined with 30% supramolecular salicylic acid. 30% supramolecular salicylic acid was used once every two weeks, for a total of six times. Dual-wavelength pulsed dye laser was given once a month, for a total of three times. The control group was only given dual-wavelength pulsed dye laser, once a month, a total of three times.Results:Twenty-two cases (73.33%) in the observation group were effective, while 14 cases (46.67%) in the control group were effective. The efficacy of the observation group was better than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2=4.44, P<0.05). There were no obvious adverse reactions in both groups. Conclusions:Dual-wavelength pulsed dye laser combined with 30% supramolecular salicylic acid is effective and safe in the treatment of moderate and severe facial acne, which is worth popularizing.

Novel oxazine fluorescent dyes for intraoperative neuroimaging / 中国药科大学学报

@#Nerve-specific fluorescent agents can be used as nerve markers in animals to guide surgical procedures and reduce the incidence of intraoperative nerve injury.In this study, the structure of oxazine mother nucleus was modified.A series of oxazine derivative fluorescent dyes YQN-3-YQN-6 were obtained by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR, which can highlight the peripheral nerve structure of rats.Among a series of targeted fluorescent dyes, YQN-3 had emission peaks near NIR and showed highly specific nerve targeting signals in the brachial plexus and sciatic nerves 4 h after intravenous administration.In addition, YQN-3 can accurately locate and identify recurrent laryngeal nerves during thyroidectomy, thus preserving the integrity of these nerves during surgery.With its simple synthesis and low toxicity, YQW-3 can be potentially applied for clinical neural tissue imaging.

Descripción matemática de la determinación electroanalítica del fármaco salvarsano y su ciclooligómeros, asistida por un compuesto del colorante escuárico y oxihidróxido de cobalto / The mathematical description of the electroanalytical determination of salvarsan drug and its cyclooligomers, assisted by the composite of squaraine dye with cobalt oxyhydroxide / A descrição matemática da determinação eletroanalítica do fármaco salvarsan e seus ciclo-oligômeros, auxiliada pela composição do corante esquaraína com oxihidróxido de cobalto

RESUMEN Objetivo: En este trabajo se realiza, por primera vez, la evaluación teórica de la posibilidad de la detección electroanalítica de salvarsano, fármaco antisifilítico. El oxihidróxido de cobalto, en su compuesto con el colorante escuárico, se usa como modificador de electrodo. Metodología: Mediante el análisis de estabilidad, se ha confirmado su eficiencia en los procesos de detección de salvarsano. La linearidad de dependencia entre el parámetro electroquímico y la concentración del fármaco se obtiene y se mantiene fácilmente. Conclusión: Las inestabilidades oscilatoria y monotónica se realizan en el sistema, causadas por las influencias de las etapas electroquímicas a las capacitancias de la doble capa eléctrica (DCE).

SUMMARY Aim: In this work, the theoretical evaluation of the electroanalytical detection of antisyphilitic drug salvarsan is given for the first time. Cobalt oxyhydroxide in a composite with the squaraine dye is used as electrode modifier. Methodology: By means of the stability analysis the efficiency of the salvarsan determination is confirmed. The linearity of the dependence between the electrochemical parameter and drug concentration is easily obtained and maintained. Conclusion: The oscillatory and monotonic instabilities are realized in this system, being caused by the electrochemical stages' influences to the double electric layer (DEL).

RESUMO Objetivo: neste trabalho, a avaliação teórica da detecção eletroanalítica do antissifilítico salvarsan é feita pela primeira vez. O oxihidróxido de cobalto em um composto com o corante esquaraína é usado como modificador de eletrodo. Metodologia: por meio da análise de estabilidade é confirmada a eficiência da determinação de salvarsan. A linearidade da dependência entre o parâmetro eletroquímico e a concentração do fármaco é facilmente obtida e mantida. Conclusão: as instabilidades osci-latórias e monotônicas são percebidas neste sistema, sendo causadas pelas influências dos estágios eletroquímicos sobre a dupla camada elétrica (DEL).

Application of organic fluorescent probe-assisted near infrared fluorescence imaging in cervical cancer diagnosis / 生物工程学报

Fluorescence imaging has been widely used in the fields of biomedicine and clinical diagnosis. Compared with traditional fluorescence imaging in the visible spectral region (400-760 nm), near-infrared (NIR, 700-1 700 nm) fluorescence imaging is more helpful to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and the sensitivity of imaging. Highly-sensitive fluorescent probes are required for high-quality fluorescence imaging, and the rapid development of nanotechnology has led to the emergence of organic dyes with excellent fluorescent properties. Among them, organic fluorescent probes with the advantages of high safety, good biocompatibility, and high optical stability, are more favorable than inorganic fluorescent probes. Therefore, NIR fluorescence imaging assisted with organic fluorescent probes can provide more structural and dynamic information of biological samples to the researchers, which becomes a hot spot in the interdisciplinary research field of optics, chemistry and biomedicine. This review summarizes the application of NIR organic fluorescent probes in cervical cancer imaging. Several typical organic fluorescent probes (such as indocyanine green, heptamethine cyanine dye, rhodamine and polymer fluorescent nanoparticles) assisted NIR fluorescence imaging and their applications in cervical cancer diagnosis were introduced, and the future development and application of these techniques were discussed.

Experimental study of disinfection effect of a new low-temperature plasma disinfector / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To observe the inactivation effect of a new low-temperature plasma air disinfector on microorganisms in the natural environment and artificial contaminated environment so as to further determine the minimum effective processing parameters. 【Methods】 First， in 0.5 m3 of super clean workbench and 1.05 m3 airtight organic glass cavity in the body， the new low-temperature plasma air disinfector developed was used to inactivate the natural bacteria in the air under different parameters. Then in 1.05 m3 airtight organic glass cavity in the body， the new low-temperature plasma air disinfector was used to treat the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli under the condition of artificial bacteria spraying. Last， the plate counting method was used to evaluate the inactivation effect of the disinfector on natural bacteria and artificial bacteria in the air. 【Results】 For the low-temperature plasma air disinfector in 0.5 m3 and 1.05 m3 confined space， the lowest effective treatment parameters for inactivated natural bacteria were 13 kV， 5 min or 12 kV， 10 min. For the low-temperature plasma air disinfection machine in 13 kV discharge voltage treatment of different time， compared with before treatment， the killing rate of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus increased significantly after treatment for 20 min （P<0.000 1）. Both could meet the requirements of disinfection specifications ［100%， （99.98±0.01）%≥99.90%］. 【Conclusion】 The inactivation of natural bacteria and artificial bacteria by the new low-temperature plasma air disinfector has reached the qualified standard of disinfection stipulated in Technical Specifications for Disinfection.

A influência da ingestão de corantes durante e após o clareamento dental: uma revisão de literatura / The influence of color ingestion during and after dental whitening: a literature review

Introdução: O clareamento dental é um dos procedimentos estéticos mais realizados em todo mundo. Para garantir sua estabilidade e longevidade, muitos autores preconizam o estabelecimento de uma dieta branca durante e logo após o tratamento. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a influência da ingestão de corantes relacionada à estabilidade de cor dos dentes durante e após o clareamento dental. Materiais e Métodos:Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica de estudos publicados nos últimos 16 anos (2003-2019), por meio de busca nas bases de dados: PubMED/Medline, Scielo (Scientific Eletronic Library) e Google Acadêmico. Para a pesquisa, foram utilizados os seguintes descritores: clareamento dental (dental whitening), manchamento dentário (dental staining) e dieta corante (dyediet). Após uma filtragem criteriosa, 27 trabalhos e 1 livro foram selecionados para inclusão no estudo. Resultados: A dieta branca muitas vezes é indicada, durante e logo após o tratamento clareador, devido à susceptibilidade de manchamento da estrutura dentária, causada pela desmineralização superficial e transitória dos géis clareadores, a qual faz com que os pigmentos advindos da dieta sejam incorporados facilmente à estrutura dentária. Conclusão:Não há evidências suficientes na literatura que apontam que a ingestão de corantes, durante e após o tratamento clareador, comprometa a estabilidade de cor da estrutura dentária.

Introduction:Tooth whitening is one of the most widely performed aesthetic procedures in the world.To ensure its stability and longevity, many authors advocate establishing a white diet during and right after treatment. Objective: To carry out a bibliographic review about the influence of dye ingestion related to the teeth color stability during and after tooth whitening. Material and Methods:A literature review of the studies published in the last 16 years (2003-2019) was carried out by a search on the databases: PubMed / Medline, Scielo (Scientific Electronic Library), and Google Scholar. For the search, the following descriptors were used: tooth whitening, tooth staining, and dye diet. After careful filtering, 27 articles and 1 book were selected to be included in the study. Results: The white diet is often indicated during and shortly after whitening treatment due to the susceptibility of staining the tooth structure caused by the superficial and transient demineralization of the whitening gels, which makes the pigments from the diet easily incorporated into the tooth structure. Conclusion:There is no sufficient evidence in the literature to indicate that dye ingestion during and after whitening treatment compromise the color stability of the tooth structure.

A green approach for the treatment of dye and surfactant contaminated industrial wastewater / Uma abordagem verde para o tratamento de águas residuais industriais contaminadas por tintas e surfactantes

Abstract Synthetic dyes, particularly reactive and acid dyes, are commonly used in the textile industry because of their advantages as excellent color fastness and brightness. Also, surfactants are used for an increment of coloring success in the textile industry. One of the major problems concerning textile wastewater is the treatment of the effluents containing both dyes and surfactants. Biological treatment systems are recommended as useful, economic and eco-friendly methods for treatment of industrial wastewater. The purpose of this study was to investigate the binary removal of a textile dye and a surfactant by growing Aspergillus versicolor culture in molasses medium. The effect of dye and surfactant concentration on the removal of dye and surfactant was determined. This study resulted that 100% of the surfactant and dye molecules removed together with the formation of a dye-surfactant complex by fungus. It is concluded that binary removal systems are very efficient for industrial wastewater treatment.

Resumo Os corantes sintéticos, particularmente corantes reativos e ácidos, são comumente usados ​​na indústria têxtil devido às suas vantagens como excelente solidez da cor e brilho. Além disso, os surfactantes são usados ​​para incrementar o sucesso da coloração na indústria têxtil. Um dos principais problemas relativos às águas residuais têxteis são o tratamento dos efluentes contendo corantes e surfactantes. Os sistemas de tratamento biológico são recomendados como métodos úteis, econômicos e ecológicos para o tratamento de efluentes industriais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a remoção binária de um corante têxtil e um surfactante, cultivando a cultura Aspergillus versicolor em meio de melaço. O efeito das concentrações de corante e surfactante nas remoções de corante e surfactante foi determinado. Este estudo resultou na remoção de 100% das moléculas de surfactante e corante juntamente com a formação de um complexo corante-surfactante por fungos. Conclui-se que os sistemas de remoção binária são muito eficientes no tratamento de efluentes industriais.

Characterization of the biosorption of fast black azo dye K salt by the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris 51ATA strain

BACKGROUND: Removal of dyes from wastewater by microorganisms through adsorption, degradation, or accumulation has been investigated. Biological methods used for dye treatment are generally always effective and environmentally friendly. In this study, biosorption of the Fast Black K salt azo dye by the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris 51ATA was studied spectrophotometrically, at various pH (2­10), temperatures (25°C, 35°C, and 45°C) and dye concentrations (25­400 mg L-1). RESULTS: The bacterial strain showed extremely good dye-removing potential at various dye concentrations. IR studies at different temperatures showed that the dye was adsorbed on the bacterial surface at lower temperatures. Characteristics of the adsorption process were investigated by Scatchard analysis at 25°C and 35°C. Scatchard analysis of the equilibrium binding data for the dye on this bacterium gave rise to linear plots, indicating that the Langmuir model could be applied. The regression coefficients obtained for the dye from the Freundlich and Langmuir models were significant and divergence from the Scatchard plot was observed. CONCLUSION: The adsorption behavior of the dye on this bacterium was expressed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms. The adsorption data with respect to various temperatures provided an excellent fit to the Freundlich isotherm. However, when the Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models were applied to these data, a good fit was only obtained for the dye at lower temperatures, thus indicating that the biosorption ability of R. palustris 51ATA is dependent on temperature, pH, and dye concentration.

Principios físicoquímicos de los colorantes utilizados en microbiología / Physicochemical Principles of dyes used In Microbiology

Resumen La utilización de los colorantes en los procesos de identificación en microbiología se fundamenta en las propiedades fisicoquímicas de estas sustancias. En el campo de la física, la óptica explica cómo todos los objetos son observables dependiendo de las longitudes de onda que se absorben y se transmiten dentro del denominado "espectro visible". Dichas transiciones se deben, a su vez, a los compuestos químicos y a los movimientos electrónicos dentro de los átomos. Así mismo, cuando interacciona un colorante con una célula o un tejido, ocurren reacciones que dependen de grupos químicos funcionales denominados cromóforos y auxocromos. Dependiendo de los compuestos químicos que los constituyen, los colorantes pueden ser ácidos, básicos o neutros y esta connotación se debe a la parte activa del colorante y a la reacción que ocasiona sobre las células microbianas. De otra parte, las tinciones en microbiología pueden ser simples o diferenciales, dependiendo si toda la muestra se tiñe de uno o más colorantes. En el primer caso se encuentra el ejemplo de la coloración con azul de lactofenol y en el segundo, la coloración de Gram. En el presente artículo se reseñan las principales coloraciones utilizadas en microbiología y se explican los fundamentos físicos y químicos de dichos procesos.

Abstract The use of dyes in the identification processes in microbiology is based on the physicochemical properties of these substances. In the field of physics, optics explains how all objects are observable depending on the wavelengths that are absorbed and transmitted within the so-called "visible spectrum". These transitions are, in turn, due to chemical compounds and the electronic movements within atoms. Likewise, when a dye interacts with a cell or tissue, reactions occur that depend on functional chemical groups called chromophores and auxochromes. Depending on the chemical compounds that constitute them, the dyes can be acidic, basic or neutral and this connotation is due to the active part of the dye and the reaction it causes on the microbial cells. On the other hand, stains in microbiology can be simple or differential, depending on whether the entire sample is stained with one or more dyes. In the first case is the example of the lactophenol blue staining and in the second, the Gram staining. This article describes the main colorations used in microbiology and explains the physical and chemical foundations of these processes.

Dye degradation potential and its degradative enzymes synthesis of Bacillus cereus SKB12 isolated from a textile industrial effluent

The degradation of textile dyes using microbes has been recently identified as most promising, cost effective,and eco-friendly technique than any physiochemical techniques. On this backdrop, a potential Reactive Black5 dye degrading bacterium was isolated from effluent sediment samples of a textile industry, Salem district,Tamil Nadu, India which was identified as a Bacillus cereus SKB12 based on morphological and biochemicalmethods. This bacterium exhibited promising dye degradation of Reactive Black 5 which was initiatedfrom first hours of lag phase and showed its maximum dye degradation of 88.7% at the end decline growthphase (144 hours). Furthermore, this strain revealed the synthesis of laccase, veratryl alcohol oxidase, ligninperoxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and azoreductase enzymes with the presence of Reactive Black 5 dye. Theseoverall observations proved that this strain, B. cereus SKB12 has the possibility to use as a potential textile dyeeffluent bioremediation agent

Scanning electron microscopy approach for evaluation of hair dyed with Lawsonia inermis powder: in vitro Study / Método de microscopía electrónica de barrido para la evaluación de cabello teñido con extracto de Lawsonia inermis: estudio in vitro

During aging, usually graying of the hair occurs as a result of oxidative stress. Driven by social acceptance and self-perception of the exterior appearance, both men and women rely on hair dyeing products, in order to mask the graying hair. At the same time, a frequent use of synthetic products and treatment can damage the hair shaft; for this reason, this study aimed to evaluate the morphological effect of the herbal dye derived from Lawsonia inermis (henna), on hair. Dyed hairs were evaluated by means of SEM. Subsequently, they were compared, qualitatively and quantitatively, with undyed hairs. Results showed a positive impact on the cuticula pattern and on the diameters of the examined samples, after henna application. Different results, about the degree and the type of morphological changes occurring on pigmented hairs, may depend on the phenotype and on the health condition of hair, before dye treatment.

Durante el envejecimiento, generalmente se produce el envejecimiento del cabello como resultado del estrés oxidativo. Motivados por la aceptación social y la autopercepción de la apariencia, tanto hombres como mujeres confían en productos para teñir el cabello para enmascarar las canas. Al mismo tiempo, el uso frecuente de productos y tratamientos sintéticos puede dañar el tallo del cabello. Por esta razón, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto morfológico del tinte derivado de Lawsonia inermis (henna) en el cabello. Los cabellos teñidos se evaluaron mediante SEM. Posteriormente, se compararon, cualitativa y cuantitativamente, con cabellos sin teñir. Los resultados mostraron un impacto positivo en el patrón de la cutícula y en los diámetros de las muestras examinadas, después de la aplicación de henna. Los diferentes resultados, sobre el grado y el tipo de cambios morfológicos que ocurren en los cabellos pigmentados, pueden depender del fenotipo y del estado de salud del cabello, antes del tratamiento con tinte.