Body dysmorphia and selfie behavior of Filipino patients with and without mild acne vulgaris: A descriptive cross-sectional study

Background@#Acne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is non-life-threatening but may cause significant psychological morbidity regardless of severity. An extreme case of this is depicted in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), which is often an undiagnosed condition presenting with excessive preoccupation of perceived flaws not observable by others. With the increasing popularity of social media throughout the years, there has been budding researches exploring its psychological implications, particularly on “selfies” and its possible association with self-image and body dysmorphia.@*Objectives@#To compare body dysmorphic symptoms and selfie behavior between patients with mild AV versus those without AV. Methods This is a single-center, cross-sectional study among patients with mild AV and those without AV seen through a teledermatology platform of a tertiary hospital from April to June 2022. @*Results@#A total of 207 patients were included in this study – 107 patients with mild AV and 100 patients without AV. A significantly higher proportion of BDD symptoms was seen in patients with mild AV using either Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire-Dermatology Version (BDDQ-DV) (31%) and Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ) (14%). No significant difference was noted in terms of selfie behavior between the groups. @*Conclusions@#BDD symptoms were significantly more prevalent in patients who have mild AV despite having lesions that are negligible and clinically not apparent. This highlights the importance of dermatologists’ knowledge that BDD may cause distress and impairment and should be taken into consideration in terms of management. Interestingly, selfie behavior of patients with mild AV and without AV had no significant difference.

Preliminary study of the prevalence of hypotrophy and fetal alcohol syndrome in Antananarivo, Madagascar

Background: Hypotrophy is a major contributor to neonatal mortality and morbidity in underdeveloped countries. In Madagascar, efforts have been made to improve this situation, particularly with regard to prevention and early treatment. This prevention is mainly focused on the search for determining factors. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is not yet mentioned in Madagascar although more than 9% of Tananarivian women drink alcohol. A study was conducted in our department to determine the relationship between maternal alcohol intake and hypotrophy.Methods: The prospective study was carried out in the pediatrics department of the Joseph Raseta Befelatanana University Hospital Centre, on hospitalized hypotrophic newborns (below the 10th percentile) over a period of 3 months from December 1, 2018 to February 31, 2019. In the newborn, authors studied facial features, neurological abnormalities and associated malformations. For the mother, alcohol consumption, pregnancy information was analyzed. The character of FAS could thus be classified.Results: Author counted 21 hypotrophs among the 128 newborns hospitalized during this period. The facial abnormalities observed were: upper lip thickness abnormality (9.5%) and retrognathism (4.7%). Neurological signs described were: difficulty sucking (76.1%), hypotonia (66.6%), restlessness (9.5%), hyper-responsiveness (9.5%), hypertonia (9.5%) and tremor (4.7%). Two organ malformations (9.5%) were seen: cardiac and biliary tract malformations. Only one mother (4.7%) admitted having taken alcohol during pregnancy. Seven cases of familial alcoholism were reported. At the end of this study, we were able to identify only one case of doubtful FAS (4.7%), 2 cases of suspected FAS (9.5%) and 1 case of confirmed FAS (4.7%).Conclusions: This syndrome remains under-diagnosed in Madagascar due to the lack of staff training on FAS and the non-systematization of the search for its signs during systematic visits.

Estudio neuropsicológico de la dismorfia muscular y del trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo / Neuropsychological Study of Muscle Dysmorphia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar y comparar las funciones ejecutivas (FE) y la memoria no verbal de un grupo de varones fisicoconstructivistas con sintomatología de dismorfia muscular (DM), con un grupo de varones que presentan sintomatología del trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC) y un grupo de control. Aplicando pruebas neuropsicológicas se encontró que los fisicoconstructivistas muestran una capacidad limitada de las FE en el control inhibitorio y flexibilidad cognitiva, con déficits visuoespaciales moderados en la memoria no verbal, mientras que el grupo con TOC presentó mayores deficiencias de rendimiento en las mismas habilidades. Se sugiere realizar más estudios para evitar un conocimiento fragmentado o contradictorio entre la DM y el TOC.

Abstract The objective of this study was to explore and compare Executive Functions (EF) and non-verbal memory of a group of male bodybuilders who have symptoms of Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) with a group of men who have Obsessive Compulsive Disorder symptoms (OCD) and a control group. It was found by administering neuropsychological tests that the bodybuilders show a limited capacity of EF in the inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility, also moderate visuospatial deficits in non-verbal memory, whereas the group with OCD had higher performance deficiencies in the same skills. It is suggested to conduct more studies to avoid fragmented or contradictory knowledge between MD and OCD.

Síndrome del anillo del cromosoma 18: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Chromosome 18 ring syndrome: case report and review of the literature

El Síndrome del Anillo del Cromosoma 18 (18 [(r)18]) es un trastorno cromosómico que se incluye dentro de las anomalías estructurales desequilibradas donde dicho cromosoma se encuentra en forma de anillo el cual resulta de la pérdida simultánea de ambos segmentos terminales de los brazos corto y largo con la subsecuente fusión de sus extremos, constituyendo una estructura circular que microscópicamente se asemeja a un anillo, de allí su nomenclatura r (del inglés ring, que significa anillo). Tiene una incidencia de 1/40.000 nacidos vivos y hasta la fecha se han reportado aproximadamente entre 80 a 100 casos a nivel mundial sin embargo sólo existen alrededor de nueve reportes de r(18) en mosaico, aislado o asociado con otras alteraciones cromosómicas. A continuación, se presenta el caso de una paciente pediátrica con Síndrome del Anillo del cromosoma 18 estudiado y diagnosticado en la Unidad de Genética Médica de la Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado en Barquisimeto, Venezuela, con la correspondiente revisión de la literatura relacionada con este síndrome(AU)

Chromosome 18 Ring Syndrome (18 [(r) 18]) is a chromosomal disorder that is included among the unbalanced structural anomalies in which chromosome 18 has a ring form which results from the simultaneous loss of both terminal segments of the short and long arms with the subsequent fusion of their ends forming a circular structure that microscopically resembles a ring, hence its nomenclature r (of the English ring, which means ring).18r Syndrome has an incidence of 1/40,000 live births; to date approximately 80-100 cases worldwide have been reported. There are only about nine reports of r(18) in mosaic, isolated or associated with other chromosomal alterations. We present a case of a pediatric patient with Chromosome 18 Ring Syndrome, evaluated and diagnosed in the Unidad de Genética Médica of the Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado in Barquisimeto, Venezuela with the corresponding review of the literature(AU)

Una mirada al estilo de personalidad tendiente a los desórdenes alimentarios desde el constructivismo hermenéutico / A look at the personality style tending to food disorders from the hermeneutical constructivism

El estilo de personalidad tendiente a los trastornos alimentarios se refiere a una lucha de sentido con el propio cuerpo, que regula la dialéctica entre la co-percepción del otro y el sentido de sí mismo, el problema alimentario va comprendido como un problema con la dialéctica del cuerpo, no con la imagen del cuerpo. El punto fundamental para comprender el trastorno alimentario es en relación a la imagen corporal, la mujer y los medios de información. Adicionalmente, se ha encontrado que la tecnología juega un papel importante al afectar no sólo la experiencia de la percepción, a través de acelerar el cambio en contextos específicos, sino la introducción de nuevos recursos de signi- ficado; nuevos puntos de referencia que proporcionan el anclaje para crear y mantener la identidad propia. Esto sitúa al hombre en una nueva forma de orientarse emocional- mente en relación a su contexto.

The eating disorder-prone style of personality refers to a feeling struggle with the same body, which regulates the dialectic between the other co-perception and the sense of self, the eating disorder is understood as a problem related to the dialectic of the body itself but not to the image of the body. The main point in order to understand the eating disorder is associated with the body image, the female gender and media. On the other hand, it has been found that technology plays a vital role not only by afecting the experience perception by accelerating the change in specific contexts but also by introducing new resources of meaning; new points of reference which provide the basis to create and keep the own identity. Thus, it sets the human in a new way of emotional orientation in relationship with his context.

Da academia para o divã: reflexões sobre o narcisismo / From the gym to the divan: reflections on narcissism

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação do narcisismo com manifestações atuais de sofrimento relacionadas com a identidade e a imagem através das alterações no corpo. Foi exposta a existência do papel da cultura contemporânea nessa dinâmica, mas considerou-se principalmente a importância de questionar a constituição psíquica de cada sujeito e de que maneira ele comunica o seu sofrimento através das ofertas que a cultura faz. Como referencial teórico, utilizou-se a psicanálise freudiana e artigos que trabalham a vigorexia. Como metodologia, apresentaram-se recortes do discurso de participantes de um documentário sobre o fisiculturismo. Notou-se a importância da sensibilidade na escuta desses sujeitos que nem sempre nos comunicam seu padecer através do discurso, senão por atos ­ atos que podem camuflar-se nos discursos e nas normas que a nossa cultura estabelece.(AU)

This study aims to observe the relation between narcissism and identity and image suffering related to body modifications. Here, it was uncovered the role of contemporary culture in this dynamics, also considering the importance of questioning the psychical constitution of each subject, and how they communicate the inner suffering by means of the offers that culture does. Freudian psychoanalysis papers and studies related to Muscle dysmorphia was used as bibliographical reference, and clippings of bodybuilding documentary with participants' speeches was presented as case reports. It was observed the importance of being sensitive in listening these subjects, that most part of the time are unable to report their suffering by their discourse, but, by acts that can camouflage themselves in speeches and standards that our culture establishes.(AU)

Trastornos de la imagen corporal: anorexia nerviosa versus anorexia inversa (trastorno dismórfico muscular) / Body image disorders: anorexia nervosa versus reverse anorexia (muscle dysmorphia)

Resumen Introducción Entre los trastornos relacionados con la imagen corporal, la anorexia nerviosa (AN) en el sexo femenino y el trastorno dismórfico muscular (TDM) en el masculino surgen como los más representativos. Objetivo Analizar descriptivamente la relación entre las características clínicas de la AN y el TDM. Método Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre la relación entre AN y TDM mediante las bases de datos Medline/PubMed, SciELO y textos especializados. Resultados Existen similitudes y diferencias entre ambos trastornos. Se inician en la adolescencia, muestran gran traslape diagnóstico, uso/abuso de fármacos, similares comorbilidades, mejoría con inhibidores selectivos de la recaptura de serotonina, psicoterapia cognitivo-conductual y se focalizan en la imagen corporal, pero en la AN se persigue la delgadez, mientras que en el TDM, el desarrollo muscular. Desde la perspectiva psicosocial, estos trastornos de la imagen corporal surgen debido a las presiones socioculturales occidentales relacionadas con los estereotipos de rol de género, que enfatizan una silueta esbelta femenina versus una masculina vigorosa. La clasificación nosológica del TDM ha sido controvertida, siendo actualmente incluida en el DSM-5 en el espectro obsesivo-compulsivo. Conclusiones Ambos trastornos implican una insatisfacción corporal con diversos grados de distorsión de la imagen corporal, alcanzando aun dimensiones delirantes. Se requieren futuras investigaciones que puedan fundamentar nuevas categorizaciones de estos desórdenes, clarificadoras de su esencia.

Abstract Background Among body image disorders, anorexia nervosa (AN) in females and muscle dysmorphia (MD) in males, emerge as the more representative. Objective To describe the relationship of clinical characteristics between AN and MD. Method A review of specialised textbooks and the available literature in Medline/PubMed and SciELO was made. Results There are similarities and differences between both disorders. They begin in adolescence, show a great diagnostic crossover, use/abuse of pharmacological drugs, similar co-morbidities, improvement with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and behavioural-cognitive psychotherapy, they are focused in body image, but AN pursuits thinness while MD muscle development. From a psychosocial perspective, body image disorders come out due to western socio-cultural pressures related to gender role stereotypes, which emphasise a slim feminine figure versus a vigorous masculine one. The nosological classification of MD is controversial and it has been including within the obsessive-compulsive spectrum of the DSM-5. Conclusions Both disorders imply body dissatisfaction with different degrees of body image distortion, even reaching delusional dimensions. Future studies are required which can lay the foundations of new categorisations of these disorders that better clarify their essence.

Interiorización de ideales estéticos y preocupación corporal en hombres y mujeres usuarios de gimnasio / Internalization of aesthetic ideals and body concern in males and females gym users

Este estudio exploró la interiorización del modelo estético corporal de delgadez y la preocupación por la musculatura y por la delgadez entre cuatro grupos: dos de hombres y dos de mujeres (usuarios y no usuarios de gimnasio). Particularmente, se examinó la presencia de sintomatología de dismorfia muscular en los cuatro grupos; se comparó la preocupación por la delgadez, por la musculatura y la interiorización del ideal de delgadez entre los grupos; y se analizó la relación entre las variables para cada grupo. Participaron 467 hombres y mujeres (169 usuarios de gimnasio y 298 no usuarios de gimnasio) de 13 a 53 años de edad, quienes completaron tres medidas: Cuestionario de Influencias del Modelo Estético Corporal, Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal y Escala de Motivación por la Musculatura. La presencia de sintomatología de dismorfia muscular en varones usuarios de gimnasio fue de 15%, y menor de 3% en mujeres usuarias de gimnasio y participantes no usuarios de gimnasio de ambos sexos. Las usuarias de gimnasio puntuaron más alto en el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal en comparación con los hombres y se observó una asociación positiva y significativa entre la interiorización de ideales corporales y la preocupación por la delgadez y por la musculatura. La relación entre el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal y la Escala de Motivación por la Musculatura puede interpretarse como el deseo que existe en los dos grupos de hombres y en el grupo de mujeres usuarias de gimnasio, de tener ambas, musculatura y poca grasa en el cuerpo; las dos vías conducen a la práctica de conductas alimentarias no saludables.

This study explored the internalization of thinness aesthetic body model, and the muscularity and thinness concern, in four groups: two of men and two of women (gym and non-gym users). Specifically, it was explored the presence of symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in four groups, the muscularity -and body shape concern and internalization of thin ideals in the four groups were compared, and the relationship between variables for each group was analyzed. The sample included 467 men and women (169 gym users and 299 non-gym users) from 13 to 53 years-old, who completed three measures: The Influence of the Body Shape Model Questionnaire, the Body Shape Questionnaire, and the Drive for Muscularity Scale. The presence of symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in males gym users was 15% and lower than 3% in women gym users, as well as in -males and females non-gym users. The women gym users scored higher in the Body Shape Questionnaire compared to the men, and a positive and significant association was observed between the internalization of the body ideals, the thinness concern, and drive for muscularity. The relationship between Body Shape Questionnaire and Drive for Muscularity Scale can be interpreted as the desire in both groups of men and in the gym-users women to have both, muscularity and leanness in body; both ways lead to the practice of unhealthy eating behaviors.

Um olhar psicanalítico sobre a vigorexia / Una mirada psicoanalítica sobre la dismorfia muscular (Vigorexia) / A psychoanalytic look about muscle dysmorphia / Un regard psychanalytique sur la musculaire dysmorphie

O artigo trata de um dos tipos de transtorno dismórfico corporal, popularmente conhecido como dismorfia muscular ou "vigorexia". Pretende tentar compreender sua etiologia por meio da teoria psicanalítica freudo-lacaniana. Assim verificamos que o isolamento desse conjunto de sintomas pela psiquiatria com pretensões de fundar no DSM (Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatística das Perturbações Mentais) um novo transtorno, na verdade está relacionado à discordância fundamental do sujeito com a imagem. Analisa-se ainda, no artigo, a relação do sujeito com castração, o complexo de Édipo, a sexuação e os ideais de corpo da contemporaneidade, bem como se demonstra que a vigorexia é um sintoma que emerge como resposta do sujeito ao mal-estar na cultura contemporânea.

The article deals with a type of body dysmorphic disorder, popularly known as "muscle dysmorphia". Intends to try understand its etiology through the freudian-lacanian psychoanalytic theory. Thus we find that the isolation of this set of symptoms in psychiatry with pretensions to create in the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) a new disorder, is actually related to the subject's fundamental disagreement with his body image. Further, it is analyzed the subject's relation to castration, the Oedipus complex, the sexuation, and the contemporary body ideals, as well as demonstrates that muscle dysmorphia is a symptom of the subject that emerges as a response to the malaise in contemporary culture.

El artículo trata de un tipo de trastorno dismórfico corporal, popularmente conocido como dismorfia muscular o "vigorexia". Tiene la intención de tratar de entender su etiología a través de la teoría psicoanalítica freud-lacaniana. Así nos encontramos con que el aislamiento de este conjunto de síntomas en psiquiatría con pretensiones de fundar en el DSM (Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales) un nuevo desorden, está realmente relacionado con el desacuerdo fundamental con la imagen de cuerpo del sujeto. Se analiza más en el artículo, la relación del sujeto con la castración, el complejo de Edipo, la sexuación y los ideales de la contemporánea, así como demuestra que la vigorexia es un síntoma de que el tema surge como una respuesta al malestar en la cultura contemporánea.

L'article traite d'un type de la dysmorphie corporelle, populairement connu comme le musculaire dysmorphie ou "bigorexia". Avoir l'intention d'essayer de comprendre son étiologie par la théorie psychanalytique freudienne-lacanienne. Ainsi nous constatons que l'isolement de cet ensemble de symptômes en psychiatrie avec des prétentions à fonder dans le DSM (Manuel Diagnostique et Statistique des Troubles Mentaux) un nouveau désordre, est en fait lié au désaccord fondamental du sujet avec son image. Il est analysé, plus loindans, la relation du sujet à la castration, le complexe d'Œdipe, la sexuation et les idéaux du corps de la contemporanéité ainsi que démontre que le dysmorphie musculaire est un symptôme du sujet que apparaît comme une réponse au malaise dans la culture contemporaine.

Propiedades psicométricas del instrumento Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) en hombres mexicanos / Psychometric propierties of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) in Mexican men

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale en una muestra de hombres mexicanos (MASS; Mayville, Williamson, White, Netemeyer, & Drab, 2002), creado con la finalidad de evaluar síntomas de Dismorfia muscular. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 521 varones Mexicanos, de preparatoria (n=198) y de universidad (n = 277) con un rango de edad de 14 a 25 años (x¯ = 19.06 D.E.= 2.60). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la versión Mexicana del instrumento tiene un alfa total de .91. A diferencia de la escala original que contaba con 5 factores, esta versión presentó una estructura de 4 factores que explican el 66.34% de la varianza total, los cuales fueron: 1) lesiones y comprobación muscular (α = .90), 2) Uso de sustancias (α = .83), 3) Dependencia al ejercicio (α = .80) y 4) Satisfacción muscular (α = .77). Se puede concluir que el MASS, en su versión mexicana, posee buenas propiedades psicométricas y es útil para la evaluación de síntomas del Trastorno Dismorfico Muscular (TDM) en hombres mexicanos.

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the psychometric properties in a sample of Mexican men of Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale instrument (MASS; Mayville, Williamson, White, Netemeyer, & Drab, 2002), created for the purpose of assessing symptoms of muscle dysmorphia. The sample consisted of 521 male Mexican high school (n = 198) and university (n = 277) with an age range of 14-25 years (x¯ = 19.06 S.D. = 2.60).). The results show that the Mexican version has a total alpha of .91. Unlike the original scale had 5 factors, this version introduced a structure of four factors explaining 66.34% of the total variance, which were: 1) injury and muscular test (α = .90), 2) use substance (α = .83), 3) Unit to exercise (α = .80) and 4) muscle satisfaction (α = .77). It can be concluded that the MASS, where Mexican version, has good psychometric properties and is useful for assessing symptoms of Muscle Dimorphic Disorder (MDD) in Mexican men.

Dismorfia Muscular y su relación con síntomas de Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria / Muscle Dysmorphia and its relationship with the symptoms of Eating Disorders

Una de las patologías que despierta interés creciente en el campo de la salud es la Dismorfia Muscular (DM), es por ello que a través del presente estudio se analizará su relación con los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA) en deportistas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 154 deportistas que habitualmente realizan ejercicio de musculación, los cuales respondieron a dos test autoaplicados para medir sus niveles de síntomas de Dismorfia Muscular (Adonis Complex) así como sus puntuaciones en TCA a través del test EDI-2. Los resultados muestran relaciones estadísticamente significativas (r = .47 p <.001) entre la variable DM con numerosas dimensiones del test de TCA, hecho que ratifica la vinculación existente entre ambos trastornos. Igualmente obtuvimos a través de un análisis de regresión dimensiones de TCA que se manifestaron predictoras de la variable de estudio, explicando éstas en su globalidad un 28% de la variabilidad de la DM.

One of the diseases that arouses increasing interest in the health field is the Muscle Dysmorphia (MD), which is why through this study will analyze your relationship with eating behavior disorders (ED) in athletes. The sample consisted of 154 athletes who routinely perform bodybuilding exercise, which were subjected to two self-administered test to measure your levels of muscle Dysmorphia (Adonis Complex) and their scores on ED test through the EDI-2. The results show statistically significant relationships (r = .47 p <.001) between the variable significant muscle Dysmorphia test many of TCA dimensions, a fact that confirms the link between both disorders. Also obtained through regression analysis TCA dimensions demonstrated predictors of the study variable, explaining them as a whole 28% of the variability of muscle Dysmorphia.

Relationship between self-esteem and symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in male bodybuilders / Relación entre autoestima y síntomas de dismorfia muscular en varones fisicoconstructivistas

The purposes of this study were to identify the symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in four groups of men; compare the self-esteem among groups with high, moderate and low drive for muscularity; and evaluate the relationship between these variables. The sample included 295 men aged 15 to 63 years-old (57 competitors bodybuilders, 40 not competitors, 47 gym users, and 151 sedentary) who answered the Drive for Muscularity Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Results indicated that 43.9% of competitors bodybuilders, 27.5% non-competitors bodybuilders, 10.6% of gym users, and 1.3% of sedentary had symptoms of muscle dysmorphia. Covariance analysis, controlling for age, indicated that participants with lower self-esteem were those who scored higher on drive for muscularity, compared with those with moderate and low self-esteem. Finally, there was a significant and negative correlation between self-esteem and drive for muscularity, however, these results do not reveal whether self-esteem is a precursor or a consequence of drive for muscularity, so that future studies could longitudinally investigate the role of self-esteem in the development of drive for muscularity.

Los propósitos de este estudio fueron: identificar los síntomas de dismorfia muscular en cuatro grupos de varones, comparar la autoestima entre los grupos con alta, moderada y baja motivación por la musculatura, y evaluar la relación entre dichas variables. La muestra incluyó 295 varones de 15 a 63 años de edad (57 fisico-constructivistas competidores, 40 no competidores, 47 usuarios de gimnasio y 151 sedentarios) quienes contestaron la Escala de Motivación por la Musculatura y la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Los resultados indicaron que 43.9% de fisicoconstructivistas competidores, 27.5% de fisicoconstructivistas no competidores, 10.6% de usuarios de gimnasio y 1.3% de sedentarios presentaron síntomas de dismorfia muscular. El análisis de covarianza, controlando la edad, indicó que los participantes con menor autoestima fueron los que puntuaron más alto en motivación por la musculatura, en comparación con los de moderada y baja motivación. Finalmente, se observó una correlación significativa y negativa entre la autoestima y la motivación por la musculatura, sin embargo, estos resultados no revelan si la autoestima es un precursor de la motivación por la musculatura o una consecuencia, por lo que futuros estudios podrían investigar longitudinalmente el rol de la autoestima en el desarrollo de la motivación por la musculatura.

Estado nutricional y sintomatología de dismorfia muscular en varones usuarios de gimnasio / Nutritonal status and symptomatology of muscle dysmorphia in male gym users

The aim of this research was to investigate the symptoms of muscle dysmorphia (MD) and nutritional status among male gym users. The sample comprised 100 gym male customers who answered the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) and the food habits questionnaire which includes a 24 hours recall. The anthropometric measurements of the participants were also registered. The results showed that 22 percent of them had symptoms of MD. The diet of males with MD symptoms contained higher quantities of protein than the diet of men without MD symptoms, with a marginally significant difference. Men with MD symptoms attended the gym more times and hours per week and a higher percentage of them used supplements to increase muscular mass in comparison with men without MD symptoms. There were no differences in body composition among groups. These findings suggest that an important percentage of male gym users showed symptoms of MD and their nutritional status is altered by diet composition.

El propósito de esta investigación fue evaluar la presencia de síntomas de Dismorfia Muscular (MD, por sus siglas en inglés) y el estado nutritional en varones usuarios de gimnasio. Participaron 100 usuarios de gimnasio quienes contestaron la Escala de Motivación por la Musculatura (DMS; por sus siglas en inglés) y un formato de hábitos alimentarios que incluyó el recordatorio de 24 horas. También se registraron las medidas antropométricas de los participantes. Los resultados mostraron que 22 por ciento de los participantes presentaron síntomas de MD. La dieta que llevaron a cabo los varones con síntomas de MD fue más alta en proteínas que la dieta de los varones sin síntomas de MD, con una diferencia marginalmente significativa. Asimismo, los varones con síntomas de MD asistían al gimnasio más días y horas a la semana y consumían sustancias para aumentar masa muscular en mayor medida que los varones del grupo sin síntomas de MD. No se presentaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos respecto a la composición corporal. Se concluye que una cantidad importante de usuarios de gimnasio presentaron síntomas de MD y que la composición de su dieta puede alterar su estado nutricional.

Imagen corporal en varones fisicoculturistas / Body image in male bodybuilders / Imagem corporal nos varões culturistas

La imagen corporal en varones se muestra como elemento de interés y preocupación en los últimos años; siendo la dismorfia muscular la que centra buena parte de los esfuerzos. Se estudian aspectos diferenciales en imagen corporal, autodescripción física, ansiedad física social y algunos comportamientos relacionados en fisicoculturistas. Participan 71 (32,57%) fisico-culturistas competidores, 79 (36,24%) fisicoculturistas no competidores y 68 (31,19%) sedentarios, todos varones. Frente a los no competidores, son los competidores quienes reconocen en mayor medida compararse físicamente con compañeros del gimnasio (Chi²=9,993, p=0,002), quedarse mal tras dichas comparaciones (Chi²=21,571, p=0,000) y evitar mostrar el cuerpo fuera del entorno deportivo (Chi²=3,88, p=0,049); si bien, no se diferencian en el tiempo que pasan pensando que son poco musculosos o preocupados por su imagen (t=1,742, p=0,084). Junto a ello, este mismo grupo reconoce mayor número de comportamientos de comprobación -mirarse al espejo (t=2,644, p=0,01) y pesarse (t=2,321, p=0,022)-. En el BSQ, los tres grupos no se diferencian, salvo si son considerados los activos, de forma conjunta, frente a los sedentarios, quienes indican un mayor deseo de perder peso (t=2,241, p=0,026). Los dos grupos de activos individualmente se perciben mejor frente a los inactivos o sedentarios, tanto en Autodescripción Física (F=9,472, p=0,000), en sus dimensiones de salud (F=2,988 p=0,052), de físico global (F=17,806 p=0,000) y de autoestima (F=9,290, p=0,000), como en la Autodescripción de la Forma Física (F=39,791, p=0,000) en sus dimensiones de Condición Deportiva (F=16,889, p=0,000), Fuerza (F=50,507, p=0,000), Resistencia (F=17,576, p=0,000) y Actividad Física (F=119,405, p=0,000). Por otro lado, en las medidas de ansiedad física social son los dos grupos de activos quienes puntúan por encima de los sedentarios tanto en el valor global de la escala (F=15,353, p=0,000) como en las subescalas de confort con la presencia física (F=15,853, p=0,000) y de expectativas ante la evaluación negativa del físico (F=9,995, p=0,000).

The male body image has been a subject of interest and concern in recent years, with muscle dysmorphia attracting most attention. This is a study of differential aspects of body image, physical self-description, social and physical anxiety, and some behaviour aspects related to bodybuilders. Seventy-one (36.24%) competing bodybuilders, 79 (36.24%) non-competing bodybuilders and 68 (31.19%) sedentary participants take part. They are all men. As opposed to the non-competitors, it is the competitors who mostly admit to comparing themselves physically with other gym colleagues (Chi²=9.993, p=0.002), who rate themselves negatively after these comparisons (Chi²=21.571, p=0.000) and who avoid showing their bodies in non-sporting environment (Chi²=3.88, p=0.049); although they don’t differ in the time they spend thinking that they are not very muscular or concerned with their image (t=1,742, p=0,084). Additionally, this same group recognises a greater number of checking behaviours - looking at themselves in the mirror (t=2.644, p=0.01) and weighing themselves (t=2.321, p=0.022). In the Body Shape Questionnaire there are no differences between groups, except when the active ones are considered together as opposed to the sedentary ones, since this group showed a greater desire to lose weight (t=2.241, p=0.026). With respect to the two active groups, they see themselves better individually in comparison to the non-active and sedentary groups in Physical Self-description (F=9.472, p=0.000), health aspects (F=2.988 p=0.052), the body as a whole (F=17.806 p=0.000) and self-esteem (F=9.290, p=0.000), as well as in their Fitness Self-description (F=39.791, p=0.000), regarding aspects of fitness (F=16.889, p=0.000), strength (F=50.507, p=0.000), stamina (F=17.576, p=0.000) and physical activity (F=119.405, p=0.000). On the other hand, in terms of social physical anxiety levels, the two active groups scored higher than the sedentary group in the global value of the scale (F=15.353, p=0.000) and its two subdivisions, satisfaction with body appearance (F=15.853, p=0.000) and expectations of a negative evaluation of the body (F=9.995, p=0.000).

A imagem corporal dos varões é um elemento de interesse e preocupação durante os últimos anos. A dismorfia muscular centra grande parte da preocupação. São estudados aspectos diferenciais em imagem corporal, aut-descripção física, ansiedade físico-social e outros comportamentos relacionados com culturistas. Participam 71 (32,57%9 culturistas competidores, 79 (36,24%) não competidores e 68 (31,19%) sedentários. Todos são varões. Frente aos não competidores, os competidores reconhecem em grande medida compararem com parceiros do ginásio (Chi²=9,993, p=0,002), ficarem mal depois desta comparação (Chi²=21,571, p=0,000) e evitarem mostrar o corpo fora do entorno esportivo (Chi²=3,88, p=0,049), mesmo se não se diferenciam no tempo que passarem pensando o pouco musculosos que são ou preocupados pela sua imagem (t=1,742, p=0,084<9. além disso, este grupo reconhece maior número de comportamentos de comprovação: mirar-se ao espelho (t=2.644, p=0,01) e pesar-se (t=2,321, P=0,022. No BSQ, os três grupos não são diferenciados, exceto se são considerados os ativos, em conjunto, frente aos sedentários, que manifestam maior desejo de perder peso (t=2,241, p=0,026). Individualmente, os dois grupos de ativos se consideram melhor do que os inativos ou sedentários na auto-descrição física (F09,472, p=0,000), nas suas dimensões de saúde (F=2,988, p=0,052), no físico global (F17,806, p=0,000), auto-estima (F=9,290, p=0,000), auto-descrição da forma física (F=39,791, p=0,000), nas suas dimensões de condição deportiva (F=16,889, p=0,000), força (F=50,507), p=0,000), resistência (F=17,576, p=0,000) e atividade física (F=119,405, p=0,000). Além disso, nas medidas de ansiedade físico-social, os dois grupos de ativos pontuam acima dos sedentários no valor global da escala (F=15,353, p=0,000), nas sub escalas de conforto com o aspecto físico (F=15,853, p=0,000) e das expetativas frente à avaliação negativa do aspecto físico (F=9,995, p=0,000).

Mowat-Wilson syndrome in a Moroccan consanguineous family.

Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a mental retardation-multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by a typical facies, developmental delay, epilepsy, and variable congenital malformations, including Hirschsprung disease, urogenital anomalies, congenital heart disease, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. This disorder is sporadic and is caused by heterozygous mutations or deletions of the ZFHX1B gene located in the 2q22 region. We report here the first Moroccan patient, born to consanguineous parents, with Mowat-Wilson syndrome, due to a de novo, unreported mutation of the ZFHX1B gene.

A Cse of Partial Trisomy 10q Syndrome / 대한주산의학회잡지

Partial trisomy 10q syndrome is a rare chromosome anomaly characterized by severe mental and growth retardation, craniofacial dysmorphia with prominent forehead, fine arched eyebrows, deep set small eyes and micrognathia, In addition, other physical manifestations have been reported as skeletal anomaly, congenital heart disease, inguinal hernia, and so on. We report a case of partial trisomy 10q syndrorne with certain stigmata which confirmed by chromosome analysis.