Depuración extracorpórea de dióxido de carbono con reemplazo renal continuo. Descripción de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal with continuous renal replacement therapy. Case description and literature review

RESUMEN En los últimos años, y debido en parte a los avances tecnológicos, ha resurgido el uso de los sistemas de depuración extracorpórea de dióxido de carbono de manera pareja al uso de la oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea. No obstante, faltan estudios para establecer sus indicaciones y el nivel de evidencia para su uso. Estos sistemas permiten eliminar el dióxido de carbono de manera eficaz en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria hipercápnica con catéteres de pequeño calibre, habitualmente de doble luz y con pequeña superficie de membrana depuradora. En la actualidad disponemos de varios tipos de sistemas, con distinta versatilidad y tamaño de membrana. Los sistemas veno-venosos con bomba producen menos complicaciones que los arterio-venosos. Ambos precisan anticoagulación sistémica. El soporte "pulmón-riñón" mediante la combinación de un sistema depurador con un hemofiltro permitiría al mismo tiempo eliminar dióxido de carbono y realizar depuración extrarrenal continua. Describimos nuestra experiencia inicial con un sistema combinado de depuración extracorpórea de dióxido de carbono-depuración extrarrenal continua en un paciente con trasplante de pulmón, insuficiencia respiratoria hipercápnica, barotrauma y fallo renal agudo asociado. Se describen los aspectos técnicos más importantes, la efectividad del sistema para la eliminación de dióxido de carbono y se realiza una revisión de la literatura.

ABSTRACT In recent years and due, in part, to technological advances, the use of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal systems paired with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has resurfaced. However, studies are lacking that establish its indications and evidence to support its use. These systems efficiently eliminate carbon dioxide in patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure using small-bore cannula, usually double-lumen cannula with a small membrane lung surface area. Currently, we have several systems with different types of membranes and sizes. Pump-driven veno-venous systems generate fewer complications than do arteriovenous systems. Both require systemic anticoagulation. The "lung-kidney" support system, by combining a removal system with hemofiltration, simultaneously eliminates carbon dioxide and performs continuous extrarenal replacement. We describe our initial experience with a combined system for extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal-continuous extrarenal replacement in a lung transplant patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure, barotrauma and associated acute renal failure. The most important technical aspects, the effectiveness of the system for the elimination of carbon dioxide and a review of the literature are described.

A Study on the Determination of Extracorporeal Blood Flow Rate for Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal(ECCO2R) / 대한마취과학회지

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO) is to be recommended when hypoxemia and hepercarbia are refractory to conventional treatments. Neonatal venoarterial(VA) ECMO in the USA is recognized as a therapeutic modality to neonatal respiratory failure and extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal(ECCO2R) in Europe is used for adult respiratory distress syndrome. The partial bypass using the membrane oxygenator aims at lung rest while relieving the hard ventilatory setting on the diseased lung. ECCO2R adopts low-flow venovenous(VV) bapss. VV bypass provides gas exchange without cardiac support. Venous drainage and perfusion catheters are placed in the right atrium or vena cavae via the femoral or internal jugular veins. Compared to VA bypass, the consequences of embolizations are potentially fewer and no major artery is sacrificed in ECCO2R. Highly oxygenated blood flows into pulmonary circulation which may relieve pulmonary hypertension. To evaluate the effectiveness of ECCO2R, we developed an experimental model on 7 mongrel dogs. Under general anesthesia with i. v. pentobarbital, two thin-walled polyurethane tubes in the external jugular vein and the femoral vein were connected with the extracorporeal circuit. Without ventilating the oxygenator duting VV bypass, control hemodynamic and blood gas values under conventional mechanical ventilation(CMV) were obtained. We proceeded to oxygen insufflation(OI), and extra- corporeal CO2 removal (ECCO2R) in that order. Oxygen was delivered at 300ml/min to the animal lung for OI and ECCO2R and was added at 21/min to the oxygenator only for ECCO2R. Hemodynamic parameteres did not vary among CMV, OI and ECCO2R. Arterial PH in CMV was 7.35+/-0.07 and was decreased to 7.19+/-0.05 in OI due to the increase of PaCO (70+/-3 mmHg). PaO2 was remained constant through the experiment. Mixed venous PH in CMV was 7.31+/-0.05 and was decreased to 7.15+/-0.08 in OI, Blood gas analysis values were same between CMV and ECCO2R. Carbon dioxide removal through the lung (V(L)CO2) were 47+/-3 ml/min in CMV, 9+/-3 ml/min in OI and 8+/-2 ml/min in ECCO2R. The amount of carbon dioxide removed via the oxygenator (VoCO2) was 38+/-5 ml/min in ECCO2R. The total amount of CO2 removal (VCO2) between CMV and ECCO2R was same statistically. The bypass flowrate at the lowest E(T)CO2 (end-tidal CO2) was 60+/-9 ml/min, resulting in 35+/-4% of bypass ratio. It can be concluded that ECCO2R can alleviate hypercapnea using a low flow VV bypass and may be used as an altermative of mechanical ventilator in the setting of acute respiratory failure.